irf在英語作為外語的課堂下的新模式

1、<p>　　IRF在英語作為外語的課堂下的新模式</p><p>　　摘要：1975年Sinclair和Coulthard對課堂言語活動進行了分析，其分析理論為后來著名的“起始、回應(yīng)、反饋（IRF）”模式奠定了基礎(chǔ)。然而，在對某一英語課的師生課堂話語觀察后，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)師生之間的課堂話語并不是完全遵從固定的IRF模式，IRF會在教師與學(xué)生之間相互轉(zhuǎn)化；課堂中不被期望發(fā)生的事情也會打破這一模式。本文將以Sin

2、clair和Coulthard的IRF為理論根據(jù)，以課堂中通常發(fā)生的三種師生之間的對話為現(xiàn)實依據(jù)，重新構(gòu)建IRF模式。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：IRF；外語；新模式；分析 </p><p><b>　　一、引言 </b></p><p>　　Sinclair和Coulthard（1975: 27）將課堂互動結(jié)構(gòu)分為五級：行為（Act）、話

3、步（Move）、交換（Exchange）、活動（Transaction）、和教學(xué)（Lesson），Sinclair和Coulthard在研究過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)課堂上，師生間的對話遵從著一種非常嚴(yán)格的順序，且結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密。此后，Coulthard 和Montgomery （1981）、Sinclair和Brazil（1982）繼續(xù)研究了短小的話語結(jié)構(gòu)。這些研究大多數(shù)使用的是話語分析研究法（Discourse Analysis Approach），且研

4、究的是“交換（Exchange）”級（如：Michael Stubbs, 1983）的對話。Sinclair和Coulthard（1975: 44）提出“交換”分為界限交換（Boundary Exchange）和傳授交換（Teaching Exchange）兩種類型。界限交換標(biāo)記教學(xué)階段中的起始或結(jié)束，而傳授交換關(guān)注的是教學(xué)進展情況（White, 2003: 3）。在Sinclair和Coulthard最初的模式中，傳授交換包括三個話步

5、（Move）：開始（O</p><p><b>　　二、基本理論 </b></p><p>　　課堂話語調(diào)查的途徑有很多種，如話語分析、對話分析、語言民俗、多模態(tài)分析等。IRF交換是課堂中最普遍的師生對話模式，如： </p><p>　　T: What’s the capital of France? </p><p>

6、;　　S: Paris. </p><p>　　T: Yes, that’s right, Paris. </p><p>　　(Christie, 2002: 4) </p><p>　　該課堂互動包括教師提問（Initiation)、學(xué)生回應(yīng)（Response）、反饋（Feedback）。教師上課時都希望按照事先準(zhǔn)備好的內(nèi)容一氣呵成的降下來，然而在實際的課堂對話

7、中我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是這樣子，課堂上經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些意想不到的時刻打斷對話，而此時對話結(jié)構(gòu)也可能會改變。那么在這種情況下師生之間的課堂對話是否還遵守IRF結(jié)構(gòu)；IRF的角色是否會有轉(zhuǎn)換；如果有轉(zhuǎn)換那又會出現(xiàn)什么樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。本文應(yīng)用話語分析觀點中最普遍的交換結(jié)構(gòu)（Exchange Structure）理論對課堂文本進行分析。下面通過摘選的三段課堂對話來分析常見的課堂對話里IRF模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。為了更好地解釋這些結(jié)構(gòu)，筆者用以下符號代表不同的IRF:

8、</p><p>　　I Initiation 起始 </p><p>　　R Response 回應(yīng) </p><p>　　F Feedback 反饋 </p><p>　　Ir Re-initiation 再次起始 </p><p>　　Is Student initiation 學(xué)生起始 </p>

9、<p>　　It Teacher initiation 教師起始 </p><p>　　I1 First initiation 第一次起始 </p><p>　　Rs Student response 學(xué)生回應(yīng) </p><p>　　Rt Teacher response 教師回應(yīng) </p><p>　　R1 First respo

