2023年全國(guó)碩士研究生考試考研英語(yǔ)一試題真題(含答案詳解+作文范文)_第1頁(yè)
已閱讀1頁(yè),還剩11頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶(hù)提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

1、<p>  本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))</p><p>  外 文 翻 譯</p><p>  外文題目 Fair value accounting for financial instrument:some implications for bank regulation </p><p>  外文出處 Working paper, Un

2、iversity of North Carolina.</p><p>  外文作者 Wayne R. Landsman </p><p><b>  原文:</b></p><p>  Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments: Som

3、e Implications for Bank Regulation</p><p>  Introduction </p><p>  Accounting standards setters in many jurisdictions around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia

4、, and the European Union, have issued standards requiring recognition of balance sheet amounts at fair value, and changes in their fair values in income. For example, in the United States, the Financial Accounting Standa

5、rds Board requires recognition of some investment securities and derivatives at fair value. In addition, as their accounting rules have evolved, many oth</p><p>  In the US, fair value recognition of financi

6、al assets and liabilities appears to enjoy the support the Securities and Exchange Commission (hereafter SEC). In a recent report prepared for a Congressional committee (SEC, 2005), the Office of the Chief Accountant of

7、the SEC states two primary benefits of requiring fair value accounting for financial instruments. First, it would mitigate the use of accounting-motivated transaction structures designed to exploit opportunities for earn

8、ings management </p><p>  But, as noted in the SEC report, there are costs as well associated with the application of fair value accounting. One key issue is whether fair values of financial statement items

9、can be measured reliably, especially for those financial instruments for which active markets do not readily exist (e.g., specialized receivables or privately placed loans). Both the FASB and IASB state in their Concepts

10、 statements that they consider the cost/benefit trade off between relevance and reliability when as</p><p>  Assessing the costs and benefits of fair value accounting for financial reporting to investors and

11、 other financial statement users in particular reporting regimes is difficult. Assessing the costs and benefits of bank regulators mandating fair value accounting for financial institutions for the purpose of assessing a

12、 bank’s regulatory capital is perhaps even more challenging. The purpose of this paper is to provide some preliminary views on the issues bank regulators face when assessing the cost</p><p>  Background of F

13、air Value Accounting in Standard Setting </p><p>  Definition of Fair Value </p><p>  The FASB defines “fair value” as “the price at which an asset or liability could be exchanged in a current t

14、ransaction between knowledgeable, unrelated willing parties” (FASB, 2004a). As the FASB notes, “the objective of a fair value measurement is to estimate an exchange price for the asset or liability being measured in the

15、absence of an actual transaction for that asset or liability.” Implicit in this objective is the notion that fair value is well defined so that an asset or liability’s exch</p><p>  Applications to standard

16、setting </p><p>  In the US, the FASB has issued several standards that mandate disclosure or recognition of accounting amounts using fair values. Among the most significant in terms of relevance to financia

17、l institutions are those standards that explicitly relate to financial instruments. Two important disclosure standards are Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 107, Disclosures about fair value of finan

18、cial instruments (FASB, 1991) and SFAS No. 119, Disclosure about derivative financial instr</p><p>  Among the most significant fair value recognition standards the FASB has issued are SFAS No. 115, Accounti

19、ng for certain investments in debt and equity securities (FASB, 1993), SFAS No. 123 (Revised), Share-based payments (FASB, 2004), and SFAS No. 133, Accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities (FASB, 1998

20、). SFAS No. 115 requires recognition at fair value investments in equity and debt securities classified as held for trading or available-for-sale. Fair value changes for the </p><p>  SFAS No. 133 requires a

21、ll freestanding derivatives be recognized at fair value. However, SFAS No. 133 retains elements of the existing hedge accounting model. In particular, fair value changes in those derivatives employed for purposes of hedg

22、ing fair value risks (e.g., interest rate risk and commodity price risk) are shown as a component of income, as are the changes in fair value of the hedged balance sheet item (e.g., fixed rate loans and inventories) or f

23、irm-commitments (i.e., forward contra</p><p>  Outside of the US, standards issued by the IASB are often accepted or required as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in many countries. For example

24、, the European Union generally requires member country firms to issue financial statements prepared in accordance with IASB GAAP beginning in 2005. IASB GAAP comprises standards issued by its predecessor body, the Intern

