動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料及經(jīng)典期末試題和答案

1、Delegatesstaff:Hello!intherunuptotheSpringFestivalweheldonesessionoffourstaffrepresentativesConference2013wkshopfullbackin2012carefulanalysisofthecurrentsituationdiscuss2013developmentplans.Hereonbehalfofmycompany2013wkr

2、eptstotheGeneralAssemblyfconsideration.PillarI2012backin2012XXpowercompaniesadheretothepartys17greatspiritfguidancecomprehensivelyimplementthescientificconceptofdevelopmentpromotingcostleadershipstrategystardsfocusonimpl

3、ementationleanmanagementcontinuouslyimprovesmoothpresentsafetysituationofenterprisemanagementbusinessmanagementcontrolscientificstardizedthededicationofstaffmanageaharmoniousdemocraticatmosphereofthegoodsituation.Mainind

4、icatsareasfollows:thebatteryindicat:powergenerationtotaled7.815billionkWhbeyondtheannualbudgetimplementationcapacityof315millionkWhanincreaseof757millionkWh.Salestotaled7.425billionkWhexceedingsalesof330millionkWhtheannu

5、alExecutivebudgetanincreaseof729millionkWh.Securitymeasures:unplannedoutages2.5times.Nopersonalinjuryaccidentoccurrednomajaccidentabovenomajfireaccidentswithoutenvironmentalpollutionaccidentssafetyfthreeconsecutiveyearst

6、omaintainstabilitytogoodposture.–Businessfinancialindicats:totalprofitsof255millionYuanbeyondtheannualbudgetof207millionYuanbeyondtheDatangcompanyindex41.89millionYuananincreaseof1.76millionYuanFCMassessmentatgradefour.E

7、nergy:powersupplystardcoalcompleting312.25gkWhdown0.1gkWhintegratedauxiliarypowerconsumptionratioin5.12%down0.26%pollutantemissionsperfmancegreatlyreducedcomparedtolastyearcarbon0.09gkWhsulfurdioxide0.104gkWhNOx0.512gkWh

8、dustremovalefficiencyofmethan99.8%.Reliabilityindex:equivalentavailabilityfactin93.47%increased7.95%fromayearearlier.Equivalentfcedoutagerate0.08%0.16%reductionoverthesameperiodayearearlier.Majachievements:firstweshoulda

9、dheretothetwo“managementsystem“basisstrengtheningtechnologicalresearchstrengthenhiddenhazardscontrolintrinsicsafetyEnterpriseconstructiontooknewsteps.Thetwo“managementsystem“fimprovement.Focusonpromotingthepowerofthecomp

10、anymanagementsystemtheapplicationimplementationofthesafetyloopfivestarmanagementsystemimprovethesafetymanagementsystemrealizethesystemofsafetycontrol.Furtherregulatesecurityroutinessafetysupervisionmanagementwkroletoplay

11、toachieveclosedloop.Strengtheningthesupervisionmanagementofhabitualviolationofstrengtheningthesafetysupervisionofoutsourcingcontracts.Carriedoutinspringautumnofsecurityinspectionsfloodcontrolinspectionsafetyproductionmon

12、thdaysupervisionofproductionsafetytheOlympicGamesotheractivitiescomprehensivetampingSafetyFoundation...Troubleshootingmanagementmechanismgivefullplaytoroleoftechnicalsupervisionrealizationoftroubleshootingmanagementimpro

13、vedprocessmanagement.Thisyearcompletedtheboilerlowerheaderleakageboilerpressureamajriskmanagementcompleted29ofgreatrisks3Generalproblemsofgovernance.Completechemistrylabconstructionthermalcontrolcompletetheboilerscaleint

14、egratedmanagementhostshaftingvibrationof10scientifictechnologicalprojectssuchas.Completesupercritical630MWonlinesimulationsystemdevelopmentapplicationofcirculatingwaterMCCstbypowertransfmationthetransfmationofdesulfuriza

15、tionwastewatertheunitwatersupplysystemofcomprehensivetreatmentdisgevalvemodificationofcoalmill5keytechnologicaltransfmationprojectsgrouphealthisimproved.Sciencetechnologyinnovationisfurtherincreased.Strengthentheacterist

16、icsofsupercriticalunitmajissuesgraduallyclearingtheparticularityofsupercriticalunitregularity.Developedmotoiltimemanagementswitchactiontimesstatisticscoalaidedmeasurementsoftwareimprovestheproductionlevelofleanmanagement