10、nse 第一次回應(yīng) </p><p>　　F1 First feedback 第一次反饋 </p><p><b>　　三、文本分析 </b></p><p>　?。ㄒ唬熒g的起始和回應(yīng)交換 </p><p>　　通常情況，教師是I和F的發(fā)出者，學(xué)生擔(dān)任R的角色，但是，課堂中是否會有學(xué)生發(fā)出I的情況呢？遇到這種情況，

11、IRF又該如何排列呢？例如： </p><p><b>　　對話1： </b></p><p>　　(1) T: Kasha? Kasha, do you like pets? (The teacher faces to the board and draws a circle with “pet” in it). </p><p>　　(2)

12、 K: Do you like? Sorry. </p><p>　　(3) T: Do you like pet? </p><p>　　(4) K: Pets? Yes I do. </p><p>　　(5) T: Ok, very good. Sugar, do you like pet? </p><p>　　在這一段教師和Kash

13、a的對話中，教師發(fā)出起始句（1）提問，在IRF結(jié)構(gòu)中，學(xué)生Kasha應(yīng)當(dāng)回答“yes, I like”或者“no, I don’t like pets”，但是這時學(xué)生Kasha似乎沒有聽清教師的提問或者沒有注意聽講，結(jié)果她沒有按照教師預(yù)期的方式回答問題而是反問教師剛才問的是什么問題（2），這時師生間的IR結(jié)構(gòu)交換了，教師重復(fù)了問題并再一次發(fā)出I，句（4）才是句（1）真正的R，句（5）為F。 </p><p>　　

14、該對話的話步交換不止三步，原因在于句（2）和（3）。筆者認(rèn)為此對話可以有兩種解釋。第一種，句（2）可以看作是由學(xué)生發(fā)出的起始（Is），起始（I）一般由教師發(fā)出，而從該對話中我們可以看到在課堂中教師并不是唯一可以發(fā)出起始（I）的人，學(xué)生同樣可以發(fā)出（Is），而教師的起始（It）問題也可以變成教師回應(yīng)（Rt）。若學(xué)生沒有聽清教師的提問或者思想不集中或者沒聽懂問題，他們可能會向教師發(fā)問。這種情況，學(xué)生的問題就成了起始（Is），老師則或重復(fù)剛才

15、的問題或作為一種回應(yīng)（Rt）回答學(xué)生的提問。這種結(jié)構(gòu)交換可以表示為： </p><p>　　It – Is – Rt – Rs – F </p><p>　　(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) </p><p>　　第二種，句（2）可以看作是學(xué)生對教師的起始（It）的回應(yīng)（Rs），教師重復(fù)她的問題（Ir），然后學(xué)生回應(yīng)

16、了教師的第二個起始。話步（2）和（3）表明學(xué)生在課堂聽講時可能沒聽到教師的提問或者沒聽懂，而教師不得不重復(fù)問題或幫助解決學(xué)生的問題，如果是這種情況，那么這就是下面另一種IRF模式： </p><p>　　It – Rs – Ir – Rs – F </p><p>　　(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) </p><p>

17、;　　該段對話表明，在課堂對話中，起始并不一定僅由教師發(fā)出，回應(yīng)也并不一定只有學(xué)生才可以做，當(dāng)學(xué)生對課堂所講授的內(nèi)容有疑問時他們同樣可以對教師發(fā)出起始，而教師則會對學(xué)生的其實作出回應(yīng)（Rt）。這種課堂師生對話具有普遍性，因此，I和R是可以在師生間交換的。 </p><p>　?。ǘ?“支架”在IRF結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 </p><p>　　IRF結(jié)構(gòu)的局限性在于話步1和3都是由教師發(fā)出，這種模式

18、不利于鼓勵學(xué)生發(fā)言和學(xué)生課堂語言的自身修正。然而在課堂中有時在第三步之前會有更多話步，如： </p><p><b>　　對話2： </b></p><p>　　(1) T: Ok, very good. Kasha, what color of cats do you like? (The teacher wipes the words “pets” “cats”

