學術綜合英語unit1-unit5課后翻譯及答案

1、Unit1Outlinesareessentialtoeffectivespeeches.Byoutliningyoumakesurethatrelatedideasaretogetherthatyourthoughtsflowfromonetoanotherthatthestructureofyourspeechiscoherent.Youwillprobablyusetwokindsofoutlinesfyourspeechesth

2、edetailedpreparationoutlinethebriefspeakingoutline.Inapreparationoutlineyoushouldstateyourspecificpurposecentralideaidentifymainpointssubpointsusingaconsistentpattern.Thespeakingoutlineshouldconsistofbriefnotestohelpyouw

3、hileyoudeliverthespeech.Itshouldcontainkeywdsphrasestobolsteryourmemy.Inmakingupyourspeakingoutlinefollowthesamevisualframewkusedinyourpreparationoutline.Keepthespeakingoutlineasbriefaspossiblebesureitisplainlylegible.發(fā)言

4、提綱是有效發(fā)言的基礎。通過寫發(fā)言提綱，你可以確保你的想法是關聯(lián)的，你的思路從一點談到另一點，你的講話結構是連貫的，通常準備演講你可以采用兩種提綱方式：詳細準備提綱和簡單發(fā)言提綱。在準備提綱中，應該寫出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以連貫的方式確定主要觀點和次要觀點。發(fā)言提綱應該由簡要的提要組成，這些提要在你講話時能夠給你一些幫助。發(fā)言提綱還應包括幫助你記憶的重點詞或重點短語。在寫發(fā)言提綱時，可采用準備提綱的模式，盡可能使你的發(fā)言提綱簡要，同

5、時，要確保提綱清晰、易于辨認。當你發(fā)表學術演講時，首先要做好充分的準備；其次，你演講的主要觀點要明確，層次要清楚。演講時，語速不要過快，語言要清晰。不要總是在讀你準備好的稿子。最后，你應該經?？匆幌履愕穆牨?。這樣，一方面你對你的聽眾表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更順利地進行你的演講。Befeyoudeliveranacademicspeechyoushouldfirstofalgetwellpreparedfit.Thenyoushould

6、makeyourmajpointsclearinyourspeechyourspeechshouldbewellganized.Whenspeakingyoushouldnotspeaktoofastyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Don’talwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbefeh.Fromtimetotimeyoushouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehyou

7、canshowyourrespecttoyouraudienceontheotherhyouwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmesmoothly.Unit2Energyhasadualrelationshipwithhumanwellbeing.Fmostofhumanhistymanhasbeenconcernedmainlyaboutthebenefitsideoftheenergy－wellbeinge

8、quationthanktothelowcostsinvolvedinenergyuse.Howeverwiththestaggeringscaleofenergydembroughtfthby100yearsofunprecedentedpopulationgrowthcoupledwithanequallyremarkablegrowthinpercapitademofindustrialenergyfmsenergyentails

9、increasinglyhighercostsbothexternalinternalized.Ontheonehenergyresourcesarereducingatanacceleratingspeedenergysupplyrequireshigherinput.Ontheotherhtheexternalcostsseemmewrisome周日，斯普林菲爾德的一對夫婦，58歲的喬恩鮑爾和59歲的詹尼特。鮑爾在南格林斯頓大道的2

10、400街區(qū)被車撞死。據(jù)警察講述，上午十點左右，喬恩鮑爾南行的2001現(xiàn)代圣達菲擦邊撞上了一輛同樣往南開的1995年生產的克萊斯勒斯柔斯，司機是27歲的查德。羅德，來自阿肯色州的山居。喬恩。鮑爾的車繼續(xù)南行，撞在斯普林菲爾德國家公墓的磚墻上，有撞上了一根公用電線桿。斯普林菲爾德消防隊把這對夫妻從車里拉出來，詹特妮。鮑爾被當場宣布死亡，喬恩。鮑爾不省人事，被送到圣約翰地區(qū)醫(yī)療中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在調查現(xiàn)場時交通被關閉了四小時。美國的

11、研究人員使用了一種模擬駕駛器，觀察40名志愿者分別在手持手機通話駕駛、酒后駕駛以及專心駕駛的過程。結果顯示：共有三名志愿者發(fā)生追尾事故，司機當時均在打手機狀態(tài)下。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：無論手機是否處于免提狀態(tài)，司機在通話狀態(tài)下會放慢車速。此外，采取剎車措施的反應速度也會減慢9%，二剎車后加速的速度又會減慢19%。UsingadrivingsimulatsomeUSresearchersstudiedthedrivingof40people.Some

12、ofthemdrovewhiletalkingonacellphoneothersnavigatedwhiledrunkothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsimpairments.Theresultsshowedthattherewerethreeaccidentsinwhichthedriversweretalkingoncellphonesalloftheminvolvingarearending.Th

13、eresearchhasfoundthatthosetalkingonthephonewhiledrivingaremesluggish.Inadditiontalkingonthecellphonecanreducereactiontimeby9percentintermsofbraking19percentintermsofpickingupspeedafterbraking.Unit4Perhapsitisoursocialcon

14、ceptofwhatisfemininewhatismulinethatreinfcesthestereotypethatwomentalkmethanmenevencausesthesedifferentpatternsofcommunication.Maybeawomanislabeledtalkativeiscriticizedfinterruptingifshedoesitatallbecauseourcultureaswell

15、asmanyotherculturesteachesthatwomenshouldbequietiftheywanttobe“feminine.”Perhapsmulinecultureencouragesboysmentodominatetalktointerruptmeoftenmaleswhotalkalotinterruptoftenarenotcriticizedfdoingso.Thesedifferencesinthepa

16、tternsofcommunicationstylesofcommunicatingarestudiedbyexpertswhostudytheeffectsofgenderoncommunication.Theystudytheseeffectsindertounderstwhymisunderstingsoccurbetweenmenwomeninconversation.Oftenit’sbecausetheirstylespat

17、ternsofconersationaresodifferent.Itisimptantthatwelearntorecognizethesedifferencessothatwecanlearntocommunicatebetterwithpeopleoftheothergender.或許正是我們的男女社會觀念加深了女人比男人話多這一模式化印象，甚至導致這些不同溝通方式的出現(xiàn)。如果一個女人真的在別人說話時插嘴，她或許會被認為是話多，或