17、.Increasedinvestmentinsciencetechnologyreptingsciencetechnologyprojects14technicalprojecttotalcostpercentageofthetotalannualproductionoutputof0.25%.“Largescalecoalfiredpowerplantfluegasdesulfurizationdenitrificationcompl

18、etedevelopmentapplicationofkeytechnologies“projectwonthenationalsciencetechnologyprogresssecondprize.630MWsupercriticalunitsoptimizedcontrolstrategiesthe630MWdevelopmentapplicationofonlinesimulationsystemfsupercriticalun

19、itssupercritical600MWunitsofturbinedrivenboilerfeedpumpsetofcomprehensivetreatmentofdefectsDatangtechnologyrespectivelyonetwothird.Meanwhileinfmationtechnologyachievementsthecompanywasnamed“Chinapowerinfmationtechnologyb

20、enchmarkingenterprises.“Repairmaintenancehasimprovedfurther.Modifytheinspectionstardsstardsonaregularbasisstardizingwkprocedurescheckinginspectionproject.DeepeningtheBFSsystemimplementsmaintenanceinfmationshared.Reganizi

21、ngRBlogicagainensurethesuccessoftheRB.Innovatingthemechanismofmaintenancemanagementimplementedaprojectmanagersystem.Successfulcompletionoftwoautonomousmaintenancereliabilityimprovedsteadily.Implementingtwoclevelmaintenan

22、ceprojectthemselves48.7%42.3%respectively.AccomplishtwocirculatingpumpsrepairoverhauloffourMillsmaintenanceteamstogetexercise.Promotethewkofenergysavingconsumptionreducingcompletetheunitenergyconsumptiondiagnosisplantwat

23、erbalancetest10energysavingprojects.Secondweshouldadhereto“three“ontheeconomicbenefitsofimprovingoutreach緒論緒論★1、名詞解釋：、名詞解釋：養(yǎng)分（營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)）：養(yǎng)分（營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)）：飼料中凡能被動(dòng)物用以維持生命、生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，具有類似化學(xué)性質(zhì)的物質(zhì)統(tǒng)稱為營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(nutrients)，亦稱為養(yǎng)分或營(yíng)養(yǎng)素。營(yíng)養(yǎng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)：是動(dòng)物攝取、消化、吸收食物并

24、利用食物中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)來(lái)維持生命活動(dòng)、修補(bǔ)體組織、生長(zhǎng)和生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的全部過程。營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)：研究生物體營(yíng)養(yǎng)過程的科學(xué)。通過這一過程的研究，可以闡明生命活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)，并通過營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控措施維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡。飼料飼料：正常情況下，凡能被動(dòng)物采食、消化吸收、無(wú)毒無(wú)害、且能提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的所有物質(zhì)均可稱為飼料飼料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值飼料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值；飼料或養(yǎng)分完成一定營(yíng)養(yǎng)或營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理功能的能力大小。★2、試述動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的研究目標(biāo)和任務(wù)。、試述動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的研究目標(biāo)和任務(wù)

25、。答：總體目標(biāo)：通過研究，揭示養(yǎng)分利用的定性定量規(guī)律，形成飼料資源的高效利用、動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的高效生產(chǎn)、人類健康及生態(tài)環(huán)境的長(zhǎng)期維護(hù)的動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)科學(xué)指南，使動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)在土壤植物動(dòng)物人食物鏈中與其他要素協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，為維持食物鏈的高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)揮積極作用。任務(wù)：(1)確定必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素、研究其理化特性和營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理作用；(2)研究必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素在體內(nèi)的代謝過程及其調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制；(3)研究營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入與動(dòng)物健康、動(dòng)物體內(nèi)外環(huán)境間的關(guān)系；(4)研究提高動(dòng)物對(duì)飼料利用率的原理與方法

26、；(5)制定動(dòng)物的適宜養(yǎng)分需要量；(6)探索或改進(jìn)動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的研究新方法或新手段（飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值評(píng)定、營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量）?！?、簡(jiǎn)述動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中的地位。、簡(jiǎn)述動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中的地位。答：（1）保障動(dòng)物健康（2）提高生產(chǎn)水平與50年前比較，現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物的生產(chǎn)水平提高了80200%。其中，營(yíng)養(yǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率占5070%。(3)改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量(4)降低生產(chǎn)成本動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)的總成本中，飼料成本占5080%(5)保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境★4學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的意義學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)