19、 and “dogs”) </p><p>　　[Students laugh when the teacher calls Kasha’s name] </p><p>　　(2) K: What color? </p><p>　　(3) T: Yeah. </p><p>　　(4) K: Any. </p><p

20、>　　(5) T: Any? </p><p>　　[Everyone laughs] </p><p>　　(The teacher writes CATS inside the circle). </p><p>　　(6) K: …… </p><p>　　(7) T: For example? </p><

21、p>　　(8) K: Black. </p><p>　　(9) T: Black cats (writing “black” on the board) can you ask the same question to me? </p><p>　　這些話步可以用下面的結(jié)構(gòu)表示： </p><p>　　(1) – (2) – (3) – (4) – (5)

22、 – (6) – (7) – (8) – (9) </p><p>　　I1 R1 F1 Ir R F </p><p>　　句2和句3的結(jié)構(gòu)特點可以歸為3.1中師生之間的起始和回應(yīng)交換，而句6語言不清，故此三居不予考慮。這九個話步中，教師提問學(xué)生句1是起始，學(xué)生的回應(yīng)是句4，但這個回應(yīng)并不是教師期待的答案，而且沒想到學(xué)生如此回答，因此用了疑問的語調(diào)（

23、句5）重復(fù)了學(xué)生的提問。之后教師進一步發(fā)問（句7），最終教師得到了想要的答案（句8）。事實上，只有句1、8和9是三步結(jié)構(gòu)的I、R、F。但從課堂實際情況來看，學(xué)生一開始并沒有聽懂教師的問題，所以沒有給出教師期待的正確回應(yīng)R。盡管學(xué)生給出了一個回應(yīng)（句4），但教師不得不再一次發(fā)出起始（Ir）以獲得想要的結(jié)果。因此該結(jié)構(gòu)中包含了一個內(nèi)在的IRF結(jié)構(gòu)（即I-R1-F1-Ir-R-F）。 </p><p>　　IRF內(nèi)部結(jié)

24、構(gòu)可以用Lev Vygotsky（1978）的近側(cè)發(fā)展區(qū)間 （Zone of Proximal Development，簡稱ZPD）來解釋。近側(cè)發(fā)展區(qū)間指學(xué)習(xí)者現(xiàn)時及實際可達到的發(fā)展的差距，這個差距是由學(xué)習(xí)者的獨立解題能力及其潛在發(fā)展水平而決定的。換句話說，就是學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)能力以內(nèi)，但暫時未能理解的知識。Lev Vygotsky認(rèn)為一個學(xué)習(xí)者可以做的工作（Task）可以分為三個等級，即，可獨立處理工作、支架和需協(xié)助才可以完成的工作。而“

25、支架”是介乎于學(xué)習(xí)者有能力與沒有能力獨立完成工作之間。假若沒有人協(xié)助學(xué)習(xí)者去把新的知識與舊有的知識聯(lián)系，學(xué)習(xí)者一般不能獨自跨過這個學(xué)習(xí)上的距離，需要在有能力者的帶領(lǐng)和輔助之下，才有機會完成工作。在課堂里，這個有能力的人就是教師。教師通過各種方法幫助學(xué)生完成工作，而這些輔助方法就是我們所說的“支架”（Bruner,1983）。在對話2中，IRF交換結(jié)構(gòu)可以被視為“最大可能地幫助學(xué)生清晰地表達自己觀點的方法”（van Lier, 2001）

26、。當(dāng)學(xué)生在追尋答案的過程中有任何困難時，教師責(zé)無旁貸地會幫助學(xué)生。這些方法可以是實物也可以是聲音方面的。如果</p><p>　　（三）“沉默”在IRF結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 </p><p>　　當(dāng)學(xué)生被提問到時，他們可能會給出正確的答案，或錯誤答案。在課堂中還會有一種情況出現(xiàn)，那就是學(xué)生會用沉默回應(yīng)起始。見下面的對話： </p><p><b>　　對話3： &l

27、t;/b></p><p>　　(1) T: Tracy, what color are they? </p><p>　　(2) Tracy: … (3 seconds) </p><p>　　(3) T: They are black or they are white. </p><p>　　(4) Tracy: … (2 s

