外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 環(huán)境規(guī)制和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新 中英文對照

1、英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學(xué) 院： 商學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易 班 級： 國貿(mào) 0804 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 0811200330 指導(dǎo)教師： 2012 年 6 月英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯3Griliches 1998; Jorgenson and Stiroh 2000); diffusion of

2、 new technology (Karshenas and Stoneman 1995; Geroski 2000); the effect of market structure on innovation (Scherer 1986; Sutton 1998); market failures related to innovation and appropriate policy responses (Martin and Sc

3、ott 2000); the economic effects of the patent system (Jaffe 2000); and the role of technological change in endogenous macroeconomic growth (Romer 1994; Grossman and Helpman 1994). In this part of the article, we provide

4、a very brief guide to some of this research. In particular, we introduce approaches for measuring technological change, we examine critical aspects of the process of technological change, and we describe modeling approac

5、hes and potential market failures relating to technology innovation and diffusion.1.1.Measurement of Technological ChangeThe measurement of the rate and direction of technological change rests fundamentally on the concep

6、t of the transformation function,(1) 0 ) , , ( ? t I Y Twhere Y represents a vector of outputs, I represents a vector of inputs, and t is time. Equation (1) describes a production possibility frontier, that is, a set of

7、combinations of inputs and outputs that are technically feasible at a point in time. Technological change is represented by movement of this frontier that makes it possible over time to use given input vectors to produce

8、 output vectors that were not previously feasible.In most applications, separability and aggregation assumptions are made that make it possible to represent the economy’s production technology with a production function,

9、(2) ) , , , ( t E L K f Y ?where is now a measure of aggregate output (for example, gross domestic product), Yand the list of inputs on the right-hand side of the production function can be made arbitrarily long. For il

10、lustrative purposes, we conceive of output as being made from a single composite of capital goods, , a single composite of labor inputs, , and a K Lsingle composite of environmental inputs, (for example, waste assimilat