神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳導(dǎo)通路新

1、May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的傳導(dǎo)通路,蘭州大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院 人體解剖學(xué)教研室,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, La

2、nzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的傳導(dǎo)通路,感覺傳導(dǎo)通路運動傳導(dǎo)通路神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的化學(xué)通路,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,感覺傳

3、導(dǎo)通路sensory pathway,本體（深）感覺傳導(dǎo)通路痛溫覺、粗觸覺和壓覺（淺感覺）傳導(dǎo)通路視覺傳導(dǎo)通路和瞳孔對光反射通路聽覺傳導(dǎo)通路平衡覺傳導(dǎo)通路內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,本體（深

4、）感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,定義：是指肌、腱、關(guān)節(jié)等運動器官在不同狀態(tài)（運動或靜止）時產(chǎn)生的感覺，又稱深感覺，包括位置覺、運動覺和震動覺；該傳導(dǎo)路還傳導(dǎo)皮膚的精細(xì)觸覺。此處主要述及軀干和四肢的本體感覺傳導(dǎo)通路，有兩條：一條傳至大腦皮質(zhì)，產(chǎn)生意識性感覺一條傳至小腦，不產(chǎn)生意識性感覺,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University.

5、 All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,軀干和四肢意識性本體感覺和精細(xì)觸覺傳導(dǎo)通路為：第1級神經(jīng)元脊神經(jīng)節(jié)→中樞突→脊神經(jīng)后根內(nèi)側(cè)部→脊神經(jīng)后索→升支、降支來自第5胸節(jié)以下經(jīng)后索內(nèi)側(cè)部→薄束→薄束核來自第4胸節(jié)以上經(jīng)后索外側(cè)部→楔束→楔束核（經(jīng)第2級神經(jīng)元）→,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine

6、, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,內(nèi)側(cè)丘系交叉（轉(zhuǎn)折上行） →內(nèi)側(cè)丘系→（第3級神經(jīng)元）背側(cè)丘腦腹后外側(cè)核→丘腦中央輻射→內(nèi)囊后肢→ 中央后回中、上部 投射到 中央旁小葉后部

7、 中央前回,,,本體感覺精細(xì)觸覺,傳導(dǎo)路,起止,,行程,交叉,損傷: 感覺性共濟失調(diào),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,T4～5,脊神經(jīng)節(jié),Ⅰ,周圍突,中樞突,脊神經(jīng),后根,軀干四肢,上肢、軀干上部,下肢、軀干下部,肌、腱、關(guān)節(jié),薄束,楔束、薄束,Ⅱ,內(nèi)側(cè)丘系交叉,內(nèi)側(cè)丘系,中線旁下橄欖核之間,貫穿斜方體,紅核背外側(cè),丘腦腹后外側(cè)核,Ⅲ,中央后回中上2/3 和中央旁小葉后部,內(nèi)囊后肢,損

8、傷癥狀,January, 2007,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,意識性深感覺傳導(dǎo)通路由3級神經(jīng)元組成：第1級神經(jīng)元是脊神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞第2級神經(jīng)元的胞體在薄、楔束核內(nèi)第3級神經(jīng)元的胞體在腹后外側(cè)核，發(fā)出纖維稱丘腦中央輻射,May, 2009

9、,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,軀干和四肢非意識性本體感覺傳導(dǎo)通路為： 脊神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞中樞突→脊神經(jīng)后根內(nèi)側(cè)部→脊髓→終止于C8～L2節(jié)段胸核和腰骶膨大（V ～Ⅶ層外側(cè)部）→胸核→同側(cè)脊髓小腦后束→小腦下腳→小腦皮質(zhì)腰骶膨大（V ～Ⅶ層外

10、側(cè)部）→對、同側(cè)脊髓小腦前束→小腦上腳→小腦皮質(zhì)→傳導(dǎo)軀干（除頸部）和下肢的本體感覺,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,傳導(dǎo)頸部和上肢的本體感覺其2級神經(jīng)元位于：頸膨大部第Ⅵ、Ⅶ層延髓的楔束副核這兩處神經(jīng)元發(fā)出的第