28、econds) Black </p><p>　　(5) T: Great, very good. (The teacher writes “black” in front of the “six brothers and sisters”). </p><p>　　該對話中的話步可以用以下結(jié)果表示： </p><p>　　– (2) – (3) – (4

29、) – (5) </p><p>　　I R Ir R F </p><p>　　對話3的課堂背景是，在教師講完一段故事后，為了檢查學(xué)生Tracy是否聽講，教師向她提問問題，也就是起始（句1）。但學(xué)生什么也沒說（句2），沉默了大約3秒。之后教師只好重新發(fā)出起始且是二選一的問題的支架（句3）式問題。最后學(xué)生在兩秒鐘的沉默后給出了回應(yīng)（句4）。 &l

30、t;/p><p>　　盡管學(xué)生對教師的提問沒有做出任何回答，但是在本例中她的沉默也是一種回應(yīng)。在課堂中，教師經(jīng)常會遇到這種情況。教師也經(jīng)常頭痛和抱怨如何如處理學(xué)生的沉默。學(xué)生沉默的原因有多種：不愿意回應(yīng)、不知道答案、沒有認(rèn)真聽講、或者是學(xué)生個人性格原因。如果學(xué)生對教師或教師的教學(xué)方法有偏見，他們可能會拒絕回應(yīng)教師的提問；如果學(xué)生在知識方面有障礙而無法回答問題，他們可能會保持沉默；若學(xué)生對教師所講授內(nèi)容覺得無聊而失去興

31、趣，他們可能無法認(rèn)真聽講；若學(xué)生性格內(nèi)向他們可能很難與他人交流，而選擇用沉默回應(yīng)教師的提問。對話3的情況是，教師講課時，學(xué)生Tracy正看窗外下雨，屬于學(xué)生沒有認(rèn)真聽講的情況。 </p><p>　　面對學(xué)生的沉默，教師可以通過叫另外一個同學(xué)幫助這個學(xué)生說出答案。這時，教師不得不重新發(fā)出起始（Ir）。當(dāng)教師再次發(fā)出起始時要注意學(xué)生說話的態(tài)度和語氣，否則可能會削弱學(xué)生的信心和打擊學(xué)生的自尊心。大多數(shù)學(xué)生當(dāng)無法正面回

32、答教師問題時會覺得尷尬或害羞，這時，如果教師責(zé)備他們，學(xué)生可能會擔(dān)心被同學(xué)取笑，以后都不敢在課堂上回答問題。教師可以通過各種技巧處理學(xué)生的沉默：將問題換成另一種更容易理解和回答的方式發(fā)出起始，如給出二選一的句型，或把原起始句分解成一個個小的問句，逐漸得出最終答案，以增強學(xué)生信心。這樣的話，教師的Ir不止一個，直到學(xué)生給出最終答案為止。 </p><p><b>　　四、結(jié)論 </b><

33、/p><p>　　筆者用Sinclair 和Coulthard的IRF交換結(jié)構(gòu)分析了一堂英語課中的三個師生對話，分別是起始和回應(yīng)在師生對話間的交換、IRF的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、沉默在IRF中的作用以及如何處理學(xué)生課堂的沉默。事實上，本文分析的課堂是一堂“故事型”（story-based）課堂，教師過多的使用了提問問題的方式（提問45次）讓學(xué)生集中注意力，因此，該課堂大多數(shù)的師生談話是IRF交換結(jié)構(gòu)。然而，在筆者分析該類型課堂師

34、生對話時想IRF交換結(jié)構(gòu)是否適用于交際性語言教學(xué)課堂，在交際性語言教學(xué)課堂中，師生互動和學(xué)生間互動環(huán)節(jié)會更多，盡管我們可以用其他話語分析方法，但是IRF交換結(jié)構(gòu)是否也可以應(yīng)用到交際性課堂環(huán)境呢，如果可以會是什么樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是我們下一步可以探討的問題。 </p><p><b>　　參考文獻： </b></p><p>　　[1]Bruner, J. (1983).

