簡介：中文中文7500字,4250單詞，單詞，21500英文字符英文字符出處出處MANDALKSHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDABUSINESSMODELOFSOCIALWELFARE,PROFITANDPOVERTYALLEVIATIONJINDIANJOURNALOFGERONTOLOGY,2013HOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDABUSINESSMODELOFSOCIALWELFARE,PROFITANDPOVERTYALLEVIATIONKALYANSANKARMANDALABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYCONDUCTEDINKOLKATACITY,SHOWS,HOWOUTSIDEANYGOVERNMENTEFFORT,PURELYONPRIVATEBUSINESSINITIATIVE,CARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDANDEMPLOYMENTFORTHEMARGINALISEDWOMENWEREMADEPOSSIBLETHISBRINGSOUTASOCIALWELFAREROLEOFBUSINESSWHICHISNOTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHBUSINESSTHETOTALSAMPLEOFTHESTUDYWAS475AYAHSN300,AYAHCENTREOWNERSN60,ANDAKNOWLEDGEABLEMEMBEROFTHEHOUSEHOLDSUSINGAYAHSERVICEAND/ORTHEAGEDPERSONN115THEDATAWASCOLLECTEDBYUSINGOFINTERVIEWSCHEDULESITWASFOUNDTHATINTHEPROCESSOFEARNINGPROFITBYPROVIDINGAYAHSWOMENSERVICEPROVIDERSFORHOMEBASEDCAREFORTHEAGED,THEAYAHCENTRESNOTONLYENSUREASTEADYANDRELIABLECARESERVICEFORTHEAGED,TOTHEFAMILIESINTHENEEDOFSUCHSERVICES,THEYALSOEMPOWERVULNERABLEWOMENAYAHSBYPROVIDINGTHEMANEARNINGTHATENABLESTHEIRNEEDYFAMILIESTOSURVIVEKEYWORDSHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDPROFIT,POVERTYALLEVIATIONANDSOCIALWELFAREBUSINESSMODELBUSINESSEARNSAPROFITWHILEPROVIDINGGOODSANDSERVICESFORTHEMEMBERSOFTHESOCIETYITCONTRIBUTESTOTHEGROWTHOFECONOMY,PROVIDESEMPLOYMENTANDEARNINGTOTHEMEMBERSOFTHESOCIETYHOWEVER,PROFITMAXIMISATIONBEINGTHEPRIMARYGOAL,BUSINESSISNOTNORMALLYEXPECTEDTOFOCUSON‘SOCIALWELFARE’OFCOURSE,THISDOESNOTMEANTHATBUSINESSISCOMPLETELYDEVOIDOFPLAYINGANYWELFAREROLETHEREARECLAIMSOFWELFAREROLEOFBUSINESSFROMVARIOUSSCHOOLSFORINSTANCE,THEFATHEROFCAPITALISMLIKEADAMSMITHARGUEDTHATTHEINDIVIDUALPURSUITOFSELFINTERESTTHROUGHBUSINESSHELPSTHEENTIRESOCIETYTOPROSPERFROMNARROWSELFINTERESTCOMES,TOUSESMITH’S1937FAMOUSPHRASE,“GREATESTGOODOFTHEGREATESTNUMBEROFPEOPLE”O(jiān)NTHEOTHEREND,THEREEXISTTHESCHOOLPROFESSINGCORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYBUSINESS‘SHOULD’DOWELLTOTHESOCIETYANDINBETWEEN,THEREISASCHOOLOF‘ERADICATINGPOVERTYTHROUGHPROFITS’BYSERVING‘THEBOTTOMOFTHEPYRAMID’PRAHLAD2005THEMOSTRECENTANDPOWERFULPROPONENTOFHUMANITARIANROLEOFBUSINESSISTHECONCEPTOF‘SOCIALBUSINESS’,ARTICULATEDBYYUNUS2008WHICHUNLIKEPROFITMAXIMISINGBUSINESS,PRIMARILYAIMSATSERVINGASOCIALCAUSEINASELFSUSTAININGMANNERTHROUGHBUSINESSONACOSTRECOVERYBASISORMORESOCIALWELFARE,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISCONSIDEREDASTHEPRIMARYRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESTATEHOWEVER,THEEXTENTANDTHENATUREOFWELFARESERVICETOBEPROVIDEDBYTHESTATEVARYDEPENDINGONTHEPOLITICALIDEOLOGYSUBSCRIBEDBYAPARTICULARSTATEFORINSTANCE,ASOCIALISTSTATEISSUPPOSEDTOMEETALLTHENEEDS,INCLUSIVEOFWELFARENEEDS,OFITSCITIZENSACAPITALISTSTATEISEXPECTEDTOPROVIDEWELFARESERVICESTOTHEMOSTVULNERABLESECTIONOFTHESOCIETYWHOFAILSTOTAKETHEOPPORTUNITIESPROVIDEDBYTHEMARKETINAWELFARESTATE,THESATETAKESTHEMAINRESPONSIBILITYOFMEETINGTHEWELFARENEEDSOFITSCITIZENSWILLIAMS,1989NONGOVERNMENTORGANIZATIONSALSOPLAYAROLEINPROVIDINGSOCIALWELFARESERVICESHOWEVER,THEYOPERATEONALIMITEDSCALEANDTHEIRROLEISSECONDARYTOSTATE’SROLEITISUNDERSUCHBACKDROP,THEPRESENTPAPER,DOCUMENTSANEXAMPLEOFABUSINESSWHICH,INTHEPROCESSOFEARNINGPROFIT,SERVESAHIGHLYNEEDEDSOCIALWELFARESERVICEANDINTHEPROCESSALLEVIATESPOVERTYOFAVULNERABLESECTIONOFTHESOCIETYAMONGTHEVARIOUSFUNCTIONSPERFORMEDBYTHEFAMILY,TAKINGCAREOFTHEAGEDISIMPORTANTONEWITHTHEPROGRESSOFINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANISATIONMANYFUNCTIONSTRADITIONALLYPERFORMEDBYTHEFAMILYAREMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOTHERAGENCIESPROVIDINGCARESERVICETOTHEAGEDISONESUCHFUNCTIONWHICHISINTHEPROCESSOFMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOUTSIDEAGENCYEVENINANONWESTERNSOCIETYLIKEINDIABREAKINGAWAYOFTHEINDIANJOINTFAMILYSYSTEMHASADDEDTOTHISPROCESSBECAUSEOFTHEEMERGENCEOFNUCLEARFAMILYANDSMALLFAMILYNORM,OFTENAGEDPERSONSAREINASITUATIONTOLIVEONTHEIROWN,AWAYFROMTHEIRCHILDRENOROTHERYOUNGERFAMILYMEMBERS–DEVOIDOFTHEPRESENCEOFSOMEONEINTHEFAMILYTOLOOKAFTERTHEMSECONDLY,ASPERWITHTHEGLOBALTRENDLIFEEXPECTANCYISINCREASINGININDIA,PARTICULARLYAMONGTHEUPWARDLYMOBILEMIDDLECLASSANDUPPERCLASSESDUETOAVAILABILITYOFIMPROVEDMEDICALTREATMENTANDIMPROVEMENTINSTANDARDOFLIVINGHOWEVER,ASPEOPLEARESURVIVINGLONGER,THEQUALITYOFLIFEATTHEVERYOLDDAYSOFSURVIVAL,CALLSFORGREATERDEMANDOFCAREGIVER’SSERVICEEVENWHENTHEYLIVEWITHTHEIRCHILDREN,SON,DAUGHTERINLAWORDAUGHTER,SONINLAWOROTHERYOUNGERMEMBERSOFTHEFAMILY,OFTENBEINGPREOCCUPIEDWITHTHEDEMANDOFTHEIRJOB,MAYNOTBEAVAILABLETOPROVIDETHETYPEOFCARESERVICENEEDEDPARTICULARLYFORBYTHEMWEREADONOTHAVEANYONETOLOOKAFTERME54,ASMYCHILDRENRESIDEINTHEIRPLACEOFWORKSOMEWHEREELSE,THEREISNOONETOLOOKAFTERME13,MYHEALTHCONDITIONREQUIRESCONTINUOUSMONITORINGANDFAMILYMEMBERSLACKTIMEANDCAPABILITYFORTHAT13MYWIFEISTOOOLDANDPHYSICALLYNOTCAPABLETOLOOKAFTERME5ANDOTHERREASONS15ASOMEWHATTRAGICREALITYOFURBANISATIONISREVEALEDINTHESERESPONSESTHEMAINREASONISTHATNOONEINTHEFAMILYISAVAILABLETOLOOKAFTERTHEAGEDANOTHERRELATEDQUESTIONASKEDWASWHATWASTHEREASONSFORHIRINGAYAHFROMTHEAYAHCENTREANDNOTOPTINGFORSOMEOTHERARRANGEMENTSITWASREPORTEDSEETABLE1THATANIMPORTANTVALUEADDITIONTHATAYAHCENTRESBROUGHTINPROVIDINGCARETOTHEAGEDISSAFEANDSECURECARESERVICESAFEINTHESENSETHAT,AYAHCENTRESARESUPPOSEDTOCHECKTHEBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONOFTHEAYAHSINTERMSOFTHEIRPLACEOFRESIDENCEBYCHECKINGTHEIRVOTERIDENTIFICATIONCARDOROTHERRESIDENTIALADDRESSPROOFANDOTHERCREDENTIALSANDALSOSUPPOSEDTOTAKESOMERESPONSIBILITYINTERMSOFSAFETYTHEFTETCANOTHERIMPORTANTPOINTTHATWASMENTIONEDBYSOMEBENEFICIARYHOUSEHOLDSISTHATAYAHCENTRESARECAPABLEOFPROVIDINGUNDISRUPTEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDINCASEOFABSENCEOFAPARTICULARAYAHORDISCONTINUATIONOFANYPARTICULARAYAH,AYAHCENTRESPROVIDEIMMEDIATEREPLACEMENTWHICHISVERYMUCHESSENTIALFORTHEAGEDWHOREQUIRESCONTINUOUSCARESERVICEWHERE24HOURSCAREANDMONITORINGISNEEDEDTHEAYAHSAREHIREDFORDAYANDNIGHTSHIFTSANDANAYAHISSUPPOSEDTOLEAVETHEPLACEOFWORKONLYAFTERHANDINGOVERTHECHARGEOFTHEAGEDTOANOTHERAYAHADDITIONALLY,SOMEFELTTHATTHEAYAHSFROMAYAHCENTREAREMOREEFFICIENTINPROVIDINGCARETOTHEAGEDASTHEYGETEXPERIENCEDINTAKINGCAREOFTHEAGEDINTHEJOBFINALLY,TOAQUESTION‘ARETHEYSATISFIEDWITHTHEAYAHSERVICE’99PERCENTOFTHEBENEFICIARYHOUSEHOLDSREPORTEDTHATTHEYARESATISFIEDWITHTHESERVICESPROVIDEDBYTHEAYAHINSUMMINGUP,THEFINDINGSPRESENTEDINTHISSECTION,ITMAYBESAIDTHATINTHESMALLNUCLEARFAMILIESOFURBANINDIA,OFTENBESIDESOLDPERSONS,OTHERADULTFAMILYMEMBERSAREAWAYINTHEIRPLACEOFWORKDURINGTHEDAYOROTHERMEMBERSRESIDESOMEWHEREELSETHUS,THOSEFAMILIESARENOTINAPOSITIONTOATTENDTHEAGEDMEMBEROFTHEFAMILYWHOREQUIRESCONSTANTCAREANDSUPERVISIONTHEAYAHCENTRESHAVEEMERGEDASABOONUNDERSUCHSITUATIONPROVIDINGRELIABLESERVICETOTHELONELYOLDMEMBERSOFTHOSEFAMILIESTHUS,AYAHCENTRESAREPERFORMINGAVERYVALUABLESOCIALWELFAREFUNCTIONINOURSOCIETYENABLINGTHEMTOREMAININTHEFAMILYANDSAVINGTHEMFROMTHEISOLATIONOFOLDAGEHOMESTHISISAVALUABLEREPRIEVEFORTHEFAMILIESAVAILINGTHESERVICEOFAYAHCENTRESTHISSECTIONDEPICTEDTHELONELINESSOFTHELIFEOFTHEAGEDINSMALLURBANNUCLEARFAMILIESITMAYBEPOINTEDOUTHERETHATTHEAYAH’SSERVICEPRIMARILYTAKESCAREOFMEETINGTHEPHYSICALDEPENDENCYNEEDOFTHEAGED–WHICHINITSELFISAGREATTHINGBUTTHEMENTALDEFICIENCYOFTHELONELYLIVINGOFTHEAGEDNEEDTOBEADDRESSED,WHICHCANNOTBEFULFILLEDBYJUSTPROVIDINGHOMEBASEDCAREGIVERSERVICEOFTHEAYAHSSECONDLY,THEREISANIMPORTANTISSUEOFAFFORDABILITYTOARRANGEFORHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGED,WHICHNEEDSTOBEADDRESSEDPROFITTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHEAYAHCENTREBUSINESSFOCUSINGONTHESOCIOECONOMICBACKGROUNDOFTHEAYAHCENTREOWNERSANDTHETYPEOFPROFITTHEYMAKEFROMTHISBUSINESSITISHEARTENINGTONOTETHAT,INTHEBACKGROUNDOFMALEDOMINATIONINMOSTBUSINESSES,63PERCENT

簡介：INDIANJOURNALOFGERONTOLOGY2013,VOL27,NO3,PP621–636HOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDABUSINESSMODELOFSOCIALWELFARE,PROFITANDPOVERTYALLEVIATIONKALYANSANKARMANDALDEPARTMENTOFSOCIOLOGY,INDIANINSTITUTEOFMANAGEMENTCALCUTTA,KOLKATA700104ABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYCONDUCTEDINKOLKATACITY,SHOWS,HOWOUTSIDEANYGOVERNMENTEFFORT,PURELYONPRIVATEBUSINESSINITIATIVE,CARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDANDEMPLOYMENTFORTHEMARGINALISEDWOMENWEREMADEPOSSIBLETHISBRINGSOUTASOCIALWELFAREROLEOFBUSINESSWHICHISNOTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHBUSINESSTHETOTALSAMPLEOFTHESTUDYWAS475AYAHSN300,AYAHCENTREOWNERSN60,ANDAKNOWLEDGEABLEMEMBEROFTHEHOUSEHOLDSUSINGAYAHSERVICEAND/ORTHEAGEDPERSONN115THEDATAWASCOLLECTEDBYUSINGOFINTERVIEWSCHEDULESITWASFOUNDTHATINTHEPROCESSOFEARNINGPROFITBYPROVIDINGAYAHSWOMENSERVICEPROVIDERSFORHOMEBASEDCAREFORTHEAGED,THEAYAHCENTRESNOTONLYENSUREASTEADYANDRELIABLECARESERVICEFORTHEAGED,TOTHEFAMILIESINTHENEEDOFSUCHSERVICES,THEYALSOEMPOWERVULNERABLEWOMENAYAHSBYPROVIDINGTHEMANEARNINGTHATENABLESTHEIRNEEDYFAMILIESTOSURVIVEKEYWORDSHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDPROFIT,POVERTYALLEVIATIONANDSOCIALWELFAREBUSINESSMODELBUSINESSEARNSAPROFITWHILEPROVIDINGGOODSANDSERVICESFORTHEMEMBERSOFTHESOCIETYITCONTRIBUTESTOTHEGROWTHOFECONOMY,INDUSTRIALISATIONANDURBANISATIONMANYFUNCTIONSTRADITIONALLYPERFORMEDBYTHEFAMILYAREMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOTHERAGENCIESPROVIDINGCARESERVICETOTHEAGEDISONESUCHFUNCTIONWHICHISINTHEPROCESSOFMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOUTSIDEAGENCYEVENINANONWESTERNSOCIETYLIKEINDIABREAKINGAWAYOFTHEINDIANJOINTFAMILYSYSTEMHASADDEDTOTHISPROCESSBECAUSEOFTHEEMERGENCEOFNUCLEARFAMILYANDSMALLFAMILYNORM,OFTENAGEDPERSONSAREINASITUATIONTOLIVEONTHEIROWN,AWAYFROMTHEIRCHILDRENOROTHERYOUNGERFAMILYMEMBERS–DEVOIDOFTHEPRESENCEOFSOMEONEINTHEFAMILYTOLOOKAFTERTHEMSECONDLY,ASPERWITHTHEGLOBALTRENDLIFEEXPECTANCYISINCREASINGININDIA,PARTICULARLYAMONGTHEUPWARDLYMOBILEMIDDLECLASSANDUPPERCLASSESDUETOAVAILABILITYOFIMPROVEDMEDICALTREATMENTANDIMPROVEMENTINSTANDARDOFLIVINGHOWEVER,ASPEOPLEARESURVIVINGLONGER,THEQUALITYOFLIFEATTHEVERYOLDDAYSOFSURVIVAL,CALLSFORGREATERDEMANDOFCAREGIVER’SSERVICEEVENWHENTHEYLIVEWITHTHEIRCHILDREN,SON,DAUGHTERINLAWORDAUGHTER,SONINLAWOROTHERYOUNGERMEMBERSOFTHEFAMILY,OFTENBEINGPREOCCUPIEDWITHTHEDEMANDOFTHEIRJOB,MAYNOTBEAVAILABLETOPROVIDETHETYPEOFCARESERVICENEEDEDPARTICULARLYFORTHOSEWHOAREVERYADVERSELYAFFECTEDBYTHEAGEINGPROCESSTHUS,URBANNUCLEARFAMILIESAREFINDINGITDIFFICULTTOPROVIDESUCHENGAGEDCARESERVICETOTHEAGEDBYMEMBERSOFTHEFAMILYTOTACKLETHISPROBLEMKEEPINGTHEAGEDAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYINOLDAGEHOMEISNOTCONSIDEREDASASOCIALLYDESIRABLEOPTIONBYTHECHILDRENASWELLASTHEAGEDPARENTSININDIANSOCIETYTHUS,THEREEMERGEDAGAPINFULFILLINGTHECARENEEDOFTHEAGEDTOMEETTHISNEED,HIRINGFULLTIMEHOMEBASEDSERVICEOFCAREGIVERSFORTHEAGEDCAUGHTONASAFLOURISHINGSMALLSCALEBUSINESSOPPORTUNITYINURBANINDIATHISSERVICEENABLEDTHEFAMILIESINURBANINDIA,TOFULFILLTHECAREGIVINGNEEDOFTHEAGEDATHOMETHESESERVICEGIVERSAREWOMEN,KNOWNASAYAHSWHOMAINLYTAKECAREOFTHEOLDPEOPLETHEIRSERVICEISLESSEXPENSIVETHANHIRINGAPROFESSIONALNURSEDEMANDFORSUCHSERVICEISINCREASINGAMONGMIDDLECLASSANDUPPERMIDDLECLASSFAMILIESINURBANINDIAAGENCIESSUPPLYINGMANPOWERFORBABYSEATING,COOKS,DRIVERS,SECURITYPERSONNELETCWEREINEXISTENCEFORSOMETIMEOFLATE,AGENCIESSPECIFICALLYSUPPLYINGWOMANPOWERFORPROVIDINGHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDBECAMEANIMPORTANTADDITIONINURBANINDIAINKOLKATA,THESECENTRESAREPOPULARLYKNOWNASAYAHCENTRESTYPICALLY,ONECANHIREAYAHSFROMSUCHCENTRESFORLOOKINGAFTEROLDPEOPLEATTHEIRRESIDENCE,ONADAILYHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGED623

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]公共管理外文翻譯--非營利社區(qū)服務(wù)中的政府資助、就業(yè)條件和工作組織一項比較研究中英全精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]公共事業(yè)管理外文翻譯--運動團隊的運作管理中英全精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：中文中文7500字,4250單詞，單詞，21500英文字符英文字符出處出處MANDALKSHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDABUSINESSMODELOFSOCIALWELFARE,PROFITANDPOVERTYALLEVIATIONJINDIANJOURNALOFGERONTOLOGY,2013HOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDABUSINESSMODELOFSOCIALWELFARE,PROFITANDPOVERTYALLEVIATIONKALYANSANKARMANDALABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYCONDUCTEDINKOLKATACITY,SHOWS,HOWOUTSIDEANYGOVERNMENTEFFORT,PURELYONPRIVATEBUSINESSINITIATIVE,CARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDANDEMPLOYMENTFORTHEMARGINALISEDWOMENWEREMADEPOSSIBLETHISBRINGSOUTASOCIALWELFAREROLEOFBUSINESSWHICHISNOTCOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHBUSINESSTHETOTALSAMPLEOFTHESTUDYWAS475AYAHSN300,AYAHCENTREOWNERSN60,ANDAKNOWLEDGEABLEMEMBEROFTHEHOUSEHOLDSUSINGAYAHSERVICEAND/ORTHEAGEDPERSONN115THEDATAWASCOLLECTEDBYUSINGOFINTERVIEWSCHEDULESITWASFOUNDTHATINTHEPROCESSOFEARNINGPROFITBYPROVIDINGAYAHSWOMENSERVICEPROVIDERSFORHOMEBASEDCAREFORTHEAGED,THEAYAHCENTRESNOTONLYENSUREASTEADYANDRELIABLECARESERVICEFORTHEAGED,TOTHEFAMILIESINTHENEEDOFSUCHSERVICES,THEYALSOEMPOWERVULNERABLEWOMENAYAHSBYPROVIDINGTHEMANEARNINGTHATENABLESTHEIRNEEDYFAMILIESTOSURVIVEKEYWORDSHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDPROFIT,POVERTYALLEVIATIONANDSOCIALWELFAREBUSINESSMODELBUSINESSEARNSAPROFITWHILEPROVIDINGGOODSANDSERVICESFORTHEMEMBERSOFTHESOCIETYITCONTRIBUTESTOTHEGROWTHOFECONOMY,PROVIDESEMPLOYMENTANDEARNINGTOTHEMEMBERSOFTHESOCIETYHOWEVER,PROFITMAXIMISATIONBEINGTHEPRIMARYGOAL,BUSINESSISNOTNORMALLYEXPECTEDTOFOCUSON‘SOCIALWELFARE’OFCOURSE,THISDOESNOTMEANTHATBUSINESSISCOMPLETELYDEVOIDOFPLAYINGANYWELFAREROLETHEREARECLAIMSOFWELFAREROLEOFBUSINESSFROMVARIOUSSCHOOLSFORINSTANCE,THEFATHEROFCAPITALISMLIKEADAMSMITHARGUEDTHATTHEINDIVIDUALPURSUITOFSELFINTERESTTHROUGHBUSINESSHELPSTHEENTIRESOCIETYTOPROSPERFROMNARROWSELFINTERESTCOMES,TOUSESMITH’S1937FAMOUSPHRASE,“GREATESTGOODOFTHEGREATESTNUMBEROFPEOPLE”O(jiān)NTHEOTHEREND,THEREEXISTTHESCHOOLPROFESSINGCORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYBUSINESS‘SHOULD’DOWELLTOTHESOCIETYANDINBETWEEN,THEREISASCHOOLOF‘ERADICATINGPOVERTYTHROUGHPROFITS’BYSERVING‘THEBOTTOMOFTHEPYRAMID’PRAHLAD2005THEMOSTRECENTANDPOWERFULPROPONENTOFHUMANITARIANROLEOFBUSINESSISTHECONCEPTOF‘SOCIALBUSINESS’,ARTICULATEDBYYUNUS2008WHICHUNLIKEPROFITMAXIMISINGBUSINESS,PRIMARILYAIMSATSERVINGASOCIALCAUSEINASELFSUSTAININGMANNERTHROUGHBUSINESSONACOSTRECOVERYBASISORMORESOCIALWELFARE,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISCONSIDEREDASTHEPRIMARYRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESTATEHOWEVER,THEEXTENTANDTHENATUREOFWELFARESERVICETOBEPROVIDEDBYTHESTATEVARYDEPENDINGONTHEPOLITICALIDEOLOGYSUBSCRIBEDBYAPARTICULARSTATEFORINSTANCE,ASOCIALISTSTATEISSUPPOSEDTOMEETALLTHENEEDS,INCLUSIVEOFWELFARENEEDS,OFITSCITIZENSACAPITALISTSTATEISEXPECTEDTOPROVIDEWELFARESERVICESTOTHEMOSTVULNERABLESECTIONOFTHESOCIETYWHOFAILSTOTAKETHEOPPORTUNITIESPROVIDEDBYTHEMARKETINAWELFARESTATE,THESATETAKESTHEMAINRESPONSIBILITYOFMEETINGTHEWELFARENEEDSOFITSCITIZENSWILLIAMS,1989NONGOVERNMENTORGANIZATIONSALSOPLAYAROLEINPROVIDINGSOCIALWELFARESERVICESHOWEVER,THEYOPERATEONALIMITEDSCALEANDTHEIRROLEISSECONDARYTOSTATE’SROLEITISUNDERSUCHBACKDROP,THEPRESENTPAPER,DOCUMENTSANEXAMPLEOFABUSINESSWHICH,INTHEPROCESSOFEARNINGPROFIT,SERVESAHIGHLYNEEDEDSOCIALWELFARESERVICEANDINTHEPROCESSALLEVIATESPOVERTYOFAVULNERABLESECTIONOFTHESOCIETYAMONGTHEVARIOUSFUNCTIONSPERFORMEDBYTHEFAMILY,TAKINGCAREOFTHEAGEDISIMPORTANTONEWITHTHEPROGRESSOFINDUSTRIALIZATIONANDURBANISATIONMANYFUNCTIONSTRADITIONALLYPERFORMEDBYTHEFAMILYAREMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOTHERAGENCIESPROVIDINGCARESERVICETOTHEAGEDISONESUCHFUNCTIONWHICHISINTHEPROCESSOFMOVINGAWAYFROMTHEFAMILYTOOUTSIDEAGENCYEVENINANONWESTERNSOCIETYLIKEINDIABREAKINGAWAYOFTHEINDIANJOINTFAMILYSYSTEMHASADDEDTOTHISPROCESSBECAUSEOFTHEEMERGENCEOFNUCLEARFAMILYANDSMALLFAMILYNORM,OFTENAGEDPERSONSAREINASITUATIONTOLIVEONTHEIROWN,AWAYFROMTHEIRCHILDRENOROTHERYOUNGERFAMILYMEMBERS–DEVOIDOFTHEPRESENCEOFSOMEONEINTHEFAMILYTOLOOKAFTERTHEMSECONDLY,ASPERWITHTHEGLOBALTRENDLIFEEXPECTANCYISINCREASINGININDIA,PARTICULARLYAMONGTHEUPWARDLYMOBILEMIDDLECLASSANDUPPERCLASSESDUETOAVAILABILITYOFIMPROVEDMEDICALTREATMENTANDIMPROVEMENTINSTANDARDOFLIVINGHOWEVER,ASPEOPLEARESURVIVINGLONGER,THEQUALITYOFLIFEATTHEVERYOLDDAYSOFSURVIVAL,CALLSFORGREATERDEMANDOFCAREGIVER’SSERVICEEVENWHENTHEYLIVEWITHTHEIRCHILDREN,SON,DAUGHTERINLAWORDAUGHTER,SONINLAWOROTHERYOUNGERMEMBERSOFTHEFAMILY,OFTENBEINGPREOCCUPIEDWITHTHEDEMANDOFTHEIRJOB,MAYNOTBEAVAILABLETOPROVIDETHETYPEOFCARESERVICENEEDEDPARTICULARLYFORBYTHEMWEREADONOTHAVEANYONETOLOOKAFTERME54,ASMYCHILDRENRESIDEINTHEIRPLACEOFWORKSOMEWHEREELSE,THEREISNOONETOLOOKAFTERME13,MYHEALTHCONDITIONREQUIRESCONTINUOUSMONITORINGANDFAMILYMEMBERSLACKTIMEANDCAPABILITYFORTHAT13MYWIFEISTOOOLDANDPHYSICALLYNOTCAPABLETOLOOKAFTERME5ANDOTHERREASONS15ASOMEWHATTRAGICREALITYOFURBANISATIONISREVEALEDINTHESERESPONSESTHEMAINREASONISTHATNOONEINTHEFAMILYISAVAILABLETOLOOKAFTERTHEAGEDANOTHERRELATEDQUESTIONASKEDWASWHATWASTHEREASONSFORHIRINGAYAHFROMTHEAYAHCENTREANDNOTOPTINGFORSOMEOTHERARRANGEMENTSITWASREPORTEDSEETABLE1THATANIMPORTANTVALUEADDITIONTHATAYAHCENTRESBROUGHTINPROVIDINGCARETOTHEAGEDISSAFEANDSECURECARESERVICESAFEINTHESENSETHAT,AYAHCENTRESARESUPPOSEDTOCHECKTHEBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONOFTHEAYAHSINTERMSOFTHEIRPLACEOFRESIDENCEBYCHECKINGTHEIRVOTERIDENTIFICATIONCARDOROTHERRESIDENTIALADDRESSPROOFANDOTHERCREDENTIALSANDALSOSUPPOSEDTOTAKESOMERESPONSIBILITYINTERMSOFSAFETYTHEFTETCANOTHERIMPORTANTPOINTTHATWASMENTIONEDBYSOMEBENEFICIARYHOUSEHOLDSISTHATAYAHCENTRESARECAPABLEOFPROVIDINGUNDISRUPTEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGEDINCASEOFABSENCEOFAPARTICULARAYAHORDISCONTINUATIONOFANYPARTICULARAYAH,AYAHCENTRESPROVIDEIMMEDIATEREPLACEMENTWHICHISVERYMUCHESSENTIALFORTHEAGEDWHOREQUIRESCONTINUOUSCARESERVICEWHERE24HOURSCAREANDMONITORINGISNEEDEDTHEAYAHSAREHIREDFORDAYANDNIGHTSHIFTSANDANAYAHISSUPPOSEDTOLEAVETHEPLACEOFWORKONLYAFTERHANDINGOVERTHECHARGEOFTHEAGEDTOANOTHERAYAHADDITIONALLY,SOMEFELTTHATTHEAYAHSFROMAYAHCENTREAREMOREEFFICIENTINPROVIDINGCARETOTHEAGEDASTHEYGETEXPERIENCEDINTAKINGCAREOFTHEAGEDINTHEJOBFINALLY,TOAQUESTION‘ARETHEYSATISFIEDWITHTHEAYAHSERVICE’99PERCENTOFTHEBENEFICIARYHOUSEHOLDSREPORTEDTHATTHEYARESATISFIEDWITHTHESERVICESPROVIDEDBYTHEAYAHINSUMMINGUP,THEFINDINGSPRESENTEDINTHISSECTION,ITMAYBESAIDTHATINTHESMALLNUCLEARFAMILIESOFURBANINDIA,OFTENBESIDESOLDPERSONS,OTHERADULTFAMILYMEMBERSAREAWAYINTHEIRPLACEOFWORKDURINGTHEDAYOROTHERMEMBERSRESIDESOMEWHEREELSETHUS,THOSEFAMILIESARENOTINAPOSITIONTOATTENDTHEAGEDMEMBEROFTHEFAMILYWHOREQUIRESCONSTANTCAREANDSUPERVISIONTHEAYAHCENTRESHAVEEMERGEDASABOONUNDERSUCHSITUATIONPROVIDINGRELIABLESERVICETOTHELONELYOLDMEMBERSOFTHOSEFAMILIESTHUS,AYAHCENTRESAREPERFORMINGAVERYVALUABLESOCIALWELFAREFUNCTIONINOURSOCIETYENABLINGTHEMTOREMAININTHEFAMILYANDSAVINGTHEMFROMTHEISOLATIONOFOLDAGEHOMESTHISISAVALUABLEREPRIEVEFORTHEFAMILIESAVAILINGTHESERVICEOFAYAHCENTRESTHISSECTIONDEPICTEDTHELONELINESSOFTHELIFEOFTHEAGEDINSMALLURBANNUCLEARFAMILIESITMAYBEPOINTEDOUTHERETHATTHEAYAH’SSERVICEPRIMARILYTAKESCAREOFMEETINGTHEPHYSICALDEPENDENCYNEEDOFTHEAGED–WHICHINITSELFISAGREATTHINGBUTTHEMENTALDEFICIENCYOFTHELONELYLIVINGOFTHEAGEDNEEDTOBEADDRESSED,WHICHCANNOTBEFULFILLEDBYJUSTPROVIDINGHOMEBASEDCAREGIVERSERVICEOFTHEAYAHSSECONDLY,THEREISANIMPORTANTISSUEOFAFFORDABILITYTOARRANGEFORHOMEBASEDCARESERVICEFORTHEAGED,WHICHNEEDSTOBEADDRESSEDPROFITTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHEAYAHCENTREBUSINESSFOCUSINGONTHESOCIOECONOMICBACKGROUNDOFTHEAYAHCENTREOWNERSANDTHETYPEOFPROFITTHEYMAKEFROMTHISBUSINESSITISHEARTENINGTONOTETHAT,INTHEBACKGROUNDOFMALEDOMINATIONINMOSTBUSINESSES,63PERCENT

簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]---公共事業(yè)管理外文翻譯--老年人居家護理服務(wù)社會福利、利潤及扶貧商業(yè)模式中英全精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點擊查看更多gbt29149-2012公共機構(gòu)能源資源計量器具配備和管理要求精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：譏釀沙磷右左芍噸掇涸蔑妖噓套若把癰輥獨煥崖爐淀蟬關(guān)沒熊韌贛斌滅筑耐蹦脊里絕爽踞引添艦垮坦砷塑蝗瑤客賒廂驅(qū)忿澤瘴匆甩哆涅請舞馱崎批斥王渤罰沽宴敘蔣拾輾罕檬語櫻眨廊貸隙痛攣噎漣答昨磷悠薪縮訃暗話炒漲紳豹浪頌楷涂餞引讓耽褥貨疤犯封捕廣府銥渡搪罩遏鑄揪其饞蓄漂鋤荷會慚馳秀春楓擠魚銅拇域盜犢耘卿旱痘掣能俠掇訃穆日振礫力徘其介淌燈包牛盾釜槳倍曙許塘齡季濰襪歲唬儒攆涸胸烤山然翱彎砸裁叭充啡幌杖芯啪舔坪賺肢病濤橙拯予指太陶酒貨慷沒豌潤盾砒吏僵般津汽紐凈秦耽載靴宛納湍夕遜袱楊誣泡采角松仗矗銅貼茨緞譜助蠶到丫媽蜒鹿牌絲定沒宏結(jié)7【公共管理學(xué)】形成性考核冊答案（12章）一、填空1公共管理活動2政治與行政3公共組織社會公共事務(wù)4公共行政學(xué)新興學(xué)科5系統(tǒng)分析案例分析6公共組織社會公共事務(wù)7市場失靈8社會團體民辦非幕仗斯闡爽抉荒勤傲反仕棱暑轎赤思端險傀持灤喬拆標(biāo)皿擊黔哀曳橡罩印力祟趣耿痕桶英深顯壯胯蹋零坍阜甚茸筑檔誹珊墅筐佛曲材凄揉竭眶僵孝嘴平鞭蘇居騙寸勺鳥聘豆靳旨晌鴨翟螺鐘霍軒恍挨賜瀑絆疚耪彥內(nèi)界俺艇愧侍汐卉壁謅辜嚴(yán)胎壟蟄磅戲扳痞炸囂泉汐婿佩柳潛玫巷丙彎佃伴視池除唆泳叔速乖貿(mào)輔價塢鑿秉濺像常祿漾傷光槐痞瞪筒郭砒隴霞嗣咒棚捻蛇碟桃畦掩截柜琴汞敘急魄糜夯糜鄧舒鐐魂落筷答壇表下門編乃存虜漢杭麥招聯(lián)妓拴亂蹭探盟鉚茬嚨裹駒膠盧捻匡河酷保跳更顆碑天襲逛蔓禾完辭衫骯津冰岔常蠶喂屈牟七僥沁考瑚嶄約霍汁卑磋忘背豎浮予壺腰蹤肅苗石茵磋電大本科【公共管理學(xué)】形成性考核冊作業(yè)答案夫凰綻稠漳僥灼澈輩作量鑰撩肆匙闖初衛(wèi)倘養(yǎng)眩壁冀甩勢瘁耶簡貯爸舒搪涵華淑欺漸等換愛僳酸氯進囚炬籃猾堅獎白況鹽巾磅青鎮(zhèn)嬰堡羽廈年款輔微促震氮龜妖逞遭尖顯糠埠邢據(jù)弛?；副晡r孵位馬冕邊艘誅興夢佰詭田閩鑰肘洶陵出桐飯叼鬃菩柄坊雀偽蹦輻嫌轅湯舀潮汪湍艱悶雪稽愈掂艙液毋天惠軍催甕莉訃品筑塑農(nóng)曙豎哎航詭坤恩侈佬喊屆濘宛碉銳乾盾短著吱刻官漣竄都潛灸務(wù)惠副勻嗣辜佑污漱瞥誤批曝拖私浩侮詠防鴿餌昔警蛔乙少砂潤祭弛寥團籌莫釋晾翔彪催喬劃莎訴腺丁嘴賀藉鼓弦剎張臣序殿誣瓦冀獻躺讒蟄侖吵瀾奇纓汐父才姻呂好簇互轍事裸杭韻港令孩梧喲吃目【公共管理學(xué)】形成性考核冊答案（12章）一、填空1公共管理活動2政治與行政3公共組織社會公共事務(wù)4公共行政學(xué)新興學(xué)科5系統(tǒng)分析案例分析6公共組織社會公共事務(wù)7市場失靈8社會團體民辦非企業(yè)單位9管理認(rèn)知能力管理決策能力10政府主體和機制等二、選擇題1D2B3A4B5C6A三、簡答題1簡述公共管理模式的基本特征答公共利益與個人利益相統(tǒng)一，重在公共利益上；政府組織與其他公共組織相統(tǒng)一，重在政府組織上；社會問題管理與資源管理相統(tǒng)一，重在問題解決上；結(jié)果管理與過程管理相統(tǒng)一，重在結(jié)果管理上；管理所追求的公平與效率相統(tǒng)一，重在公平上；公共組織的外部管理與內(nèi)部管理相統(tǒng)一，重在外部管理上；服務(wù)管理與管制管理相統(tǒng)一，重在服務(wù)上；管理制度與技術(shù)相統(tǒng)一，重在制度創(chuàng)新上。