11、2級纖維也經(jīng)小腦下腳進(jìn)入小腦皮質(zhì)。,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,非意識性深感覺傳導(dǎo)通路，由2級神經(jīng)元組成：第1級神經(jīng)元是脊神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞第2級神經(jīng)元是胸核、腰骶膨大第Ⅴ ～Ⅶ層外側(cè)部、頸膨大第Ⅵ、Ⅶ層、楔束副核,,,,,

12、,,,,,,傳導(dǎo)軀干下肢本體感覺,同側(cè)胸核（C8-L2）,,,脊髓小腦后束,舊小腦,,,楔束副核,,︵部分纖維︶楔束,,脊髓小腦前束,后角5-7層（腰骶膨大）,,,,,,脊髓小腦前束,非意識性深感覺傳導(dǎo)路,,,后角5-7層（頸膨大）,,,上肢頸部本體感覺,,,小腦上腳,,,,小腦下腳,損傷: 反射性共濟失調(diào),同側(cè)小腦投射,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy,

13、School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,痛溫覺、粗觸覺和壓覺（淺感覺）傳導(dǎo)通路,軀干和四肢痛溫覺、粗觸覺和壓覺傳導(dǎo)通路 頭面部的痛溫覺、觸壓覺傳導(dǎo)通路,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou Universit

14、y. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,軀干和四肢痛溫覺、粗觸覺和壓覺傳導(dǎo)通路,傳導(dǎo)通路為：第1級神經(jīng)元脊神經(jīng)節(jié)中樞突經(jīng)后根→脊髓傳導(dǎo)痛溫覺的纖維經(jīng)后根外側(cè)部→脊髓背外側(cè)束傳導(dǎo)觸壓覺的纖維經(jīng)后根內(nèi)側(cè)部→脊髓后索→終止于第2級神經(jīng)元（Ⅰ、Ⅳ到Ⅶ層）,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, La

15、nzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,→經(jīng)白質(zhì)前聯(lián)合→對側(cè)外側(cè)索和前索→脊髓丘腦側(cè)束（痛溫覺）和脊髓丘腦前束（觸壓覺） →脊髓丘腦束（脊髓丘系）→第3級神經(jīng)元背側(cè)丘腦腹后外側(cè)核→丘腦中央輻射→內(nèi)囊后肢 中央后回中、上部→ 投射到

16、中央旁小葉后部,,,痛溫粗觸覺傳導(dǎo)路,起止,,行程,交叉,損傷癥狀,,,,,,,,,,,脊神經(jīng)節(jié),Ⅰ,周圍突,中樞突,脊神經(jīng),后根,軀干四肢,皮膚,白質(zhì)前連合交叉,脊髓丘腦束(前束)(側(cè)束),后角ⅠⅣ-Ⅶ層,Ⅱ,脊髓丘系,下橄欖核背外側(cè),內(nèi)側(cè)丘系的外側(cè),丘腦腹后外側(cè)核,Ⅲ,中央后回中上2/3和中央旁小葉后部,內(nèi)囊后肢,,斜越白質(zhì)前聯(lián)合,上升1—2節(jié)段,痛溫觸壓,,損傷: 感覺障礙,May, 2

17、009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,該通路有3級神經(jīng)元組成：第1級神經(jīng)元是脊神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞第2級神經(jīng)元的胞體主要在脊髓第Ⅰ、Ⅳ到Ⅶ層第3級神經(jīng)元的胞體在背側(cè)丘腦的腹后外側(cè)核，發(fā)出的纖維稱丘腦中央輻射,May, 2009,Copyright&#

18、169; Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,頭面部的痛溫覺、觸壓覺傳導(dǎo)通路,傳導(dǎo)通路為：三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)中樞突→三叉神經(jīng)感覺根→腦橋→三叉神經(jīng)脊束（痛溫覺）→三叉神經(jīng)脊束核三叉神經(jīng)腦橋（觸壓覺）→三叉神經(jīng)腦橋核（交叉到對側(cè)）→三叉丘腦束（三叉丘系）→背側(cè)丘腦的腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核→內(nèi)囊