35、Child’s talk: learning to use language. New York: Norton. </p><p>　　[2]Christie, F. (2002).Classroom discourse analysis. London: Continuum. </p><p>　　[3]Coulthard, M. (1977). An introduction to

36、discourse analysis. London: Longman. </p><p>　　[4]Coulthard, M and Montgomery, M., eds. (1981). Studies in discourse analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. </p><p>　　[5]Sinclair, J. McH. a

37、nd Brazil, D. (1982). Teacher talk. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </p><p>　　[6]Sinclair, J. McH. and Coulthard, M. (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse. London: Oxford University Press. </p>

38、<p>　　[7]Stubbs, M. (1983). Discourse analysis. Oxford : Blackwell Publishers. </p><p>　　[8]van Lier, L. (2001). Constrains and resources in classroom talk: issues of equality and symmetry in C. Candin

39、 and N. Mercer (eds.) English language teaching in its social context. London: Routledge. </p><p>　　[9]Vygotsky, Lev, S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. </p><p>　　[

40、10]White, A. (2005). The application of Sinclair and Couldthard’s IRF structure to a classroom lesson: analysis and discourse. Retrieved 19 Jun, 2007, from http://www.cels.bham.ac.uk/resources/essays/AWhite4.pdf. </p

41、><p>　　附錄1 Transcription </p><p>　　T: my target students are from five, my target students may be between ten to eleven, the level is actually pre-intermediate, the number of students in class is f

42、ive to ten, time and length of class maybe come to approach and 45 minutes longest, and they are quite motivated, and they are motivated to approach, and several students have experiences in traveling to English speaking

43、 countries, in this class new language will be “witch, look for, cottage, broom and blind”, the objective of this acti</p><p>　　T: Kasha? Kasha, do you like pets? (The teacher faces to the board and draws a

44、circle with “pet” in it). </p><p>　　K: do you like? Sorry. </p><p>　　T: do you like pet </p><p>　　K: pets? Yes I do </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Sugar, do you like pet?

45、</p><p>　　T: ok. erm, Kasha, what kinds of …(1s) o sorry, Tracy do you like pets? </p><p>　　Tracy: yes I do </p><p>　　T: ok. Kasha what kinds of pets do you like? </p><p&

46、gt;<b>　　K: cats </b></p><p>　　T: cats, great （the teacher draws a branch from the circle and writes cats）Kasha, could you ask the same question to Tracy? </p><p>　　K: Tracy … (2s) w

47、hat kind of pets do you like? </p><p>　　T: ok very good. </p><p>　　Tracy: er, I like dog </p><p>　　T: great (the teacher draws the second branch from the circle and writes dogs) ok,

48、 we like cats and dogs. Ok, everyone repeat after me we like cats and dogs. </p><p>　　Ss: we like cats and dogs </p><p>　　T: very good. Rachel, what did I say? </p><p>　　R: we like

49、cats and dogs </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Kasha, what color of cats do you like? (The teacher wipes the words “pets” “cats” and “dogs” ) </p><p>　　[Rachel, Megumi and other students laugh when t

50、he teacher calls Kasha’s name] </p><p>　　K: what color? </p><p><b>　　T: yeah </b></p><p><b>　　K: any </b></p><p><b>　　T: any? </b>&

51、lt;/p><p>　　[Everyone laughs] </p><p>　　(The teacher writes CATS inside the circle) </p><p><b>　　K: …… </b></p><p>　　T: for example? </p><p><

52、b>　　K: black </b></p><p>　　T: black cats (writing “black” on the board) can you ask the same question to me? </p><p>　　K: what color of cats do you like teacher? </p><p>　

53、　T: I like white cats (writing “white” on the other side) </p><p>　　Er, Sugar what color of cats does Kasha like? </p><p>　　S: er, she like …(1s) likes, er, she likes black cats </p><

54、p>　　T: she likes black cats </p><p>　　S: she likes black cats </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Enyon, what kind of color do I like? What color of cats do I like? </p><p>　　E: er, you

