學(xué)術(shù)英語(社科)-unit-2含答案

1、學(xué)術(shù)英語 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,,2,,,EconomistJust as you cannot become a mathematician, psychologist, or lawyer overnight, learning to think like an economist will take time. However, what is the economist

2、’s way of thinking? What does it mean to think like an economist? By learning this unit, you will find the answers.,,,,Unit 2Economics,,Lead-inText A Text BText CListening SpeakingWriting,Unit Contents,,,,,Lead-in

3、 Who studies economics?,Unit 2Economics,,,Lead-in,Just as you cannot become a mathematician overnight, study economics and learn to think like an economist will take time. However who studies economics?,Task 1 Listen t

4、o a talk “Who studies economics?” and complete the sentences.,Unit 2Economics,,,Lead-in,,Unit 2Economics,1 Economics can seem __________ at first, but the field is fundamentally very _________.,2 Mick Jagger once stud

5、ied at _____________________________.,3 When asked in 2005 why The Rolling Stones were going on tour again, Mick Jagger replied, “________________________.”,abstract,practical,the London School of Economics,Supply and de

6、mand,,,Lead-in,Unit 2Economics,Task 2 Listen to the talk again and complete the following table.,Former President of the United States,Journalist,Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft,Singer for the Rolling Stones,,,,,Text

7、 A,Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost language,Unit 2Economics,,,Text A,Critical r

8、eading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2Economics,Text AnalysisThesis: Economics is a science. The economist works as a scientist.,,,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2Economics,1 Science and scientists

9、 have its own language, e.g. math, psychology, law. Economics and economists are the same, e.g. supply, demand, elasticity, consumer surplus.2 Science and scientists use scientific method, e.g. observation, devise

10、theories, collect data, analyze, test, shown with the example of Isaac Newton.Economics and economists are the same; they use observation and theory, e.g. a theory of inflation.,,,Text A,Critical reading and thinking o

11、f Text A,Unit 2Economics,Natural sciences or Social sciences?Economics is a social science.,,,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,“The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinkin

12、g.” (Para. 4),→ “Science is all just about improving everyday thinking.”,,,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,Yet, despite this lack of realism – indeed, because of this lack of realism – studying these models

13、is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13),→ Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn h

14、ow the human body works.,,,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,These models are stylized, and they omit many details. (Para. 13),→ These models are artificial rather than realistic, and they don’t take many deta

15、ils into consideration.,,,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,Yet, despite this lack of realism – indeed, because of this lack of realism – studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (

16、Para. 13),→ Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.,,,Specialized vocabulary,

17、elasticity ___________ comparative advantage ___________ consumer surplus _______________ deadweight loss _______________ high inflation_______________ quantity of money _______________

18、 long-run effects of the policy _______________,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,（需求等的）彈性,比較優(yōu)勢,消費過剩,凈損失,高通脹,貨幣量,長期政策效應(yīng),,,Specialized vocabulary,經(jīng)濟(jì)政策制定者 ___________________ 貨幣流通量 ____

19、________________________ 供需 ____________________ 貨幣政策 _______________,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,economic policymaker,amount of currency in circulation,supply and demand,monetar

20、y policy,,,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,address the subject devise / verify / refute theories collect / analyze / generate data the interplay between observation and theory doubt the vali

21、dity of the theory face an obstacle make do with find a substitute for simplify the complex world / reality in circulation omit details,Unit 2Economics,,,Signpost language,cause and effect: clue words to indicat

22、e cause and effect: because therefore the reason consequently lead to, result from as a result is due to as a consequence,Text A,English lang

23、uage for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,,,Signpost language,Signpost language to introduce the topic: The main issues addressed in this paper are … This study critically examines … The objective of this

24、paper is to ... The purpose of this investigation is to ... The aim of this paper is to ... This paper reports on the results obtained …,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,,,Sign

25、post language,Signpost language to introduce the topic: This study was designed to ... This paper argues that ... The rest of this paper is organized in the following way ... This paper is stru

26、ctured as follows ... The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections ... This paper begins by … It will then go on to … Finally, …,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,,,F

27、ormal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,1 Whenever I'd visited there before, I'd ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.,Ch

28、ange the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,→ Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part.,,,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for a

29、cademic purpose,Unit 2Economics,2 The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,→ Violence changed th

30、e face of once peaceful Swiss cities.,,,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,3 Because the technology has improved it’s less risky than it used to be when you install

31、them at the same time, and it doesn't cost so much either.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,→ Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simult