27、物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的意義答：(1)研究養(yǎng)分的攝入與動(dòng)物健康和高效生產(chǎn)的定性定量規(guī)律，可為動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)和實(shí)踐指南，維持動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)的高效進(jìn)行。(2)有助于揭示動(dòng)物生命活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)、動(dòng)物與人及環(huán)境的互作關(guān)系，并通過營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控措施維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡。(3)研究飼料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)本質(zhì)以及降低飼料投入和成本的方法，使養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和飼料工業(yè)的保持持續(xù)發(fā)展。(4)研究營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)利用的過程和飼料加工、飼喂、環(huán)境等對(duì)飼料利用的影響，為飼料加工業(yè)的發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù)?！?、生產(chǎn)中與動(dòng)

28、物營(yíng)養(yǎng)有關(guān)的常見問題有哪些？、生產(chǎn)中與動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)有關(guān)的常見問題有哪些？答：(1)提高動(dòng)物對(duì)自然資源的利用效率；(2)調(diào)控養(yǎng)分的攝入和排泄量，影響環(huán)境質(zhì)量；(3)保障動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品對(duì)人類的食用安全。1)缺乏動(dòng)物組織代謝和生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)和分子調(diào)節(jié)過程的基本知識(shí)。2)缺乏對(duì)動(dòng)物與其消化道微生物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)相互關(guān)系的了解。3).對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與遺傳、營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康、營(yíng)養(yǎng)與環(huán)境及動(dòng)物福利、營(yíng)養(yǎng)與產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)等關(guān)系的研究十分薄弱。綜合考慮這些因素的相互作用時(shí)，動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要的含

29、義及需要量有何變化，目前知之極少。4.)動(dòng)物達(dá)到最佳生產(chǎn)性能時(shí)的采食量及其調(diào)控機(jī)制與措施了解不足。5）效迅速地檢測(cè)飼料中養(yǎng)分和抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子的含量以及評(píng)定養(yǎng)分的生物利用率的技術(shù)尚不完善。6）.飼料資源的開發(fā)及利用各類副產(chǎn)物合成動(dòng)物的必需養(yǎng)分或其前體物的研究十分有限。7）.缺乏準(zhǔn)確、客觀評(píng)定動(dòng)物福利要求的理論和技術(shù)。第一章第一章動(dòng)物與飼料的化學(xué)組成動(dòng)物與飼料的化學(xué)組成要求：1.了解動(dòng)物與植物的相互關(guān)系；2.了解動(dòng)植物體的化學(xué)組成及其比較；3.

30、掌握飼料中各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的基本概念和基本功能。1.1.名詞解釋：名詞解釋：CP(CP(粗蛋白質(zhì)粗蛋白質(zhì)):):是指飼料中所有含氮化合物的總稱。CP%=N%6.25粗灰分粗灰分(CA)(CA)：是飼料、動(dòng)物組織和動(dòng)物排泄物樣品在550600℃高溫爐中將所有有機(jī)物質(zhì)全部氧化后剩余的殘?jiān)?。灼燒后的殘?jiān)泻心嗌常蕿榇只曳諩E(EE(粗脂肪粗脂肪):):是飼料、動(dòng)物組織、動(dòng)物排泄物中脂溶性物質(zhì)的總稱。常規(guī)飼料分析是用乙醚浸提樣品所得的物質(zhì)，故稱

31、為乙醚浸出物。CF(CF(粗纖維粗纖維):):是植物細(xì)胞壁的主要組成成分，包括纖維素、半纖維素、木質(zhì)素及角質(zhì)等成分。ADF(ADF(酸性洗滌纖維酸性洗滌纖維)NDF(NDF(中性洗滌纖維中性洗滌纖維)★2.2.簡(jiǎn)述飼料概略養(yǎng)分分析法對(duì)飼料養(yǎng)分如何分類、測(cè)定各種養(yǎng)分含量的基本原理。簡(jiǎn)述飼料概略養(yǎng)分分析法對(duì)飼料養(yǎng)分如何分類、測(cè)定各種養(yǎng)分含量的基本原理?！?.3.簡(jiǎn)述述概略養(yǎng)分分析體系的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。簡(jiǎn)述述概略養(yǎng)分分析體系的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。概況性強(qiáng).簡(jiǎn)單使