55、like white cats </p><p>　　T: ok, very good </p><p>　　Er do you know the meaning of “witch” (writing “witch” on the right side of the board. Then pick up a picture and show to the students) what

56、is she? </p><p>　　Ss: witch </p><p>　　T: good everyone read after me witch </p><p>　　Ss: witch </p><p>　　T: she is a witch </p><p>　　Ss: she is a witch <

57、;/p><p><b>　　T: witch </b></p><p>　　Ss: witch </p><p>　　T: Tracy what is she? </p><p>　　Tracy: she is a witch </p><p>　　T: very good. Enyon who wh

58、at is she? </p><p>　　E: she is a witch </p><p>　　T: very good. Ok, er what color of the cat does witch like do witches like? What color of cat do witches like? </p><p>　　S: blac

59、k cats </p><p>　　Tracy: black </p><p>　　T: good very good. Megumi could you please …… the first sentence? </p><p><b>　　witches </b></p><p>　　M: witches lik

60、e black cats </p><p>　　T: great very good. Rachel, what did she say? </p><p>　　R: witches like black cats. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Everyone repeat after me. Witches like black

61、cats. </p><p>　　Ss: Witches like black cats. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Today I want to talk about black cat or white cat? </p><p>　　Ss: black cat </p><p>　　T: (smile

62、) today I want to talk about white cat (wipe “black” “cat” and “white”) </p><p>　　Ss: [students laugh] why? </p><p>　　(The teacher writes “white” in the circle. But she seems to forget something

63、 and face to students) </p><p>　　T: oh, ok, today I wanna tell a story about a little white cat. Kasha what is the today’s topic? </p><p>　　K: er, a little white cat. </p><p>　　T: o

64、k very good.(wipe the “white” on the board and rewrite “l(fā)ittle white cat”) Enyon what did she say? </p><p>　　E: today’s topic is the little white cat. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Everyone read a

65、fter me. Today’s topic is the little white cat (pointing the words she wrote just now). </p><p>　　Ss: today’s topic is the little white cat. </p><p>　　T: great. Before telling the story, I want

66、to introduce the words. Do you know what it is? (Show a picture) </p><p><b>　　Ss: …… </b></p><p>　　T: ok very good. Everyone read after me (writing “cottage”) cottage. </p>&

67、lt;p>　　Ss: cottage </p><p>　　T: cottage </p><p>　　Ss: cottage </p><p>　　T: Rachel, what is it? </p><p>　　R: cottage </p><p>　　T: cottage. </p>&l

68、t;p>　　R: cottage. </p><p>　　T: ok very good. Sugar, what is it? </p><p>　　S: cottage </p><p>　　T: cottage. </p><p>　　S: cottage </p><p>　　T: cottage. G

69、reat, very good….(2s) er, do you know the meaning of broom (writing “broom” on the right side of board.) </p><p>　　Ss: broom (small sounds) </p><p>　　T: (pick up a picture) this is a broom. Ever

70、yone read after me broom. </p><p>　　Ss: broom </p><p>　　T: Megumi, what is it? </p><p><b>　　M: broom </b></p><p>　　T: great, Kasha what is it? </p>&

71、lt;p><b>　　K: broom </b></p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Ok and do you know the meaning of look for (writing “l(fā)ook for” on the right side)? Do you know the same words, the same meaning words? </p

72、><p>　　S: find </p><p>　　Tracy: seek </p><p>　　T: ok, very good find. It is the same word as find. Everyone read after me look for. </p><p>　　Ss: look for. </p>

73、;<p>　　T: look for </p><p>　　Ss: look for </p><p>　　T: and do you know the meaning of blind? Blind </p><p><b>　　Ss: …… </b></p><p>　　T: ok, somebody

74、who cannot see. Ok, Megumi, could you make a sentence with using “blind”? </p><p>　　M: er, er, I saw a blind man … (2s) I saw a blind man walking on the street </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Kasha,

75、 what did she say? </p><p>　　K: she said I saw a blind man walking on the street. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Ok, now I will tell a story about a white cat. (The teacher shows a picture). Once o

