單片機(jī)相關(guān)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　The single chip computer abbreviation Microcontroller is typical of embedded Microcontroller controller (Microcontroller Unit), common English letters is the abbreviation of MCU said Microcontroller, it was fi

2、rst used in industrial control field. SCM by chip inside only CPU dedicated processor. The earliest design concept is through the huge amounts of peripheral and CPU integration in a chip, make the computer system smaller

3、, more easy to integrate into the complex and to volume demanding contr</p><p>　　Early microcontroller is 8 bits or 4 digit. One of the most successful intel-based 8031 is simple, reliable performance, becau

4、se good got a lot of praise. Then in the microcomputer 8031 developed MCS51 series microcontroller systems. Based on this system of SCM system have until now in widespread use. With the improvement of industrial control

5、area requirement, begin to emerge 16-bit single chip, but because the price is not ideal did not get very widely. After the 1990s with consumer electronic</p><p>　　Single-chip processor more than dedicated s

6、uitable for use with embedded system, so it has gained the most applications. In fact microcontroller is the world largest number of the computer. Modern human life that are used in almost every pieces of electronic and

7、mechanical products will be integrated have microcontroller. Mobile, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, PDA and mouse and so on computer accessories are equipped with 1-2 department microcontroller.

8、 The PCS in also </p><p>　　SCM is also called monolithic micro controller, it is not complete a logic function chips, but it is a computer system integration to a chip. The computer equivalent of a micro com

9、puter, and compared, microcontroller lack only the I/O devices. General speaking: a chip became a computer. Its compact size, light quality, cheap, for learning, application and development provides the convenience. Mean

10、while, "learning to use a single chip computer is knowledge of computer principle and structure of t</p><p>　　SCM internal also use and computer functions similar module, such as CPU, memory, parallel b

11、us and hard disk storage device functions are the same, the difference is its relative performance all these parts of our home computer weak, but the price is much lower, usually less than 10 yuan can... Use it to do som

12、e control electric appliance category is not very complicated work is sufficient. We use now roller washing machine, smoke exhaust hood, VCD and so on the home appliance inside can see the</p><p>　　It is a k

13、ind of on-line real-time control computer, on-line is site control, need is strong anti-jamming ability, low cost, this also is and off-line computer (such as household PC) the main difference. </p><p>　　A s

14、ingle chip computer is by program running, and can be modified. Through the different program realization of different function, especially the unique some special function, this is another device needs to spend effort c

15、an do that, while some others are great effort also hard to do. One is not very complicated function if use in the United States during the 1950s development of 74 series, or from the 1960s CD4000 series these pure hardw

16、are to fix words, circuit must be a large piece of PCB bo</p><p>　　Due to cost is sensitive microcontroller, so, at present, the dominant software or lowest assembly language, it is besides the binary machin

17、e code above the lowest language, since so low-level why use? Many senior language has reached the level of visual programming is why not? The reason is very simple, that is no home computer microcontroller as the CPU, a

18、lso did not like hard disk that mass storage device. A visual small programs written in high-level languages inside has even a button, also </p><p>　　Can say, the twentieth century across the three "ele

19、ctricity" age, namely the age of electricity, electronic era and now has entered the computer era. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, the abbreviation PCS. It consists of host,

20、keyboard, display etc. And those computer, most people do not so familiar with. This computer is intelligence gives all kinds of mechanical SCM (also called micro controller). As the name suggests, the computer is minima

21、l systems onl</p><p><b>　　. </b></p><p>　　Microcontroller history </p><p>　　1971 Intel company developed the world's first four microprocessor, The Intel company hof

22、f successfully developed the world's first piece of four 4004 Intel microprocessor chips, marks the first generation of microprocessor market, microprocessor and computer era begins. For invention microprocessor, hof

23、f by the British economist magazine named "the most influential since world war ii the seven scientists" one. </p><p>　　In 1971, the Intel on November launch MCS - 4 microcomputer system (including

24、 4001 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chips, 4003 shift register chips and 4004 microprocessor) which 4004 (figure below) contains 2,300 transistor, the dimension of 3mm x 4mm, computing performance than that ENIAC, initially sells f

