外文翻譯---單片機(jī)概述

1、<p><b>　　二、英文原文</b></p><p>　　Microcontroller Unit</p><p>　　First, the development of simulator </p><p>　　Throughout nearly two decades of national development proce

2、ss of simulation technology, according to simulator technology to be used to divide the domestic about the design of simulators can be divided into the following periods: </p><p>　　(1) the late 70s in the mi

3、d -80 </p><p>　　The technology during this period was mainly the development of simulation systems, now is not high technology, the user request is not high. </p><p>　　(2) the late 80's duri

4、ng the late -90 </p><p>　　The main use of this period with an emulation function Winbond chip production, the technology is called Bondout. Using this chip to greatly simplify the design of emulator, so the

5、standard of domestic emulator with a large increase can be largely occupied by the user resources. </p><p>　　Simulation performance is due to the increase in domestic production in the emulator nearly 10 yea

6、rs no progress has been produced using this model. Although individual companies have also tried other techniques to improve the simulation of the standard, for example, HOOKS technology, but because of their technical l

7、imitations did not succeed. Instead abroad earlier simulator technology used HOOKS, HOOKS at the initial stage due to the complexity of the technology itself, simulation performance </p><p>　　(3)After 2000

8、 year </p><p>　　China in 2000 emulator period changes in the market, the largest, the most striking change is the Winbond W78958 chip simulation of the production. </p><p>　　Winbond W78958 chip

9、during the design stage, the internal functions of the simulation only to the production simulator to simulator manufacturers in order to better promote the W78958. After several years of change, however, W78958 simulato

10、r evolved into the use of a simulation of the ASIC rather than using the standard chip, the scope of use is limited to domestic and 20,000 a year less than the amount the company also contributed to the Winbond After ent

11、ering in 2002 announced that it would st</p><p>　　W78958 production, the domestic manufacturers simulator in a very embarrassing situation. W78958 use at home as a result of nearly 10 years, the domestic use

12、r base is very large, these users will not be able to receive continued support, especially maintenance. In addition, the domestic focus in the W78958 on the technical work done can not be renewed and improved, many peop

13、le in the industry that the industry will face a simulator to set up or re-shuffle of the situation. </p><p>　　HOOKS simulator technology is no doubt W78958 manufacturers after the loss of alternatives, but

14、the absence of long-term follow-up and attention, not the short term the majority of manufacturers of complex HOOKS mature technology products. Experts believe that the overall simulator manufacturers in transition may n

15、eed 2-3 years of the cycle, and there is considerable simulator manufacturers will be eliminated, the market will have mainly concentrated in a few simulator manufacturers. </p><p>　　Second, the development

16、trend of single-chip </p><p>　　It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to

17、 name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstream C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide. </p><p>　　Throughout the developm

18、ent process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are: </p><p>　　1. Low-power CMOS technology </p><p>　　MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power cons

19、umption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semicondu

20、ctor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but becau

21、se of its phy</p><p>　　2. Of micro-chip </p><p>　　Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program mem

22、ory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulat

23、ion circuit), WDT (watchdog), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes</p><p>　　3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence </p>&

24、lt;p>　　Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL company's produc

25、ts and China Taiwan's Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum

26、of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-chip companies in recent years, increasing productio</p><p>　　Third, the technical development of digital single-chip </p><p>　　The number of single-chip technology

27、 is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption, as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, use

28、rs need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following three areas on which the technological progress that the situation of single-chip microcomputer. </p><p>　　1, the

29、internal structure of the progress </p><p>　　Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter,

30、 D / A converters, serial communication interface, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contai

31、ns the CAN. For example, Infineon's C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorola's 68HC08AZ series. Especially </p><p>　　2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progres

32、s </p><p>　　Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle, power-savi

33、ng mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is

34、TI's MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultra-low power wo</p><p>　　3, the progress of technology </p><p>　　Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used

35、, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal sin

36、gle-chip density and reliability. </p><p>　　Fourth, embedded system as the core of a single-chip </p><p>　　SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-

37、or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. However, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on

38、 the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the "sledgehammer cracking a nut," the. Embedded devices to achieve and In</p><p

39、>　　At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected companies, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING comp

40、any. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1K-byte memory capacity

