延遲退休-cunyalr

1、企業(yè)工會(huì)直選：經(jīng)驗(yàn)與困境Direct Election of Enterprise Union: Experiences and Difficulties,聞效儀Wen Xiaoyi,中國勞動(dòng)關(guān)系學(xué)院China Institute of Industrial Relations,中國的企業(yè)工會(huì)直選并不是最近才有的新鮮事物 Not a new thing! 1984年，吉林梨樹實(shí)行了工會(huì)直選 Already practiced

2、in Lishu County, Jilin Province in 1984 浙江、福建、山東、廣東等地都有企業(yè)工會(huì)直選的事例 Also in other provinces: Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Guangdong… 但廣東的工會(huì)直選有兩個(gè)不同： Guangdong’s peculiarities: （1）首次地方黨政最高級(jí)別的官員肯定和要求推廣工會(huì)直選 Confir

3、med and supported by the top leader of local government （2）廣東的工會(huì)直選實(shí)踐保持著一定的時(shí)間連貫性 Continuity of direct election practice 1986年蛇口工會(huì)直選 Shekou, 1986 2003年孔祥鴻統(tǒng)計(jì)有三分之一的企業(yè)實(shí)行了工會(huì)直選 About 1/3 of enterprises have imple

4、mented direct election, calculated by Kong in 2003 2012年理光經(jīng)驗(yàn)和深圳工會(huì)直選 Experience from Ricoh, and direct election of Trade Unions in Shenzhen, 2012,企業(yè)工會(huì)直選 Direct Election of Enterprise Union,第一支力量：工人越來越激進(jìn)的行動(dòng)主義 Grow

5、ing employee activism （1）新生代農(nóng)民工群體在工廠體制中的崛起 Rising of the new generation of employees in the factory system （2）工人群體呈現(xiàn)出來的對(duì)政府的“整體性疏離” Employees’ “holistic alienation” from government （3）勞工NGO的發(fā)展和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)The development

6、of labor NGOs & the competition between them 第二支力量：國家自上而下的社會(huì)建設(shè)要求 2- State’s requirement of social construction （1）社會(huì)建設(shè)與社會(huì)組織管理變革 Social construction and reform of social organization management （2）成立職工服務(wù)類社會(huì)組織聯(lián)合

7、會(huì) Establishing associations of employee-servicing NGOs （3）改造企業(yè)工會(huì) Modification of enterprise unions 第三支力量：廣東產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型的政策結(jié)果 3- Consequence of Guangdong’s Industrial Transformation,廣東工會(huì)直選的推動(dòng)力量 Driving Forces of Direct Elec

8、tion,工會(huì)直選的條件 Conditions for Direct Election,傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為不適合直選的三種條件 Tradionally people think the following are negative factors for direct election 第一類是勞動(dòng)關(guān)系比較緊張的企業(yè) 1. Enterprise with strained labor relation 第二類是不同省份、地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)緣

9、關(guān)系對(duì)立的企業(yè) 2. Regionalism 第三類是新投產(chǎn)的企業(yè) 3. New enterprises 實(shí)際上，在一個(gè)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系緊張的企業(yè)，選舉出一個(gè)深受工人愛戴的工會(huì)主席，遠(yuǎn)比留下一個(gè)工人自發(fā)行動(dòng)的真空狀態(tài)更可取，其背后的深層原因在于上級(jí)工會(huì)極度擔(dān)心失去對(duì)基層工會(huì)的控制 In fact, for a strained employment relation, electing a beloved union leader i

10、s far more better than letting employees act as they think fit. However, the superior union may worry about losing control on their subordinates. 深圳認(rèn)為，發(fā)生罷工企業(yè)恰恰可以為工會(huì)直選提供生長(zhǎng)的土壤，在這些企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)直選可以很好的吸收和利用工人在罷工過程中形成的組織化意識(shí)和能力，從而推選出工

11、人中精英領(lǐng)袖。Experience in Shenzhen: It is the strike that provides opportunity for implementing direct election in enterprise unions, since the practice of strike can improve employees’ ability of organization and raise elit