25、or $200. </p><p>　　April 1972, hoff etc, developed the first eight Intel microprocessor 8008. Because 8008 USES is P in gully MOS microprocessor, and therefore still belong to the first generation of micropr

26、ocessors. </p><p>　　1973 Intel company develop 8 bits of the microprocessor 8080; In 1973, August hoff person such as developed eight microprocessor 8080 to N in gully intel-based MOS circuit replaced P chan

27、nel, the second generation microprocessor at birth. </p><p>　　Frequency of 2MHz 8080 chip speed 8008 10 times faster than, can access 64KB memory, use based on six micron technology 6,000 transistors, proces

28、sing speed of 0.64 the MIPS (at) Million will conference. </p><p>　　In 1975, MITS issued on April first general-purpose Altair 8,800, price $37.5bn, with 1KB memory. This is the world's first microcomput

29、er. </p><p>　　1976 the Intel company develop MCS - 48 series of 8 bits of single chip microcontroller, this also is published. </p><p>　　Zilog company in 1976 development Z80 microprocessor, wid

30、ely used in microcomputer and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel microprocessor field in Japan. </p><p>　　In the early 1980s, the Intel company in MCS - 48 series

31、 microcontroller, on the basis of launched MCS - 51 series 8 bits of high-grade microcontroller. MCS - 51 series microcontroller whether pieces (RAM capacity, I/O mouth function, system extension aspects had the very big

32、 enhancement. </p><p>　　Singlechip the bus: we know that a circuit is always from the components through wires connected, and in analog circuits, the connection does not become a problem, because the devices

33、 are generally serial inter-relationship between the various devices connection is not much, but not the same as computer circuits, which is based on the microprocessor as the core, the device must be connected with the

34、microprocessor, the device must be between the mutual coordination and so on need to connect on a</p><p>　　Second, data, address, command: The reason why these three together, because these three are the ess

35、ence is the same - figure, or are a string of'0 'and'1', composed of sequence . In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Command: from single-chip chip designer provides a figure, it is cons

36、istent with our mnemonic commonly used commands have a strict one-to-one relationship, not by the developer to change the MCU. Address: Singlechip are looking for internal, external storage units,</p><p>　　1

37、 ? address (such as MOV DPTR, # 1000H), that address 1000h into the DPTR. </p><p>　　2 ? the way the words or control characters (such as MOV TMOD, # 3), 3 which controls the characters. </p><p>

38、　　3 ? constants (such as MOV TH0, # 10H) 10H that is constant from time to time. </p><p>　　4 ? The actual output value (such as the mouth then P1 lantern light to light the whole, then the implementation of

39、instruction: MOV P1, # 0FFH, to light the whole dark, then the implementation of instruction: MOV P1, # 00H) and 00H are here 0FFH actual output value. Another example is the font code for the LED, is the actual output v

40、alue. </p><p>　　Understanding of the address, the nature of instructions, running is not difficult to understand why the process of running fly, the data will be implemented as instructions. </p><

41、p>　　Three, P0 mouth, P2 and P3 the mouth of the second function Usage: often on P0 beginner I, P2 and P3 mouth I use the second function puzzled think the second function and the original features have a switch betwee

42、n the process, or that there have to be a directive, in fact, the port's second feature is completely automatic, no need to use command to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7, respectively, are WR, RD signal, when the micro-

43、chip RAM or external justifications machine has an external I / O port,</p><p>　　Four, the program implementation process: single-chip power-on reset in 8051 after the program counter (PC) in the value of

44、9;0000 ', so the procedure always'0000' unit begin implementation of, that is to say: the system's ROM must exist in the'0000 'in this unit, and'0000' in the storage unit must be a command

45、. </p><p>　　Friday, the stack: the stack is a region, are used to store data, the region does not have any unique position, that is a part of internal RAM, special is its data storage and access methods, nam

46、ely, the so-called 'advanced after that last-in first-out ', and the stack has a special data transmission command, ie' PUSH 'and' POP ', there is a special unit specifically for its services, tha