32、用。盡管分析中存在一些不足，特別是粗纖維分析尚待改進(jìn)目前世界各國(guó)仍在使用.★4.4.簡(jiǎn)述養(yǎng)分的一般營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理功能。簡(jiǎn)述養(yǎng)分的一般營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理功能。(1)機(jī)體或動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)成物質(zhì)（蛋白質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)、水分、脂肪）部件(2)動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)的能源物質(zhì)（碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)）動(dòng)力(3)動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)的調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)（礦物質(zhì)、維生素、氨基酸、脂肪酸、添加劑）控制系統(tǒng)★5.5.比較動(dòng)植物體組成成分的異同？比較動(dòng)植物體組成成分的異同？答1：元素組成的比較1）元素種類基本相同

33、，數(shù)量差異大；（植物體化學(xué)成分含量受生長(zhǎng)期、地區(qū)、氣候影響較大，動(dòng)物體則相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。）2）元素含量規(guī)律有機(jī)元素：均以氧最多、碳?xì)浯沃?，其它少無(wú)機(jī)元素：植物含鉀高，含鈉低動(dòng)物含鈉高，含鉀低動(dòng)物含鈣、磷高于植物3）元素含量的變異情況(動(dòng)物的元素含量變異小，植物的變異大。)化2化合物組成的比較1）水分一般情況下動(dòng)物體與飼料植物中都以水分含量最高，但植物變異大，動(dòng)物變異小?！荆?）植物體水分變異范圍很大，可多到95%，少到5%；植物整體水分含量隨

34、植物從幼齡至成熟，逐漸減少。（2）動(dòng)物體水分含量比較恒定，約占體重的60～70%，一般幼齡動(dòng)物體內(nèi)含水多，如初生犢牛含水75％～80％，成年動(dòng)物含水較少，相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，如成年牛體內(nèi)含水僅40％～60％。越肥的動(dòng)物，體內(nèi)含水量越少，動(dòng)物體內(nèi)水分和脂肪的消長(zhǎng)關(guān)系十分明顯。3）動(dòng)植物體組織、部位不同含水量不同。（4）植物的栽培條件、氣候、收獲期等影響含水量，動(dòng)物的年齡、營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平、飼料組成、健康狀況也影響體內(nèi)含水量。】2）碳水化合物是植物干物質(zhì)中的

35、主要組成成分，既是植物的結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)，又是植物的貯備物質(zhì)。動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的碳水化合物主要為糖元和葡萄糖，且含量極少，通常在1％以下?！荆?）植物干物質(zhì)中主要為碳水化合物，占其干物質(zhì)重量的34以上。（2）動(dòng)物體內(nèi)完全不含有淀粉和粗纖維等這一類物質(zhì)。（3）碳水化合物是動(dòng)物日糧的主要成分，其主要作用是提供能量，也有其他特殊作用?！緿elegatesstaff:Hello!intherunuptotheSpringFestivalweheldoneses

36、sionoffourstaffrepresentativesConference2013wkshopfullbackin2012carefulanalysisofthecurrentsituationdiscuss2013developmentplans.Hereonbehalfofmycompany2013wkreptstotheGeneralAssemblyfconsideration.PillarI2012backin2012XX

37、powercompaniesadheretothepartys17greatspiritfguidancecomprehensivelyimplementthescientificconceptofdevelopmentpromotingcostleadershipstrategystardsfocusonimplementationleanmanagementcontinuouslyimprovesmoothpresentsafety

38、situationofenterprisemanagementbusinessmanagementcontrolscientificstardizedthededicationofstaffmanageaharmoniousdemocraticatmosphereofthegoodsituation.Mainindicatsareasfollows:thebatteryindicat:powergenerationtotaled7.81

39、5billionkWhbeyondtheannualbudgetimplementationcapacityof315millionkWhanincreaseof757millionkWh.Salestotaled7.425billionkWhexceedingsalesof330millionkWhtheannualExecutivebudgetanincreaseof729millionkWh.Securitymeasures:un

40、plannedoutages2.5times.Nopersonalinjuryaccidentoccurrednomajaccidentabovenomajfireaccidentswithoutenvironmentalpollutionaccidentssafetyfthreeconsecutiveyearstomaintainstabilitytogoodposture.–Businessfinancialindicats:tot

