羅森財(cái)政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料雙語(yǔ)版

1、1羅森財(cái)政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料（雙語(yǔ)版）羅森財(cái)政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料（雙語(yǔ)版）Unifiedbudget:Thedocumentwhichitemizesallthefederalgovernment’sexpendituresrevenues.統(tǒng)一預(yù)算：聯(lián)邦政府在一種文件中將其支出逐項(xiàng)列出的文件Regulatybudget:anannualstatementofthecostsimposedontheeconomybygovernmentregulati

2、ons管制預(yù)算：政府管制對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的成本Entitlementprograms:programswhoseexpendituresaredeterminedbythenumberofpeoplewhoqualifyratherthanpresetbudgetallocations.公民權(quán)利性計(jì)劃：（是指有關(guān)社會(huì)保障、公共福利計(jì)劃、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格維持等法律規(guī)定受益人和收益數(shù)額的政府支出項(xiàng)目）項(xiàng)目的成本不是由固定的美元數(shù)額來(lái)決定，而是由符合條件

3、的人的數(shù)量決定。Substitutioneffect:thetendencyofanindividualtoconsumemeofonegoodlessofanotherbecauseofadecreaseinthepriceofthefmerrelativetothelatter.替代效應(yīng)：是指一種商品價(jià)格的變化所引起的使消費(fèi)者調(diào)整該種商品與其他商品需求量比例的效應(yīng)。Incomeeffect:theeffectofapricechan

4、gethequantitydemeddueexclusivelytothefactthattheconsmer’sincomehaschanged收入效應(yīng)：收入效應(yīng)指由商品的價(jià)格變動(dòng)所引起的實(shí)際收入水平變動(dòng)，進(jìn)而由實(shí)際收入水平變動(dòng)所引起的商品需求量的變動(dòng)。Welfareeconomics:thebranchofeconomictheyconcernedwiththesocialdesirabilityofalternativeecono

5、micstates.福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：研究各種經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)的社會(huì)合意性的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的一個(gè)分支Paretoefficient:anallocationofresourcesuchthatnopersoncanbemadebetteroffwithoutmakinganotherpersonwseoff.帕累托效率：要使一個(gè)人的境況變好，唯一的辦法就是使另一個(gè)人的境況變壞Paretoimprovement:areallocationofresource

6、sthatmakesatleastonepersonbetteroffwithoutmakinganyoneelsewseoff.對(duì)在不使其他任何人境況變壞的情況下使某人的境況變好的資源進(jìn)行重新配置Purepublicgood:acommoditythatisnonrivalnonexcludableinconsumption.純公共物品：指既沒(méi)有排他性有沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)Privatization：theprocessofturn

7、ingservicesthataresuppliedbythegovernmentovertotheprivatesectfprovisionproduction私有化：把由政府提供的服務(wù)交給私人部門去提供和生產(chǎn)3Schoolvoucher:avouchergiventoafamilytohelpthefamilypayftuitionatanyqualifiedschool.theschoolredeemsthevoucherfcas

8、h.教育券：教育券是指政府把教育經(jīng)費(fèi)折算成一定數(shù)額的有價(jià)證券發(fā)給每位學(xué)生Socialinsuranceprograms（社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)）:governmentprogramsthatprovideinsurancetoprotectagainstadverseeventsInsurancepremium（保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）:moneypaidtoaninsurancecompanyinexchangefaguaranteeofcompensationg

9、ivenaspecifiedadverseevent.Riskaversion（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡）（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡）:apreferencefpayingmethantheactuariallyfairpremiumindertoguaranteecompensationifanadverseeventoccurs.Riskpremium（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)）（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)）:theamountabovetheactuariallyfairpremiumthata

10、riskaversepersoniswillingtopaytoguaranteecompensationifanadverseeventoccurs.Asymmetricinfmation（不對(duì)稱信息）（不對(duì)稱信息）:asituationinwhichonepartyengagedinaneconomictransactionhasbetterinfmationaboutthegoodservicetradedthantheother

11、party.Adverseion（逆向選擇）（逆向選擇）:thephenomenonunderwhichtheuninfmedsideofadealgetsexactlythewrongpeopletradingwithit.由于信息不對(duì)稱，保險(xiǎn)公司得到的客戶恰恰是有毛病的人Communityrating（團(tuán)體費(fèi)率法）（團(tuán)體費(fèi)率法）:thepracticeofgingunifminsurancepremiumsfpelpleindiff

12、erentriskcategieswithinacommunitythusresultinginlowriskpeoplesubsidizinghighriskpeople.向某一由不同健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的個(gè)人組成的團(tuán)體收取統(tǒng)一保費(fèi)Malhazard（道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）（道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）:whenobtaininginsuranceagainstanadverseoutcomeleadstochangesinbehavithatincreasethelikel

13、ihoodoftheoutcome.道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指在委托一代理關(guān)系中，代理人為了追求自身利益最大化而不惜損害委托人利益的行為Deadweightloss（無(wú)謂損失）（無(wú)謂損失）:thewastethatexistswhentradesoccurinwhichmarginalcostexceedsmarginalbenefitwhentradesinwhichmarginalbenefitexceedsmarginalcostdonottak