有什么類似的經(jīng)驗嗎biologicalmonitoringand-ohlearning

1、BASIC PRINCIPLES IN OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 職業(yè)衛(wèi)生基本原則,Day 2第2天,8 - BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND HEALTH SURVEILLANCE 8-生物監(jiān)測及健康監(jiān)護,,BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND HEALTH SURVEILLANCE生物監(jiān)測及健康監(jiān)護,What experience do you have? 有什么類似的經(jīng)驗

2、嗎？,BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND HEALTH SURVEILLANCE 生物監(jiān)測及健康監(jiān)護,Health Surveillance is a generic term: any procedure undertaken to assess, review or monitor an individual’s health in order to identify or detect any significa

3、nt change from normality. 健康監(jiān)護是通用術語：是評估、審核和監(jiān)測個人健康所采取的任何程序，其目的是為了檢測人體是否出現(xiàn)了任何異常變化。 There are three reasons for health surveillance at work:進行職業(yè)健康監(jiān)護的三大理由如下： to ensure adverse health effects related to the work are iden

4、tified at an early stage; sometimes this is statutory, e.g. in relation to work with lead.為了確保能在早期就能發(fā)現(xiàn)工作對健康造成的不良影響；有時，健康監(jiān)護 是強制性規(guī)定，例如對于與鉛接觸的工作。 to ensure continued medical fitness for specific tasks like diving or

5、fire fighting為了確保具有執(zhí)行特定任務所需的良好健康狀況，如潛水或消防等。 to promote general health.為了促進身體健康。,BIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND HEALTH SURVEILLANCE 生物監(jiān)測及健康監(jiān)護,Health surveillance techniques should be:健康監(jiān)護技術應符合如下條件： Highly sensitive 靈敏度高

6、。 Specific in their ability to detect effects at an early and reversible stage. 具備能在早期和可逆階段發(fā)現(xiàn)負面作用的能力。 Safe.安全性高。Preferably non-invasive and acceptable to the employee.最好是非侵入式，員工可接受。 Cost is also a consideration.成

7、本也是一個考慮因素。 Results of health surveillance should lead to some action of benefit to the health of employees.應能通過健康監(jiān)護結果，制定有利于員工的措施。,BIOLOGICAL MONITORING (1)生物監(jiān)測 （1）,Biological monitoring is an integral part of health s

8、urveillance and is the measurement of human tissues, fluids or behaviour in comparison with what is considered to be a normal range of values. 生物監(jiān)測是健康監(jiān)護不可分割的一部分，是對人體組織、體液或行為進行測量，并將測量結果與正常值進行對比的程序。 Medical confidentiali

9、ty applies.應符合醫(yī)療保密規(guī)定。 Can establish not only exposure but also its effect on an individual or group of people. 不僅可以確定接觸限值，還能確定對個人或群體的影響。,BIOLOGICAL MONITORING (2)生物監(jiān)測 （2）,Biological measurements can determine:-生物測量可

10、以確定： the content of a toxic material or its metabolite in blood, urine and breath血液、尿液和呼氣中有毒物質(zhì)或代謝物的含量。 Its effects on enzyme systems or metabolic pathways 對酶系統(tǒng)或代謝途徑的影響。 Early reversible tissue change早期可逆轉(zhuǎn)的組織變化。 Ph

11、ysiological changes Immunological changes.生理變化、免疫系統(tǒng)變化。,Types of Measurements 測量類型,Urine尿液Cells (exfoliate cytology) - bladder cancer細胞（尿液細胞學診斷） - 膀胱癌 Level of toxin e.g. mercury毒素含量，如汞 Level of metabolite eg TCA (

12、tricarboxylic acid)代謝產(chǎn)物含量，如TCA（三羧酸） Protein (especially kidney damage)蛋白質(zhì)（尤其是腎臟損害） Bile (jaundice)膽汁（黃疸） Sugar (diabetes) - relevant to shift work, public service vehicle (PSV) driving糖（糖尿?。c輪班、公共服務車輛（PSV）駕駛相關,T

13、ypes of Measurements 測量類型,Blood 血液Full blood count and haemoglobin - lead, benzene, alcohol, work in the tropics全血計數(shù)和血紅蛋白——鉛、苯、酒精、熱帶地區(qū)工作 Serum (deep frozen) - baseline antibody levels in pathogen exposure血清（深度冷凍）——病

14、原體接觸的基準抗體水平 Liver function tests - alcohol, hepatotoxic chemicals 肝功能檢查——酒精、肝毒性 Renal function tests - kidney toxins 腎功能檢查 - 腎臟毒素 Toxin levels - e.g. lead毒素含量 - 例如鉛 Metabolite levels - e.g. ALA.代謝水平 - 例如ALA。,Type

15、s of Measurements 測量類型,Skin皮膚 Appearance 外觀Prick testing皮刺試驗Breath 呼吸Dichloromethane and carbon monoxide exposure. 二氯甲烷和一氧化碳接觸限值。 Vision視力 Acuity tests e.g. lorry drivers, pilots etc. 視力測試，例如貨車司機，飛行員等。 Colo

16、ur blindness tests e.g. civil aviation, railways, microscopy.色盲測試，例如民航、鐵路、顯微鏡學行業(yè)。,Types of Measurements 測量類型,X-rays X-射線 Chest x-rays are useful for conditions such as infection胸部X光檢查可用于檢測感染等情況。 Pneumoconiosis chest

17、 x-rays塵肺病胸部X光檢查 Neurological tests神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)測試 Mental function 心理功能Nerve transmission神經(jīng)傳遞Handwriting tests (detects early tremors)手寫測試（檢測早期震顫） Audiometry聽力測試 The lowest intensity of hearing最低強度聽力測試Lung funct