19、后肢→投射到中央后回下部,,,,,,,,,,丘腦腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核,三叉神經(jīng)脊束,,三叉神經(jīng)感覺核,中央后回下1/3,內(nèi)囊后肢,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,內(nèi)側(cè)丘系背側(cè),頭面部,淺感覺傳導(dǎo)路,損傷: 感覺障礙,三叉丘系,三叉神經(jīng)節(jié),May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right rese

20、rved by YP HOU and YF SONG,該通路有3級神經(jīng)元組成：第1級神經(jīng)元是三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)第2級神經(jīng)元的胞體在三叉神經(jīng)脊束核和腦橋核第3級神經(jīng)元的胞體在背側(cè)丘腦的腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核,軀干四肢淺、深感覺傳導(dǎo)路對比總結(jié),,,,脊髓,腦干,前面觀,脊髓后索內(nèi)囊,脊髓側(cè)索內(nèi)囊,腦干內(nèi)囊,完全交叉,延髓,脊髓,腦干,交叉以下?lián)p傷同側(cè)感覺障礙,交叉以上損傷對側(cè)感覺障礙,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart.

21、 Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,視覺傳導(dǎo)通路和瞳孔對光反射通路,視覺傳導(dǎo)通路如下：視錐、視桿細(xì)胞→中層的雙極細(xì)胞→節(jié)細(xì)胞（經(jīng)視神經(jīng)軸突）→視神經(jīng)（經(jīng)視神經(jīng)管）→顱腔 →視交叉鼻側(cè)半纖維交叉→對側(cè)視束顳側(cè)半纖維不交叉→同側(cè)視束 →外側(cè)膝狀體內(nèi)（外側(cè)膝狀體核）→視輻射→內(nèi)囊后肢→視

22、皮質(zhì)區(qū)→產(chǎn)生視覺,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,【視野】,視覺傳導(dǎo)路及損傷,對光反射通路,,,,,,,,,,,單眼全盲,雙眼同向偏盲,雙眼顳側(cè)視野偏盲,雙眼鼻側(cè)視野偏盲,光線,,,,,Ⅲ,視輻射,,May, 200

23、9,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,視覺傳導(dǎo)通路有3級神經(jīng)元：第1級神經(jīng)元是視網(wǎng)膜中層的雙極細(xì)胞第2級神經(jīng)元是視網(wǎng)膜最內(nèi)層的節(jié)細(xì)胞第3級神經(jīng)元是外側(cè)膝狀體核,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatom

24、y, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,視野：指眼球固定向前平視時所能看到的空間范圍。當(dāng)視覺傳導(dǎo)通路的不同部位受損時，可引起不同的視野缺損：視網(wǎng)膜損傷引起的視野缺損與損傷的位置和范圍有關(guān)，若損傷在視神經(jīng)盤則視野中出現(xiàn)較大暗點，若黃斑部受損則中央視野有暗點，,May, 2009,Copyright©

25、 Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,一側(cè)視神經(jīng)損傷可致該側(cè)眼視野全盲視交叉中交叉纖維損傷可致雙眼視野顳側(cè)半偏盲一側(cè)視交叉外側(cè)部的不交叉纖維損傷，則患側(cè)眼視野的鼻側(cè)半偏盲一側(cè)視束及以上的視覺傳導(dǎo)路受損，可致雙眼病灶對側(cè)半視野同向性偏盲,May, 2009,Copyright

26、© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,瞳孔對光反射通路如下：視網(wǎng)膜→視神經(jīng)→視交叉→兩側(cè)視束→上丘臂→頂蓋前區(qū)→兩側(cè)動眼神經(jīng)副核→動眼神經(jīng)→睫狀神經(jīng)節(jié)→節(jié)后纖維→瞳孔括約肌收縮→兩側(cè)瞳孔縮小,距狀溝上下的皮質(zhì),,光,頂蓋前區(qū),,動眼神經(jīng)副核,,,對光反射,外側(cè)膝狀