76、f the time, there was a white cat. And she has six brothers and sisters. But all of them are blind. Ok, Rachel, how many brothers and sisters does the little white cat have? </p><p>　　R: it has six sisters a

77、nd brothers. </p><p>　　T: ok, great. (The teacher writes “six brothers and sisters” on one branch). Tracy, what color are they? </p><p>　　Tracy: …(3s) </p><p>　　T: They are black

78、or they are white. </p><p>　　Tracy: …(2s) black </p><p>　　T: great, very good. (the teacher writes “black” in front of the “six brothers and sisters”). But the little white cat does not know she

79、 is white. …(5s) (the teacher looks at her teaching plan). The little white cat goes older and older, and bigger and bigger. One day she says do I want to be a farmer? No. and do I want to be a teacher? No. I want to be

80、a witch’s cat. Ok. Er, Enyon? Does the little white cat want to be a farmer? </p><p><b>　　E: no. </b></p><p>　　T: what does the little white cat want to be? </p><p>　　E

81、: …(3s) she wants to be a witch’s cat. </p><p>　　T: great, very good. (The teacher writes “witch’s cat”) the little white cat wants to be a witch’s cat. </p><p>　　Ss: the little white cat wants

82、to be a witch’s cat. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. Tracy, does the little white cat know she is a white cat? </p><p>　　Tracy: …(2s) no </p><p>　　T: she doesn’t know she is a white cat

83、. Rachel what did I say? </p><p>　　R: the little white cat doesn’t know she is a white cat. </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. …(2s) (the teacher looks at her lesson plan) the little white cat looks fo

84、r a witch. She walks and she walks. At last she finds a witch. The little white cat says have you got a cat (the teacher pretends to be the little white cat) no I have never got a cat (the teacher pretends to be the witc

85、h). Great, now I am your cat (the teacher pretends to be the little white cat). No, you are a white cat (the teacher pretends to be the witch). Witches have got a black cat. Ok, Kasha, doe</p><p>　　K: no, sh

86、e wants a black </p><p>　　T: ok, very good. (The teacher writes “witches / black”) witches want black cats. Ok, witches like one black cat. Sugar, what did I say? </p><p>　　S: witches like black

87、 cat. </p><p>　　T: ok very good. Rachel if I were this little white cat how would feel </p><p>　　R: sad [laugh] </p><p>　　T: ok, very good, Megumi, how about you. If you were this l

88、ittle white cat how would you feel? </p><p>　　M: … (5s) Depressed? </p><p>　　T: ok great, very good, very, ok </p><p>　　The poor little cat the poor little cat the little white cat

89、is so sad. She looks for another witch. She walks, she walks, (the teacher laughs and wants students speak with her), please, she walks </p><p>　　Ss: she walks </p><p>　　T: at last, she find she

90、 looks for she finds out a witch another witch. Have you got a cat (the teacher pretends to be the little white cat) no I have never got a cat (the teacher pretends to be the witch). Sounds great now I am your cat (the t

91、eacher pretends to be the little white cat). </p><p>　　Tracy: no </p><p>　　T: great. No, you are white. Witches have got black cats (the teacher pretends to be the witch). </p><p>

92、　　Ok, Enyon? Does the witch want this little white cat? </p><p><b>　　E: no </b></p><p>　　T: Sugar, why does this why does not? The witch want this little white cat? </p><

93、p>　　S: the witch wants a black cat. </p><p>　　附錄2 Transcription System </p><p>　　The description in the round brackets indicates the teacher’s performance in the classroom. </p><p&

94、gt;　　The description in the square brackets indicates the students’ performance in the classroom. </p><p>　　(1 s): A one second pause </p><p>　　Cannot hear clearly </p><p>　　Utte

95、ring at the same time </p><p>　　Abstract: in 1975, Sinclair and Coulthard on classroom speech activity were analyzed, the theory and later the famous" initiation, response, feedback ( IRF )" model

96、laid the foundation. However, in a English teacher-student classroom discourse after observation, the author found between teachers’ and students’ classroom discourse does not fully comply with the fixed IRF mode, IRF be