25、ational Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), as well as those it has issued since its inception in 2001. The IASC issu</p><p>  The IASB has also issued a key fair value standard, International Financial R

26、eporting Standard 2, Accounting for Share-based Payment (IASB, 2004). IFRS 2 is very similar to SFAS No. 123 (Revised) (FASB, 2004) in requiring firms to recognize the cost of employee stock option grants using grant dat

27、e fair value.</p><p>  As part of their efforts to harmonize US and international accounting standards, the IASB and FASB recently issued related proposed or finished standards pertaining to disclosure of fi

28、nancial instruments fair values, Exposure Draft: Fair Value Measurements (FASB, 2004a) and International Financial Reporting Standard 7, Financial Instruments: Disclosures (IASB, 2005). The US Exposure Draft describes a

29、hierarchy of preferred approaches to fair value measurement for all assets and liabilities measu</p><p>  Valuation Techniques </p><p>  As noted above, in its Exposure Draft: Fair Value Measure

30、ments, the FASB describes a hierarchy of preferences for measurement of fair value. The preferred level 1 fair value estimates are those based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities, and are most applicabl

31、e to those assets or liabilities that are actively traded (e.g., trading investment securities). Level 2 estimates are those based on quoted market prices of similar or related assets and liabilities. Level 3 estimates,

32、the</p><p>  Source: Wayne R. Landsman.2005. “Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments: Some Implications for Bank Regulation”. Working paper, University of North Carolina.</p><p><b&g

33、t;  譯文:</b></p><p>  金融工具公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì):銀行監(jiān)管的意義</p><p><b>  介紹</b></p><p>  近期,包括美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞和歐盟在內(nèi)許多地區(qū)的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則制定者發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即要求對(duì)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目按公允價(jià)值計(jì)量并且將其變動(dòng)計(jì)入公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)。例如,美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)認(rèn)為證券投資和衍

34、生產(chǎn)品需要按公允價(jià)值入賬。此外,隨著他們的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則逐步優(yōu)化,根據(jù)各種特設(shè)的情況,許多其他資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目的數(shù)據(jù)也一直遵循應(yīng)用公允價(jià)值的規(guī)則,包括一些虧損和負(fù)債項(xiàng)目(例如,商譽(yù)與貸款)以及一些用來(lái)對(duì)沖的衍生工具(例如存貨,貸款,以及固定租賃付款額)的變動(dòng)采用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量。美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)以及國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)FASB和IASB)共同的工作項(xiàng)目是對(duì)可行性進(jìn)行研究,并提出各項(xiàng)金融資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債的公允價(jià)值需要強(qiáng)制性的在會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表附注中予

35、以說(shuō)明。</p><p>  在美國(guó),以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的金融資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債在證券交易委員會(huì)(以下簡(jiǎn)SEC)中得到了應(yīng)用。在最近的一份為國(guó)會(huì)委員會(huì)(SEC,2005)做準(zhǔn)備的報(bào)告中,美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)(SEC)辦公室的會(huì)計(jì)主任聲明了兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于運(yùn)用公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)計(jì)量金融工具所帶來(lái)的便利。首先,它將減少利用部分歷史成本和部分公允價(jià)值計(jì)量模式所形成的“混合屬性”而造成的盈余管理的機(jī)會(huì),從而減少了會(huì)計(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)交易結(jié)構(gòu)的使用。例如,它可以

36、減少使用資產(chǎn)證券化的激勵(lì),以此作為一種手段識(shí)別銷(xiāo)售收入所帶來(lái)的應(yīng)收賬款或貸款。第二,金融工具的公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)將會(huì)降低因混合屬性模式造成的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的復(fù)雜性。例如,隨著金融工具采用公允價(jià)值進(jìn)行計(jì)量,受雇于美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)的衍生品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的對(duì)沖核算模型將會(huì)陸續(xù)被取消,這樣做使得投資者沒(méi)有必要去為管理而做出選擇,以決定哪種會(huì)計(jì)計(jì)量基礎(chǔ)對(duì)于特殊的金融工具是有用的,以及為管理的需要而保持大量的套期關(guān)系的記錄。</p><p>