27、體,,,瞳孔括約肌睫狀肌,感光細(xì)胞,,雙極細(xì)胞,,節(jié)細(xì)胞,,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅲ,視束,視交叉,視神經(jīng),雙側(cè),內(nèi)囊后肢,視輻射,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,不同部位損傷瞳孔對光反射表現(xiàn),May, 2009,Copyright

28、© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,聽覺傳導(dǎo)通路,聽覺傳導(dǎo)通路如下：蝸神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)的雙極細(xì)胞→中樞突，組成蝸神經(jīng)→蝸腹側(cè)核和背側(cè)核（腦橋）→斜方體（交叉至對側(cè)）→外側(cè)丘系→（經(jīng)中腦被蓋的背外側(cè)部）→下丘（經(jīng)下丘臂）→內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體→聽輻射→內(nèi)囊后肢→大腦皮質(zhì)的顳橫回,May

29、, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,聽覺傳導(dǎo)通路有4級神經(jīng)元：第1級神經(jīng)元是蝸神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)的雙極細(xì)胞第2級神經(jīng)元胞體是在蝸腹側(cè)核和蝸背側(cè)核第3級神經(jīng)元胞體在下丘第4級神經(jīng)元胞體在內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體,May, 2009,Copyright&

30、#169; Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,平衡覺傳導(dǎo)通路,前庭神經(jīng)節(jié)內(nèi)的雙極細(xì)胞→中樞突，組成前庭神經(jīng)（與蝸神經(jīng)）→腦→前庭神經(jīng)核群→大腦皮質(zhì)。前庭神經(jīng)核群發(fā)出的纖維至中線兩側(cè)組成內(nèi)側(cè)縱束：,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatom

31、y, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,上升支→動眼、滑車和展神經(jīng)核→眼肌前庭反射（眼球震顫）下降支→副神經(jīng)脊髓核和頸髓前角細(xì)胞→轉(zhuǎn)眼、轉(zhuǎn)頭的協(xié)調(diào)運動前庭神經(jīng)外側(cè)核發(fā)出纖維組成前庭脊髓束完成軀干、 四肢的姿勢反射（伸肌興奮、屈肌抑制）,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. An

32、atomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,一般內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路特殊內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserve

33、d by YP HOU and YF SONG,一般內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,經(jīng)腦神經(jīng)：膝神經(jīng)節(jié)、舌咽和迷走神經(jīng)下節(jié)細(xì)胞中樞突 丘腦腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核或 →島葉 下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)換元經(jīng)脊神經(jīng)：脊神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞中樞突→,,,,→孤束核換元,→,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rig

34、ht reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,脊髓中央管背外側(cè)的后連合核換元→臂旁核換元→ 丘腦→大腦皮質(zhì)后角灰質(zhì)元 伴脊髓丘腦束 丘腦腹后外側(cè)（內(nèi)臟痛快痛） 核換元 皮質(zhì)中央后回 → 大腦外側(cè)溝上

35、部脊髓固有束內(nèi)上行→脊髓和腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)多次換元→丘腦背側(cè)核換元→大腦邊緣葉,,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,特殊內(nèi)臟感覺傳導(dǎo)通路,嗅覺：嗅細(xì)胞 中樞突 嗅球換元 形成嗅絲經(jīng)

36、嗅束、嗅三角 梨狀前區(qū)、杏仁周區(qū)、 和外側(cè)嗅紋 杏仁體皮質(zhì)內(nèi)側(cè)核,,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,味覺：膝、舌咽和迷走神經(jīng)下節(jié)細(xì)胞中樞突→孤束核上段→ 丘腦腹后內(nèi)側(cè)核→額葉島蓋、島葉,,May,

37、 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,運動傳導(dǎo)通路,定義：運動傳導(dǎo)通路是指從大腦皮質(zhì)至軀體運動和內(nèi)臟活動效應(yīng)器的神經(jīng)聯(lián)系。組成：上運動神經(jīng)元（upper moter neurons）下運動神經(jīng)元（lower moter neuron