41、 accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger a</p><p><b>　　三、英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　單片機(jī)概述</b></p><p><b>　　一、仿真器的發(fā)展</b></p>

42、;<p>　　縱觀國(guó)內(nèi)近二十年的仿真技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程，根據(jù)仿真器使用的技術(shù)來(lái)劃分，國(guó)內(nèi)仿真器的設(shè)計(jì)大約可以分成以下幾個(gè)時(shí)期：</p><p>　　(1) 70年代末期-80年代中期</p><p>　　這個(gè)時(shí)期采用的技術(shù)主要是仿真開(kāi)發(fā)系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在看來(lái)技術(shù)含量不高，用戶要求也不高。</p><p>　　(2) 80年代末期-90年代末期</p>

43、<p>　　這個(gè)時(shí)期主要使用華邦一顆帶有仿真功能的芯片制作，采用的技術(shù)叫做Bondout。采用這顆芯片能大大簡(jiǎn)化仿真器的設(shè)計(jì)，因此國(guó)內(nèi)仿真器的水準(zhǔn)有了大的提高，基本上可以不占用用戶資源。</p><p>　　正是由于仿真性能的提高，國(guó)內(nèi)的仿真器制作在將近10年的時(shí)間內(nèi)沒(méi)有進(jìn)步，一直采用這種制作模式。雖然個(gè)別廠商也嘗試過(guò)別的技術(shù)來(lái)提高仿真水準(zhǔn)，例如HOOKS技術(shù)，但是由于本身技術(shù)的限制沒(méi)有成功。相反國(guó)外的

44、仿真器較早地使用了HOOKS技術(shù)，在初期由于HOOKS技術(shù)本身的復(fù)雜性，仿真性能和價(jià)格不如國(guó)內(nèi)采用Bondout的仿真器。</p><p>　　(3) 2000年開(kāi)始</p><p>　　2000年是中國(guó)仿真器市場(chǎng)變化最大的時(shí)期，其中最引人注目的變化是華邦仿真芯片W78958的停產(chǎn)。</p><p>　　華邦公司在設(shè)計(jì)W78958芯片時(shí)，其內(nèi)部的仿真功能只是為了仿真

45、器廠商能制作仿真器以便更好的推廣W78958。但是經(jīng)過(guò)幾年的變化，W78958演變成為一顆仿真器上使用的仿真專用芯片而不是用戶使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)芯片，使用的范圍也僅限于國(guó)內(nèi)，一年不到20000只的用量也促使華邦公司在進(jìn)入2002年后宣布將停產(chǎn)該芯片。</p><p>　　W78958停產(chǎn)以后，國(guó)內(nèi)仿真器廠商處于一個(gè)非常尷尬的局面。由于W78958在國(guó)內(nèi)使用了將近10年，國(guó)內(nèi)的用戶群非常龐大，這些用戶將無(wú)法得到持續(xù)的支持特

46、別是維修方面。另外，國(guó)內(nèi)圍繞在W78958上所做的技術(shù)工作也無(wú)法得到延續(xù)和提高，很多業(yè)界人士認(rèn)為仿真器行業(yè)將面臨另起爐灶或重新洗牌的局面。</p><p>　　HOOKS技術(shù)無(wú)疑是仿真器廠商在失去W78958后的替代品，但是由于沒(méi)有長(zhǎng)期跟蹤和關(guān)注，短期內(nèi)多數(shù)廠家無(wú)法將復(fù)雜的HOOKS技術(shù)應(yīng)用于成熟的產(chǎn)品中。專家們認(rèn)為仿真器廠家的整體轉(zhuǎn)型可能需要2－3年的周期，并且有相當(dāng)?shù)姆抡嫫鲝S家將會(huì)被淘汰，市場(chǎng)擁有量將主要集中

47、在少數(shù)幾個(gè)仿真器廠家。</p><p>　　二、單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在可以說(shuō)單片機(jī)是百花齊放，百家爭(zhēng)鳴的時(shí)期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機(jī)，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應(yīng)有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補(bǔ)，為單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用提供廣闊的天地。 </p><p>　　縱觀單片機(jī)的發(fā)展過(guò)程，可以預(yù)示

