國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本 科 生 畢 業(yè) 論 文</p><p>　　外 文 資 料 翻 譯</p><p>　　專 業(yè) 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易 </p><p>　　班 級(jí) **班 </p><p>　　姓 名 ***

2、 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 *** </p><p>　　所在學(xué)院 現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)學(xué)院　 </p><p>　　附 件1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文 </p><p><b>　　一、介 紹</b></p>

3、<p>　　電視機(jī)、玩具、化妝品、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、化肥、肉類和奶酪都受制于一些關(guān)于其自身特點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)方式的要求。這些要求的目的可能是保護(hù)生命或健康，保護(hù)環(huán)境，防止欺詐行為，或是為了確保產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。這些可能是由政府制定和執(zhí)行的強(qiáng)制性要求。然而，更多地時(shí)候，這些要求被國(guó)家性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織放大，它們不是強(qiáng)制性的但一般被運(yùn)用在特定國(guó)家的貿(mào)易往來(lái)中。在這兩種情況下，這些要求可能構(gòu)成強(qiáng)大的貿(mào)易壁壘。由于B國(guó)家有關(guān)產(chǎn)品特性和生產(chǎn)方式的要求與A國(guó)家不同

4、，那些根據(jù)A國(guó)家要求制造出來(lái)的電視機(jī)和奶酪可能會(huì)被禁止或難以進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。此外，使用程序來(lái)核實(shí)產(chǎn)品是否符合某一強(qiáng)制性或自愿性要求可能會(huì)阻礙貿(mào)易。這種類型的措施一般被稱為技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘。本文闡述了WTO法規(guī)中的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘。我們必須要區(qū)分已經(jīng)在TBT協(xié)議中有所規(guī)定的一般范疇的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘和特殊類別的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘，即在SPS協(xié)議中涉及的衛(wèi)生與植物衛(wèi)生措施。TBT 協(xié)議和SPS協(xié)議的條款對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易而言具有非常重要的意義。這些條款至于GATT

5、義務(wù)之上，不僅避免歧視或者抵制進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品以及配額限制，反而能加之某些國(guó)際規(guī)則于國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品關(guān)于產(chǎn)品特質(zhì)和生產(chǎn)的規(guī)定。</p><p><b>　　二、TBT協(xié)議</b></p><p>　　如上所述，有關(guān)一般范疇的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的WTO規(guī)則被載于“TBT協(xié)議”。本節(jié)討論以下內(nèi)容：TBT協(xié)議的適用范圍； TBT協(xié)議與其他WTO協(xié)議的關(guān)聯(lián)，特別是與SPS協(xié)議和1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)

6、定的聯(lián)系；關(guān)于TBT協(xié)議的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款；關(guān)于TBT協(xié)議制度上和程序上的條款以及對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家成員的特殊條款。</p><p>　　（一）TBT協(xié)議的適用范圍</p><p>　　關(guān)于TBT協(xié)議的適用范圍，本部分對(duì)實(shí)質(zhì)性的適用范圍，即適用于本協(xié)定的措施，個(gè)人適用范圍，即適用于本協(xié)議的實(shí)體和本協(xié)議的時(shí)間適用范圍進(jìn)行區(qū)分。</p><p>　　1、實(shí)質(zhì)性的適用范圍</p

7、><p>　　TBT協(xié)議的規(guī)則適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序。</p><p>　　技術(shù)法規(guī)的定義為強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的規(guī)定產(chǎn)品特性或相應(yīng)加工和生產(chǎn)方法的包括可適用的行政（管理）規(guī)定在內(nèi)的文件。它也可以包括或?qū)ｉT給出適用產(chǎn)品、加工或生產(chǎn)方法的術(shù)語(yǔ)、符號(hào)、包裝、標(biāo)志或標(biāo)簽要求方面的內(nèi)容。例如，一項(xiàng)法律要求9伏或以上的電池充電，或一項(xiàng)法律要求酒需要用綠色玻璃瓶進(jìn)行銷售都是適用于TBT協(xié)議的技術(shù)法規(guī)。一項(xiàng)