47、t is, the stack pointer SP, when they first PUSH instruction, the SP on (at the original value of the foundat</p><p>　　AVR single chip</p><p>　　The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with

48、32 general purpose working registers. </p><p>　　All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing </p><p>　　two independent registers to be accessed in one

49、 single instruction executed in one clock </p><p>　　cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to </p><p>　　ten times faster than conventional CISC m

50、icrocontrollers. </p><p>　　The ATmega8 provides the following features: 8K bytes of In-System Programmable </p><p>　　Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1K byte of SRA

51、M, 23 </p><p>　　general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible </p><p>　　Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial program- &

52、lt;/p><p>　　mable USART, a byte oriented Two-wire Serial Interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight </p><p>　　channels in TQFP and MLF packages) where four (six) channels have 10-bit accuracy </p>&l

53、t;p>　　and two channels have 8-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal </p><p>　　Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle </p><

54、p>　　mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt </p><p>　　system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register contents but </p><p>　

55、　freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next Interrupt or Hard- </p><p>　　ware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the </p><p

56、>　　user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise </p><p>　　Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and </p><p>　　ADC

57、, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crys- </p><p>　　tal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows </p><p>　　ver

58、y fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. </p><p>　　The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. </p><p>　　The Flash Program memory can be rep

59、rogrammed In-System through an SPI serial </p><p>　　interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip boot </p><p>　　program running on the AVR core. The boot program

60、 can use any interface to download </p><p>　　the application program in the Application Flash Memory. Software in the Boot Flash </p><p>　　Section will continue to run while the Application Flas

61、h Section is updated, providing </p><p>　　true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self- </p><p>　　Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega

62、8 is a powerful microcon- </p><p>　　troller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded </p><p>　　control applications. </p><p>　　The ATmega8 AVR is

63、 supported with a full suite of program and system development </p><p>　　tools, including C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, In-Cir- </p><p>　　cuit Emulators, and evalua

64、tion kits.</p><p>　　MCU application </p><p>　　Currently microcontroller penetrated into every aspect of our lives, almost hard to find which field no trace of single chip. Missile navigation dev

65、ices, the plane on various kinds of instrument control, computer network communication and data transmission, industrial automation process real-time control and data processing, is widely used in all kinds of intelligen

66、t IC card, civil luxury car security system, video camera, video camera, full-automatic washing machine control, as well as program-</p><p>　　SCM is widely applied in instrumentation, household appliance, me

67、dical equipment, aerospace, special equipment of intelligent management and process control and other fields, roughly can divide the following several categories: </p><p>　　1. In intelligent instruments on t

68、he application </p><p>　　Single-chip microcomputer with small size, low power consumption, control function is strong, flexible, miniaturization and extended use convenience etc, which are widely used in ins

69、trumentation, combined with different kinds of sensors, which can realize such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature and flow rate, speed, thickness, Angle, length, hardness, elements and pressures, physica

70、l measurement. Adopting SCM control makes instrument digital, intelligent, miniaturization, and fu</p><p>　　2. The application in industrial control </p><p>　　MCU can constitute the various form

71、s of control system, the data acquisition system. For example the production line of the intelligent pipe principle, the elevator intelligent control, various alarm system, network with computer constitute a secondary co

72、ntrol system, etc. </p><p>　　3. The application in household appliances </p><p>　　It can be said that now of household appliances basically adopts single-chip microcomputer control, from electri

73、c cooker, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioner, color television, other audio video equipment, arrive again micro-electronic quantity equipment, multifarious, omnipresent. </p><p>　　4. In compute

74、r network and communication in the field of application </p><p>　　Modern single-chip generally have communication interface can be easily and computer data communications, for in the computer network and com

75、munication between devices applied to provide the excellent material conditions of present communication equipment basically realized the single-chip microcomputer intelligent control, from mobile, telephone, small pabx,

76、 building automatic train communication calling system, wireless communication, arrive again daily work deductions-from the mobile phone, c</p><p>　　5. Microcomputer in the medical device field of applicatio

77、n </p><p>　　Microcomputer in the medical equipment of use also is quite widespread, such as medical breathing machines, various analyzer, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and sickbed call system, et