37、;  但是,正如在證券交易委員會(huì)中的報(bào)告,成本費(fèi)用也和公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)的應(yīng)用有關(guān)。一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表項(xiàng)目的公允價(jià)值是否能夠可靠計(jì)量,特別是那些不存在活躍市場(chǎng)的金融工具 (例如,專(zhuān)用的應(yīng)收賬款或私募貸款)。美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)和國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)在他們的報(bào)告中聲明,應(yīng)當(dāng)在評(píng)價(jià)如何最好的測(cè)量特定會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)量且在保證相關(guān)性和可靠性的情況下權(quán)衡成本/效益,以充分保證財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的測(cè)量是被認(rèn)可的。以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的投資者成本有時(shí)更多的被認(rèn)為是測(cè)量金融工

38、具的精度不夠準(zhǔn)確,從而導(dǎo)致他們不能充分評(píng)估公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和盈利潛力。這一可靠性成本的問(wèn)題在于對(duì)于一個(gè)特別的金融工具,其缺乏活躍的市場(chǎng),管理層必須估計(jì)其公允價(jià)值,從而可以與決定權(quán)或運(yùn)作相匹配。</p><p>  在特別報(bào)告制度中,對(duì)于投資者和其他財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表使用者來(lái)說(shuō),評(píng)估公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的成本與效益是很困難的。對(duì)于金融機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō),為了評(píng)估銀行的資金監(jiān)督與管理,從而評(píng)估銀行監(jiān)管部門(mén)的以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的成本與效益,也

39、許將是更大的一種挑戰(zhàn)。本文研究的目的在于對(duì)銀行監(jiān)管部門(mén)表面問(wèn)題,通過(guò)評(píng)估采用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的成本與效益來(lái)確定自有資本,使其做出規(guī)范性的決定,并且提供一些初步看法。為此,我開(kāi)始對(duì)現(xiàn)存的資本市場(chǎng)的有效性進(jìn)行分析,以研究公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)對(duì)投資者的用處。然后,我就會(huì)討論實(shí)務(wù)上的金融工具的公允價(jià)值的確定。在這一過(guò)程中,我還查看了相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)文獻(xiàn),作為寫(xiě)作的依據(jù)。最后,我討論了逐日盯市上的與實(shí)務(wù)相關(guān)聯(lián)的問(wèn)題,即對(duì)于銀行監(jiān)管部門(mén)考慮的運(yùn)用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量對(duì)銀行盈

40、利和資本的影響以及隨之而來(lái)的真正的管理決策。</p><p>  在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置下的公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)的背景</p><p><b>  公允價(jià)值的定義</b></p><p>  美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)將“公平價(jià)值”定義為“在有序的市場(chǎng)中,交易雙方進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)交換和債務(wù)清償?shù)慕痤~。”國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)(IASC)對(duì)于公允價(jià)值的定義為:“熟悉情況且自愿的雙方

41、在一項(xiàng)公平交易中,能夠?qū)⒁豁?xiàng)資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行交換或?qū)⒘硪豁?xiàng)負(fù)債進(jìn)行結(jié)算的金額。”暗含在這一概念中的觀(guān)念是公允價(jià)值被較好的定義,因此明確了資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債的交易價(jià)格完全圍繞著它的價(jià)值進(jìn)行波動(dòng)。也就是說(shuō),一個(gè)資產(chǎn)在兩個(gè)實(shí)體之間進(jìn)行交易的價(jià)格,并不取決于單位交易價(jià)格,而應(yīng)該相當(dāng)于單位的在用價(jià)值。例如,交換價(jià)值的導(dǎo)數(shù)等于銀行的價(jià)格,它使購(gòu)買(mǎi)或銷(xiāo)售的價(jià)值具有可導(dǎo)性,并且交換的價(jià)值不依賴(lài)于銀行的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上現(xiàn)有的資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債。對(duì)于這樣一個(gè)銀行,巴特和蘭茲曼(199

42、5)指出,這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的假想,特別是它的許多資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債不能輕易地進(jìn)行交易。當(dāng)在討論逐日盯市問(wèn)題的情況時(shí),我還將回到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的意義。</p><p><b>  標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定的應(yīng)用</b></p><p>  在美國(guó),美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)已頒布了一系列的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),要求對(duì)公允價(jià)值會(huì)計(jì)的大量使用進(jìn)行披露或識(shí)別。其中與金融機(jī)構(gòu)方面相關(guān)的最重要的是明確使用這些金融工具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中有