8、法律要求醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)要滿足關(guān)于制作方式和植物清潔的一定要求也是屬于TBT協(xié)議使用范圍內(nèi)的技術(shù)法規(guī)。</p><p>　　標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的定義為被公認(rèn)機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)的，非強(qiáng)制性的，為了通用或反復(fù)使用的目的，為產(chǎn)品或其加工和生產(chǎn)方法提供規(guī)則、導(dǎo)則或特性的文件。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以包括或?qū)ｉT給出適用于產(chǎn)品、加工或生產(chǎn)方法的術(shù)語(yǔ)、符號(hào)、包裝、標(biāo)志或標(biāo)簽要求方面的內(nèi)容。與技術(shù)法規(guī)相反，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬于自愿性質(zhì)，意味著服從不是強(qiáng)制性的。自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由歐洲電工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

9、化委員會(huì)設(shè)置，類似手機(jī)或掌上電腦的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)顯而易見(jiàn)是適用于TBT協(xié)議的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　除了技術(shù)法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，合格評(píng)定程序也屬于TBT協(xié)議的范圍。合格評(píng)定程序的定義為直接或間接用來(lái)確定是否滿足技術(shù)法規(guī)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相應(yīng)規(guī)定的程序。合格評(píng)定程序的例子包括抽樣、測(cè)試和檢驗(yàn)程序。</p><p>　　適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序的TBT協(xié)議與產(chǎn)品（包括工業(yè)品和農(nóng)業(yè)品），工藝流程及生產(chǎn)方法相關(guān)。

10、這是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題，然而，適用于TBT協(xié)議的工藝流程和生產(chǎn)方法使用包括與非產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的工藝流程及生產(chǎn)方法。這個(gè)屬于是指工藝流程和生產(chǎn)方法不會(huì)影響最終投放市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)品的特性。在TBT協(xié)議談判中討論是否應(yīng)該把這一部分包含在協(xié)議范圍內(nèi)。然而，這一討論沒(méi)有達(dá)成共識(shí)。</p><p><b>　　2、個(gè)人適用范圍</b></p><p>　　雖然TBT協(xié)議主要是面向中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)，

11、它明確旨在擴(kuò)大關(guān)于其他機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)技術(shù)法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建立或合格評(píng)定程序的執(zhí)行這方面的范圍。這些包括在TBT協(xié)議中的其他機(jī)構(gòu)主要由地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)和非政府機(jī)構(gòu)組成。</p><p>　　非中央政府的政府機(jī)構(gòu)（如州、省、郡、鎮(zhèn)、市等）及其各部或部門或在所述活動(dòng)上受這類政府控制的任何機(jī)構(gòu)。在TBT協(xié)議中的非政府機(jī)構(gòu)被定義為那些除了中央政府或具有執(zhí)行技術(shù)法規(guī)的合法權(quán)利的地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)以外的機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p&g

12、t;　　TBT協(xié)議擴(kuò)展了對(duì)這些機(jī)構(gòu)的范圍，WTO成員的義務(wù)是采取措施確保地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)和非政府機(jī)構(gòu)符合TBT協(xié)議，或者避免采取措施，這樣能鼓勵(lì)這些不符合TBT協(xié)議條款的其他機(jī)構(gòu)的行為。</p><p><b>　　3、時(shí)間適用范圍</b></p><p>　　在歐共體，引發(fā)了在1995年1月1日生效的TBT協(xié)議是否適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)的問(wèn)題。應(yīng)用協(xié)議的基本條款，陪審團(tuán)和上訴機(jī)

13、構(gòu)都認(rèn)為在1995年1月1日前被接受的歐共體條例仍然生效。從而這不能被視為停止存在的情況。所以，結(jié)論為在1995年1月1日前被采用的TBT協(xié)議適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)仍然有效。</p><p>　　（二）與其他WTO協(xié)議的關(guān)系</p><p>　　1、SPS協(xié)議和政府采購(gòu)協(xié)議</p><p>　　如上所述，TBT協(xié)議的范圍取決于措施的類型。大體上，TBT協(xié)議適用于定義在TBT