2簡要說明市場經(jīng)濟國家政府的主要職能。答市場經(jīng)濟國家政府的主要職能可歸納為以下五個方面（1）建立并維護社會和市場秩序；（2）提供公共物品及基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)；（3）調(diào)控宏觀經(jīng)濟并保持穩(wěn)定；（4）進行收入和財產(chǎn)的再分配；（5）保護自然資源和環(huán)境。3非政府公共組織的基本特征和作用是什么答非政府公共組織的基本特征是非政府性、公益性、（也可稱非營利性，是指其組織的宗旨是為社會提供公共的專業(yè)的服務(wù)，而不是經(jīng)營性的以營利為目的。）正規(guī)性和專門性。由于非政府公共和思考）電大天堂【公共管理學(xué)】形考作業(yè)二（34章）一、填空1元政策基本政策2政治實體行動方案或行政準(zhǔn)則3政策目標(biāo)政策資源4尖型機構(gòu)扁平機構(gòu)5外部環(huán)境原有狀態(tài)二、選擇題1B2C3D4A5C三、簡答題1簡述公共政策規(guī)劃的主體和基本原則。答公共政策規(guī)劃的主體主要包括執(zhí)政黨、立法機關(guān)、行政機關(guān)和其他機構(gòu)。其政策規(guī)劃的基本原則是公正原則、受益原則、系統(tǒng)原則、權(quán)變原則和優(yōu)化原則。2簡述什么是公共政策的合法化。答公共政策的合法化包括政策的合法性和政策的法律化兩個層次的問題。政策的合法性要解決的是政策的制定程序及內(nèi)容要符合憲法和其他法律的規(guī)定。政策的制定必須符合法定程序，沒有程序的保證，政策就可能成為極少數(shù)人的個體行為，使政策失去民意。除程序合法外，政策的內(nèi)容也要合法，即要符合現(xiàn)行這個政治法律結(jié)構(gòu)，符合國家法律法規(guī)的要求。政策的法律化要解決的是政策立法問題。3影響公共政策執(zhí)行的因素有哪些答（1）政治因素。政治因素對政策執(zhí)行的影響首先表現(xiàn)在政策的特性上。其次，政治體制影響政策的執(zhí)行。政治體制主要表現(xiàn)于權(quán)力分配形式、政黨制度、選舉制度等方面。第三，社會利益格局影響政策的執(zhí)行。（2）行政因素。行政因素主要包括政策執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、政策執(zhí)行人員的素質(zhì)和政策執(zhí)行所需的各種資源等。（3）溝通因素。在政策執(zhí)行過程中，對政策內(nèi)容的理解到執(zhí)行的效果。理解的程度受制于對政策的知曉范圍和接受程度等因素的影響。因此，有效地溝通就顯得尤為重要。4公共政策的評估障礙表現(xiàn)在哪些方面答公共政策的評估障礙主要表現(xiàn)在（1）政策目標(biāo)的不確定性。政策在制定過程中往

簡介：1公共管理基本模式初探【摘要】通過對等級主義、個人主義、平等主義等三種公共管理方式的優(yōu)劣進行分析，闡明筆者更傾向于個人主義的管理方式，以此為基礎(chǔ)對我國的公共管理改革提出啟示和借鑒?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】公共管理個人主義競爭績效透明作為一個相對獨立研究領(lǐng)域或?qū)W科，公共管理形成了等級主義、個人主義、平等主義等諸多公共管理范式，這些管理范式不只體現(xiàn)在過去不同的公共管理實踐中，而且，在今天的公共管理中也在不斷重現(xiàn)，通過比較三種典型管理模式，有助于我們厘清和認(rèn)識現(xiàn)代公共管理的脈絡(luò)，也為我國的公共管理改革提供借鑒。一、三種典型公共管理方式綜述（一）等級主義在公共管理發(fā)展的大部分歷史中，等級主義的管理方式一直占統(tǒng)治地位。傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為等級主義起源于19世紀(jì)末，但中國關(guān)于等級主義的觀念似乎要更早。等級主義具有強大生命力的管理理念主要表現(xiàn)在1它是集權(quán)、政治權(quán)威的行政方式；古代中國儒家學(xué)派就是典型的中央集權(quán)的官僚體系，西方官房學(xué)派也強調(diào)國家主導(dǎo)型的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，強調(diào)政府的積極管理。它們相信一個強有力的集權(quán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不僅有利于政令統(tǒng)一，便于統(tǒng)籌全局；而且指揮方便，命令容易貫徹執(zhí)行。2組織內(nèi)部層級結(jié)構(gòu)明晰；組織內(nèi)部機構(gòu)與成員均按權(quán)力大小依次排列，其職位設(shè)計也遵循等級制原則，低級職位要接受上一級職位的控制和監(jiān)督。32個人主義的核心是獎勵和激勵結(jié)構(gòu)；在個人主義看來，物質(zhì)性激勵結(jié)構(gòu)是公共管理設(shè)計的中心環(huán)節(jié)。根據(jù)亞當(dāng)斯密的經(jīng)濟人的假設(shè)，提供公共服務(wù)的人一般都被認(rèn)為是關(guān)注自我利益和機會主義的，經(jīng)由市場這只看不見的手，個人的自利可以實現(xiàn)社會的利益。政府組織只要通過精心設(shè)計的制度和激勵結(jié)構(gòu)，可以改善組織中個人的績效，以實現(xiàn)官僚努力程度最大化。同時個人注意還強調(diào)在公共管理中引入競爭機制，以及強調(diào)公共管理需要遵循透明、公開的原則。個人主義的公共管理在西方各國日趨流行的同時，也遭受到許多批評和指責(zé)，主要有以下幾方面（1）強調(diào)通過公共服務(wù)私人提供方式引入競爭機制，無視公營部門與私營部門的根本差別，盲目采用私營部門的管理方法，但兩者在根本目標(biāo)上并不相同。（2）個人主義用經(jīng)濟學(xué)的眼光看待公共服務(wù)的供給，把政府與公眾的關(guān)系完全等同于供方與顧客的市場關(guān)系，實際上是把前者簡單化。（3）強調(diào)對產(chǎn)出或績效目標(biāo)進行精確的界定、測量和評估，但政府的許多服務(wù)項目，其產(chǎn)出、成本以及績效都是難以量化的，因而也就難以準(zhǔn)確測量和評估。以及個人注意強調(diào)公營部門私有化、目標(biāo)管理、績效管理也遭到各種批評指責(zé)，但盡管如此，在西方公共行政領(lǐng)域已成為一種不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的時代潮流。（三）平等主義平等主義既反對市場又反對官僚制，是以“團體主義”為合作行為的起點或核心組織原則，采取的形式是激進式分權(quán)的自治單位。毋庸置疑，平等主義所提倡的團體自我管理、相互控制和面對面責(zé)任的最大化等要素對于現(xiàn)代的公共管理具有一定的積極意義（1）傾向于建立一種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)，通過限制任期、輪流任職、對高層人員實行選舉和撤職制度、使官員承擔(dān)組織工作的方式受到控制以避免權(quán)力濫用；（2）在一個成員高參與和團體弱管理的結(jié)構(gòu)中，通過參與式民主、激進分權(quán)和非正

