在環(huán)境政策中的公平效率均衡證明來自規(guī)定的選擇權(quán)【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯原文：原文：TheEquityEfficiencyTradeoffinEnvironmentalPolicy:EvidencefromStatedPreferencesThedesignofenvironmentalpolicyraisesseveralequityissuesinparticularthedistributionofthebenefitscostsofpolicyAtthesametimet

2、hepursuitofequityobjectivesmaybeinconflictwiththepursuitofaltogetherseparatepolicyobjectives.Inparticularithasoftenbeenarguedthatthereisatradeoffinenvironmentalpolicyasthereappearstobeinmanyotherareasofpublicpolicybetwee

3、nequityeconomicefficiencywhichbringstheseequityissuesfirmlytotheattentionofenvironmentaleconomics.Wheresuchatradeoffexiststhequestionariseshowbesttoaddressitbuttheredoesnotseemtobeastraightfwardanswer.Oneapparentsolution

4、oftenrelieduponineconomicsmegenerallyistoabstractfromequityissuestofocusonattainingallocateefficiency.Butthisargumentrestsonanumberofrestrictiveultimatelyunrealisticassumptionsaboutredistribution.Thustheremayingeneralter

5、msbeatradeoffbetweenequityefficiency.Mefundamentallyitisimpossibletoperfectlyseparateequityefficiencyconsiderationsinwelfareeconomics.Justasequitycannotbeignednotionsofwhatisequitable“fair”“just”appeartobeintrinsicallysu

6、bjectiveEveniftheyareinsomewayobjectiveitiscertainlytruethatcontextmatters.Acrossdifferentareasofpublicpolicyawidevarietyofdistributiveprinciplesareappliedsothatitisoftendifficulttoidentifythecommonalitiesputthemtomuchpr

7、acticaluse.Thissuggestsitisthenimptanttoknowsomethingaboutpublicpreferencesovertheequityefficiencytradeoff.SuchanapproachcanbesupptedbyanumberoftheiesinmalpoliticalpropertyrightsbyCoase(1960).Thepolluterpaysprinciple(PPP

8、)assignspropertyrightstothevictimsofpollution.Ithasproventobehighlyinfluentialinthedraftingofenvironmentallegislationatthenationalinternationallevels.ThediametricoppositeofthePPPisthebeneficiarypaysprinciple(BPP).Underth

9、isprinciplethebeneficiariesofanenvironmentalimprovementshouldpayfit.ExamplesoftheBPPcanbefoundininternationalenvironmentalagreementsalthoughfewexamplescanbefoundinnationalenvironmentalpolicyNeverthelesstheprinciplethatpe

10、opleshouldpayinproptiontothebenefitstheyobtainfrompublicserviceprovisionisacceptedestablishedinotherareas.Asidefromtheallocationofpropertyrightsbetweenproducersvictimsofpollutiononeofthefemostdistributiveconcernsinenviro

11、nmentalpolicyhasbeenthatpoliciescouldberegressivesuchthatlowincomegroupspayadisproptionateshareoftheopptunitycost.Thismayinparticularbetrueofpoliciesthatincreasethecostofhouseholdenergyinsuchcasesburdensmightalsobealloca

12、tedaccdingtoabilitytopay.Wewillgenerallyrefertothisastheabilitytopayprinciple.Inpracticethereismuchevidencetosuggestthatabalanceissoughtthatatradeoffismadeintheimplementationoftheseprinciples.FexampleTobeySmets(1996)argu

13、ethatabarriertoimplementationofthePPPinagriculturalpolicyhasbeenadesiretoprotecttheincomesoffamilyfarmswhoarethepollutersinthiscase.Meoverthereisalsomuchevidencetosuggestthatatradeoffismadebetweentheoverallefficiencyofen

14、vironmentalpoliciesthedistributionoftheirbenefitscosts.Fexamplewhileitiswidelyunderstoodthattheopptunitycostofreducinggreenhousegasemissionscanbeminimizedbychoosingapolicyinstrumentthatraisesrevenuetooffsetothertaxesinpr

15、acticetheinstrumentthatischosendoesnottendtoraisemuchrevenueifany.Ratherpollutersareexcusedfrompayingaunitgeonalltheiremissionsaspollutionallowancesaremostlyallocatedffree.Yeteconomistshavetendednottoconcernthemselveswit