14、協(xié)議附件中的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序。然而，為了避免與其他WTO協(xié)議重復(fù)，TBT協(xié)議適用范圍的限制有利于其他兩部WTO協(xié)議，即政府采購(gòu)協(xié)議和SPS協(xié)議。這兩部協(xié)議的適用性都排除了TBT協(xié)議的適用性，技術(shù)討論的措施符合這兩部協(xié)議。</p><p>　　2、1994年關(guān)稅總協(xié)定</p><p>　　1994年關(guān)稅總協(xié)定和TBT協(xié)議的關(guān)系是他們的性質(zhì)不同以及他們不是以由其他協(xié)議適用性引發(fā)其中

15、一份協(xié)議適用性的排斥性為特性。</p><p>　?。ㄈ㏕BT協(xié)議實(shí)質(zhì)性條款</p><p>　　TBT協(xié)議基本的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款包含了一些能在1994年關(guān)稅總協(xié)定中找到的原則，比如：最惠國(guó)待遇，國(guó)民待遇原則以及避免成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易障礙的義務(wù)。國(guó)民待遇和最惠國(guó)待遇適用于技術(shù)法規(guī)。</p><p>　　區(qū)別于以上討論的基本實(shí)質(zhì)性條款，TBT協(xié)議還包含了其他一些值得一提的實(shí)質(zhì)性

16、條款。本段簡(jiǎn)短地討論了TBT協(xié)議中有關(guān)對(duì)等和共識(shí)、產(chǎn)品性能方面的要求，透明度和通知的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款。</p><p>　　關(guān)于對(duì)等和共識(shí)，TBT協(xié)議要求WTO成員考慮相等地接受其他成員的技術(shù)法規(guī)。如果他們滿意外國(guó)技術(shù)法國(guó)能充分履行本國(guó)技術(shù)法規(guī)所追求的合法目的，那么他們應(yīng)該，也只能這么做。關(guān)于產(chǎn)品性能方面的要求，TBT協(xié)議更傾向于成員采用在產(chǎn)品性能方面要求基礎(chǔ)上的技術(shù)法規(guī)。至于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，TBT協(xié)議附件三也規(guī)定更傾向于建立在

17、產(chǎn)品性能方面的要求基礎(chǔ)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　?。ㄋ模┲贫壬虾统绦蛏系腡BT協(xié)議條款</p><p>　　除了以上討論過(guò)的實(shí)質(zhì)性條款，TBT協(xié)議還包含一些制度上和程序上的條款，包括技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會(huì)和爭(zhēng)端處理。</p><p>　　技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘委員會(huì)由所有WTO成員和會(huì)員的代表在必要時(shí)組成。TBT委員會(huì)的作用是提供給成員一個(gè)關(guān)于TBT協(xié)議運(yùn)作和目標(biāo)過(guò)程中出

18、現(xiàn)的任何問(wèn)題的討論磋商。它也必須承擔(dān)該協(xié)議實(shí)施和操作的年度審查。</p><p>　　就影響本協(xié)定執(zhí)行的任何事項(xiàng)進(jìn)行磋商和爭(zhēng)端的解決均應(yīng)在爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)的主持下進(jìn)行，并應(yīng)按照爭(zhēng)端解決協(xié)定說(shuō)明和實(shí)施細(xì)則遵循1994年GATT中條款22和條款23的規(guī)定。</p><p>　?。ㄎ澹┌l(fā)展中國(guó)家的特殊條款</p><p>　　正如其他一些WTO協(xié)議，TBT協(xié)議考慮到發(fā)展中國(guó)家

19、的特殊處境和他們?cè)谧袷豑BT協(xié)議義務(wù)時(shí)可能會(huì)遇到的問(wèn)題。條款包括對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的技術(shù)援助和提供特殊和差別待遇的條款。</p><p>　　根據(jù)第11條，締約方應(yīng)向各發(fā)展中國(guó)家締約方提供技術(shù)協(xié)助，以確保技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及合格評(píng)定程序的制定和實(shí)施不會(huì)對(duì)各發(fā)展中國(guó)家締約方出口的擴(kuò)大和多樣化造成不必要的障礙。在確定技術(shù)協(xié)助的條款和條件時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮到請(qǐng)求方，特別是最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家締約方的發(fā)展階段。</p><p&