12、es as their union leader.,工會(huì)直選的程序 Election Process,首先是“會(huì)員代表民主產(chǎn)生” Firstly, representatives of union members are democratically elected 其次是“工會(huì)委員民主產(chǎn)生” Secondly, commissioners of union are also democratically elected

13、在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中，候選人的產(chǎn)生完全放開，并采取自薦、互薦（工友之間可以相互推薦）、組織推薦（上級(jí)工會(huì)或本企業(yè)工會(huì)推薦）以及企業(yè)推薦等多種方式，并最終由會(huì)員代表選舉確定，這一點(diǎn)具有重要意義。 In this section, the nomination of commissioner candidates is completely open: self-nomination, mutual nomination, organizatio

14、nal nomination and nomination from enterprise are all permitted. 最后是“工會(huì)主席民主產(chǎn)生” Lastly, union president is democratically elected. 歐姆罷免工會(huì)主席事件 Example: vote to recall the union president in OHM Technology,企業(yè)工會(huì)直選的經(jīng)驗(yàn)Ex

15、perience from Direct Election,從推行的效果看，日資企業(yè)的工會(huì)直選比較成功，企業(yè)比較支持工會(huì)直選 Successful in Japanese-funded enterprises, supported by enterprises（1）即時(shí)生產(chǎn)體制和零庫存要求 “Just-in-time” and “Zero Inventory”（2）日資工人技術(shù)性特點(diǎn)更強(qiáng) more skill-intensive e

16、mployees（3）管理上的天花板效應(yīng) “Ceiling effect” in management（4）中日關(guān)系下的民族矛盾 Nationalism,在這些實(shí)現(xiàn)工會(huì)直選的企業(yè)，工資集體協(xié)商出現(xiàn)了煥然一新的面目The renovation of collective wage negotiation system after direct election（1） 協(xié)商代表的民主選舉 Representatives are dem

17、ocratically elected（2）協(xié)商過程的各種博弈 Conflict & Compromise（3）協(xié)商結(jié)果實(shí)現(xiàn)了工資的較大增長(zhǎng) Output: increased wage rate 但集體協(xié)商并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)高于勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)水平工資的增長(zhǎng)，而只追求匹配勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)工資水平的增長(zhǎng)，實(shí)質(zhì)上是讓企業(yè)工資增長(zhǎng)更加靈敏和緊密的反應(yīng)市場(chǎng)工資增長(zhǎng)水平。Essence：Making wage rate more sensitive

18、and reflexive to the change of labor market,企業(yè)工會(huì)直選的經(jīng)驗(yàn)Experience from Direct Election,實(shí)現(xiàn)了工會(huì)民主選舉，過去廣為詬病的工作作風(fēng)得到了比較大的改變 Change of work style after direct election （1）為工人爭(zhēng)取利益 Fighting for employees’ benefits （2）安撫工人不滿情緒 Re

19、lieving employees’ dissatisfaction （3）工會(huì)被工人監(jiān)督 Allowing employees to supervise union affairs 實(shí)行工會(huì)直選后，為工人帶來了理性 Output: more rational employees （1）工人對(duì)工會(huì)主席的理性選擇 elect presidents rationally （2）鹽田的兩次罷工對(duì)比 Comparison: two

20、 different strikes in Yantian,企業(yè)工會(huì)直選的經(jīng)驗(yàn)Experience from Direct Election,企業(yè)工會(huì)直選的困境Difficulties in Direct Election,沒有罷工權(quán)的困惑 Puzzle: Having no right to strike （1）企業(yè)工會(huì)面臨極大的雙重壓力 Facing double pressure （2）越來越多的工會(huì)直選企

21、業(yè)患上了“罷工依賴癥” more and more “strike-dependent” enterprises 工會(huì)直選也面臨工人群體成熟度的考驗(yàn) Maturity of employees is also a severe test （1）工人的流動(dòng)性過大 High turnover of employees （2）工人的會(huì)員意識(shí) Employee’s awareness of being an union

22、member,政府的思維慣性也是工會(huì)直選推行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素 Government: stereotyped thinking pattern （1）以維穩(wěn)的思維方式看工會(huì)直選與罷工之間的關(guān)系“Stability First”：Regarding direct election as the cause of strike that may affect social stability （2）不同層級(jí)政府不同的激勵(lì)導(dǎo)向