32、aneous installation.,,,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,4 The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way.,Change the f

33、ollowing sentences into a more formal style of writing.,→ Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.,,,The tree diagram below shows how the author illustrates his points. Fill in the blanks accord

34、ing to the text..,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,,The economist works as a(n) _________,,,,Thinking like an economist,Critical reading and thinking,Using scientific methods, such as:,scientist,Using different

35、_____________to answer different questions.,assumptions,Building simplified _________to examinevarious economic issues.,models,,,Answer the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Critical readi

36、ng and thinking,1 What kind of rhetoric device does the author use in the first two paragraphs?,Analogy.,2 What is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3?,Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity

37、.,3 Why does the author quote Albert Einstein?,To support his idea about the essence of science.,4 Why is Newton’s theory still taught in undergraduate physics courses around the world?,Because Newton’s theory is so succ

38、essful at explaining observation.,,,Answer the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Critical reading and thinking,5 What kind of obstacles do economists face when they use theory and observation

39、 like other scientists?,It is often difficult and impossible to conduct experiments.,6 How do economists find a substitute for laboratory experiments?,They pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by histor

40、y.,7 For what reason do economists make assumptions?,Because assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.,8 What do economic models consist of?,They consist of diagrams and equations.,9 Wh

41、at do all models in physics, biology, and economics share in common?,They simplify reality to improve our understanding of it.,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabular

42、y,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary polic

43、y supply and demand,1 Taxes have _______________ because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less.,deadweight loss,2 The tools ___________________ of allow you to an

44、alyze many of the most important events and policies that shape the economy.,supply and demand,3 ____________________ is a good measure of economic well-being if policymakers want to respect the preferences of buyers.,Co

45、nsumer surplus,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage

46、 consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply and demand,4 In the 1970s, when the world experienced a relatively __

47、___________, opinion polls often placed inflation as the most important issue facing the nation.,high inflation,5 It is the role of a central bank — an institution designed to oversee the banking system, to carry out ___

48、______________, and regulate the quantity of money in the economy.,monetary policy,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the

49、correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply a

50、nd demand,comparative advantage,6 Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a _____________________.,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Uni

51、t 2Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.,1 Karlin’s novels ____________ his e

52、xperience in the Vietnam War.,resulted from,2 Months of secret talks with the rebels finally __________ the release of the hostages.,resulted in,3 Animals have died _________________ of coming into contact with this chem

53、ical.,as a consequence,4 _____________ we didn’t consider her for the job was that she didn’t have enough experience.,The reason,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,C

54、omplete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.,Consequently,7 ___________ of last week’s blackouts was a large power plant

55、suddenly going offline in Northern California.,5 Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. ______________ their keyboard skills are inefficient.,6 Jewish weddings are both religious and civil.

56、 __________ two official applications for marriage are necessary.,Therefore,The cause,8 Between 1990 and 1992, there were more than 1,000 mergers in that industry — all of which ________ job losses.,led to,,,Language bui

57、lding-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,1 At first, this new language may seem needlessly

58、arcane.,secret,Key:,2 Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity.,Key:,study,3 They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a b

59、iologist approaches the study of life.,Key:,deal with,4 They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.,Key:,invent,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggeste

60、d answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,5 To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science.,stran

61、ge,Key:,6 Most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a scientist.,Key:,used,7 This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to th

62、e earth but to any two objects in the universe.,Key:,drove,,,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that

63、 are more daily-life.,8 By contrast, economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nation’s monetary policy simply to generate useful data.,control,Key:,10 And this opportunity persists long after the war

64、time increase in oil prices is over.,Key:,continues to exist,9 For consumers of oil and oil products, such an event depresses living standards.,Key:,reduces,,,,,Text B,Lead in Key terms Critical reading Difficult sent

65、ences English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,,,Text B,Reading critically: questions for discussion,Unit 2Economics,,Discuss the following questions:Life is regarded as a game. Do you agree? Why

66、or why not?,Lead-in,,,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,,Game theory :the modeling of economic decisions by games whose outcome depends on the decisions taken by two or more agents, each having to make decisions without

67、 information on what choices the others are making.,,,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,,Competitive strategies (競爭策略): unbeatable strategies used in the context of the fact that everyone else is also looking for them.

68、E.g. cooperation, or everybody playing the same way; behave differently from one another,,,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,,Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) (進(jìn)化穩(wěn)定策略):a strategy which, if adopted by a population