20、gt;　　WTO Rules on Technical Barriers to Trade</p><p>　　1. INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　TV sets, toys, cosmetics, medical equipment, fertilisers, meat and cheese are all subject to requirements relating

21、 to their characteristics and/or the manner in which they are produced. The purpose of these requirements may be the protection of life or health, the protection of the environment, the prevention of deceptive practices

22、or to ensure the quality of products. These requirements may be mandatory, set and enforced by governments. More often, however, these requirements are rules laid dow</p><p>　　Measures of this kind are commo

23、nly referred to as ‘technical barriers to trade’. This paper deals with the WTO law on such barriers. One must distinguish between: the general category of technical barriers to trade, for which rules have been set out i

24、n the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, commonly referred to as the TBT Agreement; and a special category of technical barriers to trade, namely sanitary and phytosanitary measures, for which rules are provided i

25、n the Agreement on the Applic</p><p>　　The rules of the TBT Agreement and the SPS Agreement are of great importance to international trade. As discussed below, these rules go significantly beyond the GATT ob

26、ligations not to discriminate among or against imported products. They impose certain international disciplines on national regulation regarding products, their characteristics and production. </p><p>　　2. T

27、HE TBT AGREEMENT</p><p>　　As noted above, the WTO rules on the general category of technical barriers to trade are set out in the TBT Agreement. This section discusses: the scope of application of the TBT Ag

28、reement; the relationship between the TBT Agreement and other WTO agreements, in particular, the SPS Agreement and the GATT 1994; the substantive provisions of the TBT Agreement ;the institutional and procedural provisi

29、ons of the TBT Agreement; and special provisions for developing country Members. </p><p>　　2.1. Scope of Application of the TBT Agreement </p><p>　　With respect to the scope of application of th

30、e TBT Agreement, this section distinguishes between the substantive scope of application, i.e., the types of measures to which the agreement applies, the personal scope of application, i.e., the entities to whom rules of

31、 the TBT Agreement apply, and the temporal scope of application of the agreement. </p><p>　　2.1.1. Substantive scope of application </p><p>　　The rules of the TBT Agreement apply to: technical

32、regulations; standards; and conformity assessment procedures. </p><p>　　In Annex 1.1, a technical regulation is defined as:document which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and pro

33、duction methods, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as

34、they apply to a product, process or production method.For example, a law requiring that batteries of 9 Volts or more be rechargeable, or a law req</p><p>　　Annex 1.2 of the TBT Agreement defines a standard a

35、s: document approved by a recognised body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, with which compliance is not mandatory

36、. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method.</p><p>　　Contrary to technical regu

37、lations, standards are of a voluntary nature, meaning compliance is not mandatory. The voluntary standards set by CENELEC (the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation), such as standards for mobile phones

38、 or handheld computers, are clearly standards within the meaning of the TBT Agreement. </p><p>　　In addition to technical regulations and standards, conformity assessment procedures also fall within the scop

39、e of application of the TBT Agreement. Conformity assessment procedures are defined in Annex 1.3 of the TBT Agreement as: any procedure used, directly or indirectly, to determine that relevant requirements in technical r

40、egulations or standards are fulfilled. Examples of conformity assessment procedures include, for example, procedures for sampling, testing and inspection.</p><p>　　The TBT Agreement applies to technical regu

41、lations, standards and conformity assessment procedures relating to: products (both industrial and agricultural); and processes and production methods (PPMs).</p><p>　　It is a subject of much debate, however

42、, whether the processes and production methods, to which the TBT Agreement applies, include the so-called non-product related processes and production methods (NPR-PPMs). This term refers to processes and production meth

43、ods that do not affect the characteristics of the final product put on the market. During the negotiations on the TBT Agreement, discussion took place on whether this group should be included in the scope of the agreemen

44、t. This discussion, h</p><p>　　2.1.2. Personal scope of application </p><p>　　Although the TBT Agreement is mainly addressed to central government bodies, it explicitly aims to extend its applic

45、ation to ‘other bodies’ responsible for the establishment of technical regulations, standards, or execution of conformity assessment procedures. These ‘other bodies’ covered by the TBT Agreement primarily consist of loca

46、l government bodies and non-governmental bodies.</p><p>　　Local government bodies are all bodies of government other than the central government, such as provinces, Länder, cantons or municipalities. Th