38、s）軀體運動傳導(dǎo)通路主要為錐體系和錐體外系,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,錐體系,錐體系（pyramidal system）其上運動神經(jīng)元位于：中央前回、中央旁小葉前部的巨型錐體細(xì)胞、其他類型的錐體細(xì)胞、位于額、頂葉部

39、分的錐體細(xì)胞。這些神經(jīng)元的軸突共同組成錐體束（ pyramidal tract ）。錐體束又可分為：皮質(zhì)脊髓束皮質(zhì)核束,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,皮質(zhì)脊髓束,皮質(zhì)脊髓束（corticospinal tract）：

40、中央前回上、中部，中央旁小葉前半部的錐體細(xì)胞軸突下行→經(jīng)內(nèi)囊后肢的前部、大腦腳底中3/5的外側(cè)部和腦橋基底部→延髓錐體（在下端交叉至對側(cè)）→錐體交叉→在脊髓側(cè)索內(nèi)下行→皮質(zhì)脊髓側(cè)束→逐節(jié)止于前角細(xì)胞，支配四肢?。ㄎ唇徊妫┰诩顾枨八鲀?nèi)下行→皮質(zhì)脊髓前束，支配軀干和四肢骨胳肌的運動,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou Univer

41、sity. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,注意：一側(cè)皮質(zhì)脊髓束在錐體交叉前受損，導(dǎo)致對側(cè)肢體癱瘓，軀干肌運動不受明顯影響；在錐體交叉后受損，導(dǎo)致同側(cè)肢體癱瘓,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU a

42、nd YF SONG,皮質(zhì)脊髓束,錐體系,,運動傳導(dǎo)路,,四肢肌,軀干肌,軀干肌,中央前回中上2/3中央旁小葉前部,內(nèi)囊后肢,中腦：大腦腳底中3/5外側(cè),腦橋基底部,延髓錐體,錐體交叉75％纖維,皮質(zhì)脊髓側(cè)束,皮質(zhì)脊髓前束,,,,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserve

43、d by YP HOU and YF SONG,皮質(zhì)核束,皮質(zhì)核束（corticonuclear tract）中央前回下部的錐體細(xì)胞的軸突集合而成，下行經(jīng)內(nèi)囊膝至大腦腳底中3/5的內(nèi)側(cè)部，向下分出的纖維大部分止于雙側(cè)腦神經(jīng)運動核。小部分纖維完全交叉到對側(cè)止于面神經(jīng)核下部、舌下神經(jīng)核。支配對側(cè)面下部的面肌和舌肌。,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine

44、, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,錐體系：皮質(zhì)核束,,,,,,,,,,,,中央前回下1/3,內(nèi)囊膝,中腦：大腦腳底中3/5內(nèi)側(cè),腦橋基底部,延髓錐體,運動傳導(dǎo)路,錐體系,皮質(zhì)核束,,,,,,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou Unive

45、rsity. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,由皮質(zhì)核束的走行可知：面下部肌的面神經(jīng)核和舌下神經(jīng)核只接受單側(cè)（對側(cè)）皮質(zhì)核束支配外，其他腦神經(jīng)運動核均接受雙側(cè)皮質(zhì)核束的纖維。一側(cè)上運動神經(jīng)元受損，對側(cè)眼裂以下的面肌和對側(cè)舌肌癱瘓一側(cè)面神經(jīng)核的神經(jīng)元受損，可致病灶側(cè)所有的面肌癱瘓一側(cè)舌下神經(jīng)核的神經(jīng)元受損，可致病灶側(cè)全部舌肌癱瘓,May, 2009,Copyright© D

46、epart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,面肌癱瘓：左：核下癱 右：核上癱,舌肌癱瘓：左：核下癱 右：核上癱,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. Al

47、l right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,上下運動神經(jīng)元損傷表現(xiàn)比較,May, 2009,Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG,錐體外系,錐體外系（extrapyramidal system）定義：是指錐體系以外