48、單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，大致有： </p><p>　　1.低功耗CMOS化 　　</p><p>　　MCS-51系列的8031推出時(shí)的功耗達(dá)630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對(duì)單片機(jī)功耗要求越來(lái)越低，現(xiàn)在的各個(gè)單片機(jī)制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。像80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)和CHMOS(互補(bǔ)高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工

49、藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點(diǎn)，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗象電池供電的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合。所以這種工藝將是今后一段時(shí)期單片機(jī)發(fā)展的主要途徑 </p><p><b>　　2.微型單片化 </b></p><p>　　現(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機(jī)普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)(RAM)、只讀程序存

50、儲(chǔ)器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)電路、時(shí)鐘電路集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強(qiáng)型的單片機(jī)集成了如A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、PMW(脈寬調(diào)制電路)、WDT(看門(mén)狗)、有些單片機(jī)將LCD(液晶)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機(jī)包含的單元電路就更多，功能就越強(qiáng)大。甚至單片機(jī)廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機(jī)芯片。 此外，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機(jī)除了功能強(qiáng)和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小。

51、現(xiàn)在的許多單片機(jī)都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來(lái)越受歡迎，使得由單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　3.主流與多品種共存 　　</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在雖然單片機(jī)的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機(jī)占主流，兼容其結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)的有PHILIPS公司的產(chǎn)品，ATMEL公司的產(chǎn)品和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Winbond系列單片機(jī)。所以C8051為核心的單

52、片機(jī)占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡(jiǎn)指令集(RISC)也有著強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭，中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機(jī)產(chǎn)量與日俱增，與其低價(jià)質(zhì)優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，占據(jù)一定的市場(chǎng)分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產(chǎn)品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機(jī)。在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，這種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個(gè)單片機(jī)一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補(bǔ)，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。</p><p>　　三、數(shù)字單片機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展&l

53、t;/p><p>　　數(shù)字單片機(jī)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步反映在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、功率消耗、外部電壓等級(jí)以及制造工藝上。在這幾方面，較為典型地說(shuō)明了數(shù)字單片機(jī)的水平。在目前，用戶對(duì)單片機(jī)的需要越來(lái)越多，但是，要求也越來(lái)越高。下面分別就這三個(gè)方面說(shuō)明單片機(jī)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步狀況。 </p><p>　　1、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)步 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)在內(nèi)部已集成了越來(lái)越多的部件，這些部件包括一般常用的電

54、路，例如：定時(shí)器，比較器，A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器，D /A轉(zhuǎn)換器，串行通信接口，Watchdog電路，LCD控制器等。 有的單片機(jī)為了構(gòu)成控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)或形成局部網(wǎng)，內(nèi)部含有局部網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制模塊CAN。例如，Infineon公司的C 505C，C515C，C167CR，C167CS-32FM，81C90；Motorola公司的68HC08AZ 系列等。特別是在單片機(jī)C167CS-32FM中，內(nèi)部還含有2個(gè)CAN。因此，這類單片機(jī)十分容易構(gòu)成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。特別是在控

55、制，系統(tǒng)較為復(fù)雜時(shí)，構(gòu)成一個(gè)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)十分有用。 為了能在變頻控制中方便使用單片機(jī)，形成最具經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)。有的單片機(jī)內(nèi)部設(shè)置了專門(mén)用于變頻控制的脈寬調(diào)制控制電路，這些單片機(jī)有Fujitsu公司的MB89850系列、MB89860系列；Motorola 公司的MC68HC08MR16、MR24等。在這些單片機(jī)中，脈寬調(diào)制電路有6個(gè)通道輸出，可產(chǎn)生三相脈寬調(diào)制交流電壓，并內(nèi)部含死區(qū)控制等功能。 2、 功耗、封裝及電源電壓

56、的進(jìn)步 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在新的單片機(jī)的功耗越來(lái)越小，特別是很多單片機(jī)都設(shè)置了多種工作方式，這些工作方式包括等待，暫停，睡眠，空閑，節(jié)電等工作方式。Philips公司的單片機(jī)P87LPC762是一個(gè)很典型的例子，在空閑時(shí)，其功耗為1.5 mA，而在節(jié)電方式中，其功耗只有0.5mA。而在功耗上最令人驚嘆的是TI公司的單片機(jī)MSP430系列，它是一個(gè) 16位的系列，有超低功耗工作方式。它的低功耗方式有LPM1、