47、ey include any organ subject to the ‘control of such a [local] government in respect of the activity in question’.17 Non-governmental bodies in the context of the TBT Agreement are defined as bodies other than central go

48、vernment or local government bodies that ‘ha[ve] legal power to enforce a technical regulation’.18</p><p>　　The TBT Agreement extends its application to those ‘other bodies’ by imposing, on WTO Members, the

49、obligation:to take measures in order to ensure compliance with the TBT Agreement by local government bodies and non-governmental bodies; or to refrain from taking measures that could encourage actions by these other bod

50、ies that are inconsistent with the provisions of the TBT Agreement. </p><p>　　2.1.3. Temporal scope of application</p><p>　　In EC - Sardines, the issue arose whether the TBT Agreement applied to

51、 technical regulations which were already in force on 1 January 1995, i.e., the date on which the TBT Agreement entered into force. Applying this basic provision of treaty law, both the Panel and the Appellate Body held

52、that the EC Regulation, although adopted prior to 1 January 1995, was still in force and thus could not be considered as a situation which has ceased to exist.21 Therefore, it can be concluded that the TBT Agre</p>

53、<p>　　2.2. Relationship with Other WTO Agreements</p><p>　　2.2.1. The SPS Agreement and the Agreement on Government Procurement </p><p>　　As mentioned above, the scope of the TBT Agreemen

54、t is determined by the type of measure. The TBT Agreement applies, in principle, to technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures as defined in Annex 1 of the TBT Agreement. However, to avoid over

55、lap with other WTO Agreements, the scope of application of the TBT Agreement has been limited in favour of two other WTO Agreements, the Agreement on Government Procurement and the SPS Agreement. The applicability of eit

56、her of thes</p><p>　　2.2.2. The GATT 1994 </p><p>　　The relationship between the GATT 1994 and the TBT Agreement is of a different nature and is not characterised by the exclusion of applicabili

57、ty of one of these agreements triggered by the applicability of the other one.</p><p>　　2.2.3. Substantive Provisions of the TBT Agreement</p><p>　　The basic substantive provisions of the TBT Ag

58、reement contain several principles that are also found in the GATT 1994, such as: the most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment obligation, the national treatment obligation and the obligation to refrain from creating unneces

59、sary obstacles to international trade. The national treatment obligation and the MFN treatment obligation thus apply to technical regulations.</p><p>　　Apart from the basic substantive provisions discussed i

60、n the previous section, the TBT Agreement also contains a number of other substantive provisions which deserve to be mentioned. This section briefly examines the substantive provisions of the TBT Agreement relating to:eq

61、uivalence and mutual recognition; product requirements in terms of performance; and transparency and notification. </p><p>　　The TBT Agreement thus requires WTO Members to consider accepting, as equivalent,

62、 the technical regulations of other Members. They should, however, only do so if they are satisfied that the foreign technical regulations adequately fulfil the legitimate objectives pursued by their own technical regula

63、tions.The TBT Agreement thus prefers Members to adopt technical regulations on the basis of product requirements in terms of performance. With regard to standards, Annex 3 I of the TBT Agreement prov</p><p>

64、　　2.4. Institutional and Procedural Provisions of the TBT Agreement </p><p>　　In addition to the substantive provisions discussed above, the TBT Agreement also contains a number of institutional and procedur

65、al provisions. This section deals with the provisions on: the TBT Committee; and dispute settlement. This Committee is composed of representatives of all WTO Members and meets when necessary. The function of the TBT Comm

66、ittee is to provide Members with a forum for consultations regarding any matters pertaining to the operation or objectives of the TBT Agreement. It mus</p><p>　　Consultations and the settlement of disputes w

67、ith respect to any matter affecting the operation of the TBT Agreement shall follow the provisions of Articles XXII and XXIII of the GATT 1994 as elaborated on and applied by the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).&l

68、t;/p><p>　　2.5. Special Provisions for Developing Countries </p><p>　　As with many other WTO agreements, the TBT Agreement takes into account the specific situation of developing country Members an