43、兩個(gè)重要的信息披露標(biāo)準(zhǔn),第一個(gè)是是財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(SFAS)第107號(hào)聲明的,關(guān)于金融工具公允價(jià)值的披露(FASB,1991),另一個(gè)是SFAS第119號(hào)聲明的,對(duì)衍生金融工具公允價(jià)值的信息披露制度(FASB,1994)。SFAS第107號(hào)提出需要對(duì)被識(shí)別的資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債的公允估計(jì)進(jìn)行披露,也就是說(shuō)第一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為投資者對(duì)銀行主要的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目提供了一個(gè)估計(jì),它主要包括證券、貸款、儲(chǔ)蓄和長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)。此外,也是第一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供了一個(gè)公允價(jià)值的定義,以

44、反映美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)的目標(biāo)——盡可能的獲得市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。SFAS第119號(hào)提出了對(duì)某些債務(wù)性和權(quán)益性證券投資的會(huì)計(jì)處理,包括期貨、期權(quán)、互換和遠(yuǎn)期合同。它同樣也要求對(duì)用于交易目的的公開(kāi)發(fā)行的金融工具的利得和損失進(jìn)行估計(jì)。</p><p>  在最重要的公允價(jià)值認(rèn)同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中,美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)頒布的SFAS第115號(hào)——金融資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓和服務(wù)以及債務(wù)解除的會(huì)計(jì)處理(FASB,1993),SFAS第123號(hào)(修訂)

45、——股份支付(FASB,2004),SFAS 第133號(hào)——衍生工具和套期活動(dòng)的會(huì)計(jì)處理(FASB,1998)。SFAS第115號(hào)確定了關(guān)于保險(xiǎn)公司債券和權(quán)益投資的會(huì)計(jì)要求。在公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)前出現(xiàn)的收入和在公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)后出現(xiàn)的其他綜合收益的積累,也就是說(shuō),除了收入,這些債券將作為持有至到期投資予以按攤余成本進(jìn)行計(jì)量。SFAS第123號(hào)(修訂),其敦促(而不是強(qiáng)制要求)應(yīng)將向雇員(不僅僅是經(jīng)理)授予的股票期權(quán)而產(chǎn)生的補(bǔ)償成本計(jì)入損益表。這個(gè)

46、要求去除了SFAS123號(hào)——以股份為基礎(chǔ)的支付(FASB,1995)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即原本許可的對(duì)公允價(jià)值或內(nèi)在價(jià)值成本計(jì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。直到最近,大多數(shù)公司使用內(nèi)在價(jià)值來(lái)測(cè)量其投資的股票期權(quán)費(fèi)用。然而,對(duì)于這些公司,SFAS第123號(hào)要求他們以公開(kāi)的形式,對(duì)在授予日的職工優(yōu)先認(rèn)股權(quán)和主要的會(huì)計(jì)要素的按公允價(jià)值估計(jì)模型進(jìn)行披露。</p><p>  SFAS第133號(hào)要求所有被識(shí)別的衍生產(chǎn)品按公允價(jià)值入賬。然而,SFAS第1

47、33號(hào)保留了現(xiàn)有的對(duì)沖會(huì)計(jì)模式元素。特別是那些以降低套期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(如利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和商品價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn))為目的的衍生產(chǎn)品,其采用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量,且其引起的公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)顯示為收入的一個(gè)組成部分,如同對(duì)沖資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目引起的公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)(例如,固定利率貸款和存貨)或一些公司承諾的合同(例如,遠(yuǎn)期合同)。所謂公允價(jià)值對(duì)沖是指對(duì)收入的套期關(guān)系的影響完全為零。相比之下,那些以降低現(xiàn)金流量套期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(如,現(xiàn)金流量波動(dòng)造成利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和商品價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn))為目的的衍生金融工具,其

48、采用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量,并且其引起的公允價(jià)值變動(dòng)顯示為積累的一個(gè)組成部分,即其他綜合收益,那是因?yàn)閷?duì)于套期保值的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表項(xiàng)目或者是預(yù)計(jì)交易沒(méi)有公認(rèn)的以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的對(duì)沖模式。</p><p>  除美國(guó)之外,國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)往往在許多國(guó)家是被接受的,或是作為一般公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)原則(GAAP)的需要。例如,歐盟通常其成員國(guó)從2005年開(kāi)始根據(jù)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則發(fā)布公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。其前身——國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委