78、c. </p><p>　　6. In various large-scale electric appliance of modular applications </p><p>　　Some special MCU designed to accomplish a specific function, and in various circuit of modular applica

79、tion, without asking using personnel understand its internal structure. If music integrated microcontroller, seemingly simple function, miniature in pure electronic chip (different from the principle of tape) be complex

80、resemble computer principle. Such as: music signals in digital form stored in memory (ROM), similar to read by micro controller, into analog signals (similar to the music sound c</p><p>　　In large circuit, t

81、his modular application greatly reduced volume and simplify the circuit and reduce the damage, the error rate, also facilitate replacement. </p><p>　　7. Microcomputer in the application fields of auto equipm

82、ent </p><p>　　Microcomputer in the automobile electronic application is very wide, for example in the car engine control, based on CAN bus automobile engine intelligence electronic controllers, GPS navigatio

83、n system, abs antilock brakes, braking system, etc. </p><p>　　In addition, microcomputer in the industry and commerce, finance, scientific research, education, national defence aerospace and other fields hav

84、e a wide range of purposes. </p><p>　　First, energy feedback unit work principle </p><p>　　On frequency-variable speed-adjustable system, when the motor load is a load of potential energy type s

85、uch as oil pumping unit, mine hoist, etc; Or large inertia load such as: fan, cement system pipe, </p><p>　　Dynamic balancing machines etc; And rolling mill, large longmen planer, spindle etc need fast brake

86、 class load, the motor is inevitably exists generating process, namely of motor rotor in external drag or load inertia maintain itself under the actual, making the motor speed is greater than the synchronous speed invert

87、ers, motor power will be issued by stored in inverter with dc bus filter capacitance, if you don't use this energy consume, so with dc bus voltage will rise, the influence of the fr</p><p>　　Energy feedb

88、ack unit, through the automatic detection inverter with dc bus voltage, frequency converter dc link of dc voltage inverter with frequency voltage into with the same phase ac voltage, via multiple noise filter link after

89、connected to exchange network, so as to achieve the purpose of energy feedback network, back to the grid electricity generating energy reached 97%, and effectively save electric energy. </p><p>　　Second, ene

90、rgy feedback unit matters needing attention </p><p>　　2.1, energy feedback unit and its connected device internal have endanger the personal safety of high pressure, wrong operation or improper installation

91、may lead to personal property loss, so that the proposed by specially trained personnel installation operation. </p><p>　　2.2, installation and wiring, in order to ensure the safe, please make sure to energy

92、 feedback unit and connected to it inverter power supply all disconnect and waits for 5 ~ 10 minutes, stay inverter internal capacitance stored in electricity discharge is finished, all can only operate. </p><

93、p>　　2.3, energy feedback unit and converter as close as possible to the farthest distance, do not exceed 2 meters. </p><p>　　2.4, because energy feedback unit interior special design allows the user can n

94、ot consider the grid sequence, namely: energy feedback unit of A, B and C terminals need not to the grid A, B and C or frequency converter input R, S, T one-to-one. But connection request when energy feedback unit of A,

95、B and C terminals must and inverter communication input terminals R, S, T directly connected, can not through any intermediate switches or contactors, also can not connected to other ac circuits. </p><p>　　2

96、.5, energy feedback unit DC (+) terminal and converter DC bus is connected, DC (-) and converter DC bus negative connected the two cable advice adopting soft cable, and stranded inner connection, in order to reduce radia

97、tion. </p><p>　　2.6, located on the radiator PE site wiring screws, please connect real reserve, could not connect grid neutral (neuter line). </p><p>　　2.7, energy feedback unit designs for nat

98、ural cooling way, so he asked energy feedback unit within the fluctuation, left 100mm 30mm inside cannot have other things influence the air flow shade. </p><p>　　Third, energy feedback unit applicable occas

99、ions </p><p>　　3.1, energy feedback unit used in potential type load such as: oil pumping unit, mine hoist, etc; </p><p>　　3.2, energy feedback unit suitable to the large inertia load such as: f