69、d the problems they may encounter in complying with the obligations of the TBT Agreement. This section discusses: technical assistance for developing country Members; and provisions providing for special and differential

70、 treatment. </p><p>　　Pursuant to Article 11 of the TBT Agreement, Members shall, upon request, advise orprovide technical assistance to the requesting Member, in particular to least-developed country Member

71、s. The advice and technical assistance referred to in Article 11 primarily concern assistance in establishing institutions or legal frameworks dealing with the preparation of technical regulations and standards and the d

72、evelopment of conformity assessment procedures. </p><p>　　一、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的解決方法</p><p>　　為了解決技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘，國(guó)家已經(jīng)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易協(xié)議中增加條款，試圖使達(dá)到合法公共政策的目標(biāo)和增加國(guó)際貿(mào)易往來(lái)達(dá)到一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)。關(guān)于技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的協(xié)議或條款依賴大量的核心原則或自由化技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的選擇，盡管關(guān)于被采用的范圍中的每

73、條原則都是可變的。本章簡(jiǎn)要地介紹了被決策者和監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)采用的能減輕技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的方法，以及概括的闡述已經(jīng)包括在WTO/TBT協(xié)議中的職責(zé)和建議。本章節(jié)不是為了提供一個(gè)對(duì)各方法優(yōu)點(diǎn)和好處的深入分析，而是在評(píng)價(jià)用于雙邊、區(qū)域和多邊自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議和關(guān)稅同盟的方法和政策選擇的基礎(chǔ)上，提供一些背景信息。</p><p><b>　　核心政策選擇</b></p><p>　　第一，

74、協(xié)調(diào)一致的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序。有關(guān)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)措施可能意味著一締約方單方面地接受來(lái)自另一方的一套措施和指導(dǎo)，或近似于現(xiàn)有的國(guó)際性或區(qū)域性的措施和指導(dǎo)。在第二和第三選擇的情況下，統(tǒng)一常常意味著參加國(guó)際性或區(qū)域性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)。法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)調(diào)一致可以完整或僅限于“本質(zhì)特性”。貿(mào)易方最主要的利益為：公司只需要遵守技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序之中的一套法規(guī)。此外，統(tǒng)一提高了進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品和國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的兼容性，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。&l

75、t;/p><p>　　第二．技術(shù)法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的共識(shí)或?qū)Φ?。為了達(dá)到相同的監(jiān)管目標(biāo)，當(dāng)這些各具不同的技術(shù)規(guī)范被雙方認(rèn)可，認(rèn)可等同于技術(shù)法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為另一締約方采用。（“對(duì)等”是指單邊認(rèn)可；“共識(shí)”是指相互認(rèn)可）。共識(shí)能使產(chǎn)品滿足任何締約方的法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而使其不受限制地進(jìn)入其他締約方的市場(chǎng)。貿(mào)易放最重要的利益為：公司不用符合其他締約方的法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就能進(jìn)入他們的市場(chǎng)。他們只需要符合一套法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就能進(jìn)入所有締約方的市場(chǎng)。&l

76、t;/p><p>　　第三，合格評(píng)定結(jié)果共識(shí)。范圍為：締約方監(jiān)管當(dāng)局認(rèn)可由其他締約方的合格評(píng)定機(jī)構(gòu)出具的檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告和證明。一個(gè)廣泛機(jī)制的存在以便于接受一些或全部來(lái)自其他締約方的合格評(píng)定結(jié)果，包括：信賴供應(yīng)商的符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聲明；在來(lái)自各個(gè)締約方領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的合格評(píng)定機(jī)構(gòu)中間進(jìn)行自由安排；關(guān)于相互接受合格評(píng)定程序的結(jié)果的協(xié)議，由其他締約方的合格評(píng)定機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)；符合條件的合格評(píng)定機(jī)構(gòu)的認(rèn)證程序；政府制定的合格評(píng)定機(jī)構(gòu)。貿(mào)易方的利益為：企