49、員會(huì)(IASC)頒布了國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,以及自2001年成立以來(lái)發(fā)行的一些準(zhǔn)則。國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)頒布了兩個(gè)主要的公允價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都已經(jīng)被采用,其一是IASB IAS 32——金融工具:披露和表達(dá)(IASB,2003),另一個(gè)是IASB IAS 39——金融工具:確認(rèn)和計(jì)量(IASB,2003)。前一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是一個(gè)信息披露的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),類(lèi)似于其美國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的同行,SFAS第107號(hào)和SFAS第119號(hào)。IAS 39描述了如何對(duì)金融

50、資產(chǎn)和債務(wù)進(jìn)行計(jì)量(例如,計(jì)量攤余成本或公允價(jià)值的計(jì)量),以及價(jià)值變動(dòng)在會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表附注中是如何別識(shí)別的。IAS 39的范圍大致包括投資證券及衍生工具的會(huì)計(jì)處理。盡管這個(gè)準(zhǔn)則和美國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則之間存在微小的差異,但其涵蓋了SFAS第115號(hào)和SFAS第133號(hào)。</p><p>  國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)同樣也發(fā)布了一個(gè)重要的公允價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第2號(hào)——以股份為基礎(chǔ)的支付交易(IASB,2004)。國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告

51、準(zhǔn)則第2號(hào)和SFAS第123號(hào)(修訂)(FASB,2004)是非常相似的,兩者都要求公司對(duì)員工股票期權(quán)成本以授予日的公允價(jià)值進(jìn)行入賬。</p><p>  作為他們協(xié)調(diào)美國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則與國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的努力的一部分,國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則理事會(huì)和財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)最近所發(fā)布了相關(guān)的建議和相關(guān)的披露金融工具公允價(jià)值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——征求意見(jiàn)稿:公允價(jià)值計(jì)量(FASB,2004)和國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則第7號(hào)——金融工具:披露(IASB,2005

52、)。美國(guó)征求意見(jiàn)稿描述了在其他財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)的聲明下,要求對(duì)所有資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債按公允價(jià)值計(jì)量,從而以特定的資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債的市場(chǎng)報(bào)價(jià)的公允價(jià)值計(jì)量模型來(lái)估計(jì)公允價(jià)值,進(jìn)而確定不同等級(jí)的首選方法的層次結(jié)構(gòu)。美國(guó)征求意見(jiàn)稿和國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則第7號(hào)要求對(duì)每一會(huì)計(jì)期間(年份、季度)最后按公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行披露,同時(shí)披露公允價(jià)值是如何確定的,以及每類(lèi)特定的資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債所帶來(lái)的收入的增加額(例如,單獨(dú)披露已確認(rèn)和未確認(rèn)的收益和損失)。相比之下,國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)

53、報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則第7號(hào)比美國(guó)征求意見(jiàn)稿更為全面,因?yàn)樗枰獙?duì)被認(rèn)定為金融工具(包括以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量和那些沒(méi)有以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量)的相關(guān)質(zhì)量信息,金融工具的流動(dòng)性,信貸和市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等詳細(xì)信息進(jìn)行披露。</p><p><b>  估值方法</b></p><p>  如上所述,在“美國(guó)征求意見(jiàn)稿:公允價(jià)值計(jì)量”中,美國(guó)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)介紹了一系列公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的偏好等級(jí)。首選的作為一級(jí)

54、公允價(jià)值估計(jì)的是基于報(bào)價(jià)相同的資產(chǎn)、負(fù)債價(jià)格和最近正處在積極的交易的資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債價(jià)格(例如,貿(mào)易投資證券)。二級(jí)估計(jì)是基于引用類(lèi)似或相關(guān)的資產(chǎn)和債務(wù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。三級(jí)估計(jì)是基于公司的估計(jì),期只有在作為最優(yōu)先考慮的一級(jí)或二級(jí)估計(jì)都是毫無(wú)根據(jù)的情況下才能使用。隨著市場(chǎng)價(jià)格逐步被重視,財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào),企業(yè)應(yīng)以自身作為基礎(chǔ),盡可能對(duì)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格進(jìn)行正確的估計(jì)(例如,在計(jì)算股票市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)率時(shí),使用布萊克·斯科爾斯評(píng)枯模型來(lái)對(duì)股票期權(quán)額公允

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶(hù)所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 眾賞文庫(kù)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶(hù)因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論