41、alprofitsof255millionYuanbeyondtheannualbudgetof207millionYuanbeyondtheDatangcompanyindex41.89millionYuananincreaseof1.76millionYuanFCMassessmentatgradefour.Energy:powersupplystardcoalcompleting312.25gkWhdown0.1gkWhinteg

42、ratedauxiliarypowerconsumptionratioin5.12%down0.26%pollutantemissionsperfmancegreatlyreducedcomparedtolastyearcarbon0.09gkWhsulfurdioxide0.104gkWhNOx0.512gkWhdustremovalefficiencyofmethan99.8%.Reliabilityindex:equivalent

43、availabilityfactin93.47%increased7.95%fromayearearlier.Equivalentfcedoutagerate0.08%0.16%reductionoverthesameperiodayearearlier.Majachievements:firstweshouldadheretothetwo“managementsystem“basisstrengtheningtechnological

44、researchstrengthenhiddenhazardscontrolintrinsicsafetyEnterpriseconstructiontooknewsteps.Thetwo“managementsystem“fimprovement.Focusonpromotingthepowerofthecompanymanagementsystemtheapplicationimplementationofthesafetyloop

45、fivestarmanagementsystemimprovethesafetymanagementsystemrealizethesystemofsafetycontrol.Furtherregulatesecurityroutinessafetysupervisionmanagementwkroletoplaytoachieveclosedloop.Strengtheningthesupervisionmanagementofhab

46、itualviolationofstrengtheningthesafetysupervisionofoutsourcingcontracts.CarriedoutinspringautumnofsecurityinspectionsfloodcontrolinspectionsafetyproductionmonthdaysupervisionofproductionsafetytheOlympicGamesotheractiviti

47、escomprehensivetampingSafetyFoundation...Troubleshootingmanagementmechanismgivefullplaytoroleoftechnicalsupervisionrealizationoftroubleshootingmanagementimprovedprocessmanagement.Thisyearcompletedtheboilerlowerheaderleak

48、ageboilerpressureamajriskmanagementcompleted29ofgreatrisks3Generalproblemsofgovernance.Completechemistrylabconstructionthermalcontrolcompletetheboilerscaleintegratedmanagementhostshaftingvibrationof10scientifictechnologi

49、calprojectssuchas.Completesupercritical630MWonlinesimulationsystemdevelopmentapplicationofcirculatingwaterMCCstbypowertransfmationthetransfmationofdesulfurizationwastewatertheunitwatersupplysystemofcomprehensivetreatment

50、disgevalvemodificationofcoalmill5keytechnologicaltransfmationprojectsgrouphealthisimproved.Sciencetechnologyinnovationisfurtherincreased.Strengthentheacteristicsofsupercriticalunitmajissuesgraduallyclearingtheparticulari

51、tyofsupercriticalunitregularity.Developedmotoiltimemanagementswitchactiontimesstatisticscoalaidedmeasurementsoftwareimprovestheproductionlevelofleanmanagement.Increasedinvestmentinsciencetechnologyreptingsciencetechnolog

52、yprojects14technicalprojecttotalcostpercentageofthetotalannualproductionoutputof0.25%.“Largescalecoalfiredpowerplantfluegasdesulfurizationdenitrificationcompletedevelopmentapplicationofkeytechnologies“projectwonthenation

53、alsciencetechnologyprogresssecondprize.630MWsupercriticalunitsoptimizedcontrolstrategiesthe630MWdevelopmentapplicationofonlinesimulationsystemfsupercriticalunitssupercritical600MWunitsofturbinedrivenboilerfeedpumpsetofco

54、mprehensivetreatmentofdefectsDatangtechnologyrespectivelyonetwothird.Meanwhileinfmationtechnologyachievementsthecompanywasnamed“Chinapowerinfmationtechnologybenchmarkingenterprises.“Repairmaintenancehasimprovedfurther.Mo

55、difytheinspectionstardsstardsonaregularbasisstardizingwkprocedurescheckinginspectionproject.DeepeningtheBFSsystemimplementsmaintenanceinfmationshared.ReganizingRBlogicagainensurethesuccessoftheRB.Innovatingthemechanismof

56、maintenancemanagementimplementedaprojectmanagersystem.Successfulcompletionoftwoautonomousmaintenancereliabilityimprovedsteadily.Implementingtwoclevelmaintenanceprojectthemselves48.7%42.3%respectively.Accomplishtwocircula