77、業(yè)不需要進(jìn)行多次的產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)和證明。產(chǎn)品在出口前進(jìn)行測(cè)試和認(rèn)證，并可以進(jìn)入其他締約方的市場(chǎng)，而無(wú)需接受重復(fù)合格評(píng)定。</p><p>　　第四，透明度。它的范圍為：他們接受的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序之前的通知。被采用的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序的出版。為貿(mào)易方設(shè)置全國(guó)性和地區(qū)性的咨詢處。要求通知方提供一份說(shuō)明，解釋為何在存在國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方不適用該國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在制定法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)其他締約方法人代表的參與。貿(mào)易方所收

78、到的好處為：公司都知道他們需要遵守的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序，以便進(jìn)入其他締約方的市場(chǎng)。在某些情況下，他們可以發(fā)表評(píng)論或參與其他締約方法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定。</p><p>　　技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的WTO協(xié)議</p><p>　　關(guān)于技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的WTO協(xié)議擴(kuò)大和加強(qiáng)了關(guān)于技術(shù)法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國(guó)際學(xué)科的范疇和覆蓋面，并且提供了一套全面監(jiān)管的TBT準(zhǔn)則。因?yàn)槭蕾Q(mào)組織要求成員堅(jiān)持WTO/TBT協(xié)議。

79、WTO/TBT協(xié)議的目的是為了確保有關(guān)產(chǎn)品和加工的技術(shù)法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格評(píng)定程序不給國(guó)際貿(mào)易造成不必要的阻礙，同時(shí)認(rèn)可國(guó)家的權(quán)利，讓他們采用他們認(rèn)為合適的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī)。</p><p>　　DO BILATERAL AND REGIONAL APPROACHES FOR REDUCING TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE CONVERGE TOWARDS THE MULTILATERAL T

80、RADING SYSTEM?</p><p>　　1. APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE</p><p>　　In order to address TBT, countries have included provisions in international trade agreements that attem

81、pt to strike a balance between legitimate public policy objectives and increased international trade flows. These agreements or provisions regarding TBT rely on a number of (compatible) core principles or options to ―lib

82、eralise‖ TBT, though the scope adopted vis-à-vis each of those principles can vary. This Chapter briefly explains the approaches policymakers and regulators have adopted to red</p><p>　　1.1 Key policy o

83、ptions </p><p>　　One of the Core principle :Harmonisation of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures . Harmonisation of standard-related measures may imply the unilateral adopti

84、on by one Party of another Party’s set of measures and guides; negotiation by both Parties of a common set of (international or regional) measures and guides, or approximation towards existing international or regional m

85、easures and guides. In the case of the 2nd and 3rd option, harmonisation often implies pa</p><p>　　Firms only need to comply with one set of regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. In a

86、ddition, harmonisation enhances the compatibility between imported and domestically produced goods, thus further encouraging international trade. </p><p>　　The other is Mutual recognition or equivalence of t

87、echnical regulations and standards . Recognition as equivalent of technical regulations and standards applied by another Party, when these differ in terms of their technical specifications yet are recognized by the Parti

88、es as meeting the same regulatory objectives. (“Equivalence” refers to unilateral recognition; “mutual recognition” to reciprocal recognition).Mutual recognition grants products that meet any of the Parties’ regulations

89、and stand</p><p>　　(Mutual) recognition of conformity assessment results . Parties’ regulatory authorities recognise test reports and/or certificates issued by conformity assessment bodies in other Parties.

90、(In the absence of recognition of technical regulations, products are assessed against the regulations of the importing country). A broad range of mechanisms exists to facilitate the acceptance of some or all aspects of

91、 another Party’s conformity assessment results, including: Reliance on a suppliers’ declara</p><p>　　Transparency .Notification before their adoption of technical regulations, standards and conformity asses

92、sment procedures (to allow for comments by the other Parties or traders). Publication of adopted technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures. Set up of national/regional enquiry points for trade

93、rs. Request for the notifying Party to provide an explanation as to why international standards have not been used where existent. Participation by legal persons of other Part</p><p>　　1.2 The WTO Agreement

94、on Technical Barriers to Trade</p><p>　　The WTO Agreement on TBT expands and strengthens the scope and coverage of international disciplines on technical regulations and standards and provides a comprehensiv

95、e set of guidelines for the regulation of TBT. 8 Because the WTO requires all its Members to adhere to the WTO TBT Agreement, a much larger number of countries are bound by its obligations than those that committed to th