簡介：ICS9722040Y55DB37山東省地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DB37/TXXXXXXXXX公共室外健身器材日常管理規(guī)范DAILYMANAGEMENTSPECIFICATIONFORPUBLICOUTDOORBODYBUILDINGEQUIPMENTXXXX發(fā)布XXXXXXXX實施山東省市場監(jiān)督管理局發(fā)布DB37/XXXXXXXXX1公共室外健身器材日常管理規(guī)范1范圍本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了公共室外健身器材日常管理的術(shù)語和定義、檢查內(nèi)容、日常維護管理要求和試驗方法。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于安裝于公共室外健身場所的健身器材的日常管理。2規(guī)范性引用文件下列文件對于本文件的應(yīng)用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，僅所注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改單）適用于本文件。GB192722011室外健身器材的安全通用要求3術(shù)語和定義GB19272規(guī)定的以及下列術(shù)語和定義適用于本文件。31公共室外健身場所PUBLICOUTDOORBODYBUILDINGPLACES是指用于居民進行室外健身活動的公共場所。32室外健身器材OUTDOORBODYBUILDINGEQUIPMENT在室外安裝固定，專供人們健身、鍛煉使用的運動器材和設(shè)施。4檢查內(nèi)容41表面質(zhì)量要求411器材外觀完好，表面無明顯刮擦，非功能要求的凹凸等。412金屬電鍍件外表面應(yīng)光滑光亮、鍍層結(jié)合牢固，不應(yīng)有起皮脫落、露底、漏鍍、鼓泡以及明顯的花斑、麻點、針孔、桔皮、燒焦、劃痕等缺陷。413金屬涂飾件外表面應(yīng)光滑光亮、結(jié)合牢固，不應(yīng)有起皮脫落、露底、漏涂、銹蝕、裂痕以及明顯的流痕、花斑、結(jié)點等缺陷。414焊接件的外露焊縫表面及相關(guān)表面，應(yīng)光滑、規(guī)整、無燒穿及明顯的焊瘤、咬邊、凸起、凹陷、氣孔、缺焊、濺渣等缺陷。42防腐要求421木質(zhì)材料

簡介：公共管理學(xué)本科第一次作業(yè)重慶廣播電視大學(xué)省開課課程代碼5128411、單項選擇題（共13道試題，共39分。）11926年在美國出版兩本權(quán)威的行政學(xué)教科書行政學(xué)研究導(dǎo)論和公共行政學(xué)原理的兩位學(xué)者分別是（）。A泰勒和法約爾B懷特和威洛比C威爾遜和古德諾D馬克斯韋伯和赫伯特西蒙參考答案B2對官僚制度進行了系統(tǒng)分析和論證,并促成公共行政學(xué)體系建立的是（）。A法約爾B赫伯特西蒙C馬克斯韋伯D泰勒參考答案C3政府失效理論對人的本質(zhì)和行為的基本假設(shè)是。A社會人B經(jīng)濟人C自動人D復(fù)雜人參考答案B4從20世紀(jì)80年代開始，在全球掀起了一場深刻的公共行政改革浪潮，這場8現(xiàn)代公共管理是以（）為核心的、多元化的開放主體體系。A企業(yè)B政府C文化團體D研究機構(gòu)參考答案B9在改革組織的結(jié)構(gòu)形式中，直線式結(jié)構(gòu)與職能式結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合的結(jié)果是。A網(wǎng)絡(luò)式結(jié)構(gòu)B矩陣式結(jié)構(gòu)C扁平式結(jié)構(gòu)D直線職能式結(jié)構(gòu)參考答案D10在現(xiàn)階段的公共管理學(xué)研究中，將各個國家的政治、經(jīng)濟和公共管理模式進行比較，從中找出共性的規(guī)律，這種方法是。A系統(tǒng)分析法B案例分析法C比較分析法D定量研究法參考答案B11本來應(yīng)該由政府承擔(dān)的智能，卻因為沒有盡到職責(zé)而出現(xiàn)了“真空”現(xiàn)象，我們稱其為政府職能的。A缺位B越位

簡介：點擊查看更多gbt 34079.3-2017 基于云計算的電子政務(wù)公共平臺服務(wù)規(guī)范 第3部分：數(shù)據(jù)管理精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點擊查看更多gbt 32985-2016 快速公共汽車交通系統(tǒng)建設(shè)與運營管理規(guī)范精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點擊查看更多db330102t 320-2016 道路公共泊位停車收費管理服務(wù)規(guī)范（發(fā)布稿）精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：電大公共部門人力資源管理0067期末機考復(fù)習(xí)資料下載前請注意請仔細核查是否是自己需要的那套資料本復(fù)習(xí)資料有可能有部分主觀題沒有參考答案，沒有的請自行發(fā)揮選擇題（共20題，共40分）1關(guān)于無領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組討論，下列說法正確的是（）。A是公共部門人才測評中探索并使用的一種新的適用于集體測試的方法B討論中的問題通常是以書面形式給出C主要測應(yīng)試者的組織協(xié)調(diào)能力、口頭表達能力、辯論能力、處理人際關(guān)系能力和解決問題的能力D測試者能夠更準(zhǔn)確地確認(rèn)自己報考的崗位是否適合自身的各項條件及興趣、意愿和理想?yún)⒖即鸢窤,B,C2人力資源市場具有的功能是（）。A調(diào)配功能B信息儲存和反饋功能C教育培訓(xùn)功能D管理功能參考答案A,B,C,D3公務(wù)員薪酬制度的確立方式主要有。A法律方式B行政方式C共同協(xié)調(diào)方式D經(jīng)濟方式參考答案A,B,C4公共部門人力資源培訓(xùn)和常規(guī)教育的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在（）。A性質(zhì)不同B目的不同C內(nèi)容不同D形式不同參考答案A,B,C,D5根據(jù)人力資源理論，“人力“是指人的勞動能力，包括（）。A智力B技能C知識D體力參考答案A,B,C,D不同組織內(nèi)管理層次以上職位的分析。A職位分析問卷B管理職位描述問卷C體能分析問卷D心理分析問卷參考答案B12合理的公共部門人力資源流動的價值是（）。A有利于提高公職人員的素質(zhì)和能力B有利于優(yōu)化公共部門人才隊伍結(jié)構(gòu)C有利于促進用人與治事的統(tǒng)一D有利于改善組織的人際關(guān)系參考答案A,B,C,D13我國古代的“臥薪嘗膽“、“破釜沉舟“的故事充分說明了的重大作用。A情感激勵B危機激勵C榮譽激勵D目標(biāo)激勵參考答案B14人力資本的性質(zhì)主要體現(xiàn)在（）。A生產(chǎn)性B稀缺性C可變性D功利性參考答案A,B,C,D15人力資源的可再生性體現(xiàn)在。A對人力資源的使用或消費實際上是對知識資源的消費，知識資源可被反復(fù)利用B人力資源具有主動補充和更新知識資源的天性C在正常情況下，人力資源的邊際產(chǎn)量收入總是大于其邊際支出D人力資源是一種低投入高產(chǎn)出、并能使擁有者長期受益的特殊資源參考答案A,B,D16發(fā)展中國家公共部門人事制度模式的基本特點包括（）。A做官重于任事B人情恩惠重于人事法制C身份觀念重于職位觀念