57、LPM3、LPM4三種。當(dāng)電源為3V時(shí)，如果工作于 LMP1方式，即使外圍電路處于活動(dòng)，由于CPU不活動(dòng)，振蕩器處于1～4MHz，這時(shí)功耗只有50?A。在LPM3 時(shí)，振蕩器處于32kHz，這時(shí)功耗只有1.3?A。在LPM4時(shí)，CPU、外圍及振蕩器32kHz都不活動(dòng)，則功耗只有0.1?A。 現(xiàn)在單片機(jī)的封裝水平已大大提高，隨著貼片工藝的出現(xiàn)，單片機(jī)也大量采用了各種合符貼片工藝的封裝方式出現(xiàn)，以大量減少體積。在這種形勢(shì)中，Microchi

58、p公司推出的8引腳的單片機(jī)特別引人注目。這是PIC12CXXX系列。它含有0.5～2K程序存儲(chǔ)器，25～128字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器，6個(gè)I/O端口以及一個(gè)定時(shí)器，有的還含4道A/D</p><p>　　3、 工藝上的進(jìn)步 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)基本上采用CMOS技術(shù)，但已經(jīng)大多數(shù)采用了0.6?m以上的光刻工藝，有個(gè)別的公司，如Motorola公司則已采用0.35mm甚至是0.25mm

59、技術(shù)。這些技術(shù)的進(jìn)步大大地提高了單片機(jī)的內(nèi)部密度和可靠性。 </p><p>　　四、以單片機(jī)為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　單片機(jī)的另外一個(gè)名稱就是嵌入式微控制器，原因在于它可以嵌入到任何微型或小型儀器或設(shè)備中。目前，把單片機(jī)嵌入式系統(tǒng)和Internet連接已是一種趨勢(shì)。但是，Internet一向是一種采用肥服務(wù)器，瘦用戶機(jī)的技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)在互聯(lián)上存儲(chǔ)及訪問(wèn)大量數(shù)據(jù)是合適的，但對(duì)

60、于控制嵌入式器件就成了"殺雞用牛刀"了。要實(shí)現(xiàn)嵌入式設(shè)備和Internet連接，就需要把傳統(tǒng)的Internet理論和嵌入式設(shè)備的實(shí)踐都顛倒過(guò)來(lái)。為了使復(fù)雜的或簡(jiǎn)單的嵌入式設(shè)備，例如單片機(jī)控制的機(jī)床、單片機(jī)控制的門(mén)鎖，能切實(shí)可行地和Internet連接，就要求專門(mén)為嵌入式微控制器設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器，使嵌入式設(shè)備可以和Internet相連，并通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器進(jìn)行過(guò)程控制。 </p><p>　　

61、目前，為了把單片機(jī)為核心的嵌入式系統(tǒng)和Internet相連，已有多家公司在進(jìn)行這方面的較多研究。這方面較為典型的有emWare公司和TASKING公司。 EmWare公司提出嵌入式系統(tǒng)入網(wǎng)的方案--EMIT技術(shù)。這個(gè)技術(shù)包括三個(gè)主要部分：即emMicro， emGateway和網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器。其中，emMicro是嵌入設(shè)備中的一個(gè)只占內(nèi)存容量1K字節(jié)的極小的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器； emGateway作為一個(gè)功能較強(qiáng)的用戶或服務(wù)器，它用于實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)多個(gè)嵌入

62、式設(shè)備的管理，還有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Internet 通信接入以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器的支持。網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器使用emObjicts進(jìn)行顯示和嵌入式設(shè)備之間的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。 如果嵌入式設(shè)備的資源足夠，則emMicro和emGateway可以同時(shí)裝入嵌入式設(shè)備中，實(shí)現(xiàn)Internet的直接接入。否則，將要求emGateway和網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器相互配合。EmWare的EMIT軟件技術(shù)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 Internet協(xié)議對(duì)8位和16位嵌入式設(shè)備進(jìn)行管理，但比傳統(tǒng)上的開(kāi)銷小得多。<