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1、碩士專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)位論文論文題目 腰椎微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定及椎間孔鏡手術(shù)中的X線防護(hù)研究研究生姓名指導(dǎo)教師姓名專(zhuān) 業(yè) 名 稱(chēng)研 究 方 向論文提交日期扶青松賀石生外科學(xué)脊柱外科2014年 4月腰椎微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定及椎間孔鏡手術(shù)中的XX線防護(hù)研究中文摘要醫(yī)學(xué)輻射【Medical Radiation Exposure】對(duì)于醫(yī)護(hù)人員及患者的危害日益成為人們所關(guān)注的話題。對(duì)于脊柱外科醫(yī)生,主要的輻射暴露來(lái)自于手術(shù)中移動(dòng)式“C”型臂 X線機(jī)及“G”型臂

2、 X線機(jī)的透視使用;隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療水平的發(fā)展,各大醫(yī)院逐漸普及的術(shù)中 3D成像導(dǎo)航設(shè)備、術(shù)中 CT等先進(jìn)影像設(shè)備的陸續(xù)投入使用使輻射暴露越來(lái)越成為不可忽視的問(wèn)題。因此,對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)輻射在脊柱外科領(lǐng)域的檢測(cè)及研究、防護(hù)就變得越來(lái)越舉足輕重,尤其是輻射的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。至此,醫(yī)學(xué)輻射在脊柱外科領(lǐng)域的研究及防護(hù)將至關(guān)重要,能夠?yàn)閺V大的脊柱外科醫(yī)護(hù)人員的日常工作提供理論依據(jù)及量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文主要通過(guò)兩部分來(lái)闡述脊柱外科手術(shù)中關(guān)于移動(dòng)影像設(shè)備透視過(guò)程中對(duì)醫(yī)

3、護(hù)人員所產(chǎn)生輻射的量化研究及防護(hù)。第一部分,主要是研究微創(chuàng)腰椎可擴(kuò)張通道下減壓經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定融合手術(shù)【MIS-Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion,MIS-TLIF】中使用表皮定位器及皮內(nèi)定位器與否,對(duì)照研究 A、B兩組手術(shù)中術(shù)者所接受“G”型臂 X線機(jī)的透視所產(chǎn)生的輻射暴露劑量大小及透視時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短,探討如何降低MIS-TILF手術(shù)中輻射暴露對(duì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員造成的傷害。第二部分,主要研究腰椎間孔鏡下髓核摘

4、除術(shù)【 Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy,PELD】中,術(shù)者各個(gè)身體部位一臺(tái)手術(shù)所被暴露的輻射劑量,從而為 PELD術(shù)者提供輻射量化參考值,探討如何避免過(guò)多的輻射暴露。第一部分 微創(chuàng)腰椎經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中的輻射暴露研究目的本文主要研究在腰椎經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中,使用表皮定位器及皮內(nèi)定位器與不使用表皮定位器及皮內(nèi)定位器時(shí)術(shù)者所受輻射劑量及透視次數(shù)的變化,從而探討在腰椎經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中的輻射防

5、護(hù)。方法 2012年 1月至 2012年 6月間選取經(jīng)微創(chuàng)I 腰椎可擴(kuò)張通道下減壓經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定融合手術(shù)治療腰椎間盤(pán)突出合并腰椎不穩(wěn)患者 20X例,男 9例,女 11例;年齡 48-78歲,平均 66歲;腰 3-4節(jié)段手術(shù) 2例、腰 4-5節(jié)段手術(shù) 10例、腰 5-骶 1節(jié)段 8例、并且都是單節(jié)段椎間盤(pán)突出合并腰椎不穩(wěn)患者。術(shù)者選取同一位主任醫(yī)師操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的后路可擴(kuò)張通道手術(shù)系統(tǒng)行椎管減壓、椎間盤(pán)切除、椎間植骨融

6、合、經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘復(fù)位固定術(shù)治療。其中 A組 10例患者術(shù)中定位時(shí)使用表皮定位器及皮內(nèi)定位器、另外 B組 10例患者不使用。術(shù)中使用“G”型臂機(jī)透視、測(cè)量術(shù)者右手指、右前臂、眼睛、甲狀腺、左前胸、性腺六個(gè)部位的有效輻射劑量。比較 A、B組中術(shù)者所受輻射劑量及透視次數(shù)的變化。結(jié)果所有 20例患者(男 9例,女 11例)手術(shù)均順利完成,平均每臺(tái)手術(shù)操作時(shí)間 150.5分鐘、(范圍在 121-193分鐘),其中 A組

7、 141.2分鐘(范圍在 121-172分鐘);B組 159.8分鐘(范圍在 132-193分鐘)。平均透視時(shí)間 59秒、(范圍在 38-82秒),其中 A組平均 49.6S;B組平均 68.4S?!癎”型臂 X線機(jī)前后位曝光管電壓:70-80kV、管電流:2.0-3.0mA;左右位曝光管電壓:95-110kV、管電流:3.0-4.0mA。結(jié)論在微創(chuàng)腰椎經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中,使用表皮定位器及皮內(nèi)定位器能夠有效減少曝光次數(shù)及手

8、術(shù)操作時(shí)間,從而減少術(shù)中術(shù)者輻射暴露。關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定輻射暴露輻射危害表皮定位器皮內(nèi)定位器第二部分 經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡下腰椎間盤(pán)切除手術(shù)中的輻射研究目的本文主要研究在經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡腰椎間盤(pán)切除手術(shù)中、每臺(tái)手術(shù)所接受的有效輻射劑量及 1年每個(gè)醫(yī)生可以完成的手術(shù)數(shù)量,為術(shù)者提供一個(gè)參考依據(jù)。方法從2012年 2月至 2012年 5月間連續(xù)采用椎間孔鏡技術(shù)治療腰椎間盤(pán)突出癥患者 21例,男 9例,女 12例;年齡 24-76歲,平均

9、 38歲;腰 4-5椎間盤(pán)突出者 18例,腰 5-骶 1椎盤(pán)突出者 3例,并且都是單節(jié)段椎間盤(pán)突出癥患者。同一個(gè)手術(shù)醫(yī)生操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的經(jīng)椎間孔腰椎間盤(pán)切除術(shù),術(shù)中使用“G”型臂 X線機(jī)透視測(cè)量術(shù)者右手指、右前臂、眼睛、甲狀腺、左前胸、性腺六個(gè)部位的有效輻射劑量,通過(guò)參照《國(guó)際放射防護(hù)委員會(huì)(ICRP)》對(duì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的年接受輻射劑量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值計(jì)算出一個(gè)醫(yī)生每年允許操作的手術(shù)數(shù)量。結(jié)果 21例手術(shù)中,平均每臺(tái)手術(shù)操作時(shí)間為 48.9分鐘

10、,平均透視時(shí)間為26秒;手術(shù)時(shí)間跟透視時(shí)間之間沒(méi)有必然聯(lián)系。其中,在沒(méi)有防護(hù)的情況下,右前II 臂平均有效輻射劑量為 0.1133mSv、右手指為 0.3468mSv、眼睛為 0.0204mSv、甲狀X腺 0.0413mSv、左前胸 0.0861mSv、性腺 0.0814mSv,而使用防輻射設(shè)備后,左前胸及甲狀腺、眼睛的有效輻射劑量分別減少 84.7%、88.4%、89.2%。以此計(jì)算出每年一個(gè)骨科手術(shù)醫(yī)生在沒(méi)有穿戴鉛圍裙時(shí)能夠操作的

11、手術(shù)數(shù)量為 581臺(tái),而穿戴時(shí)能夠操作 3817臺(tái);以眼睛晶體每年的輻射限值(150mSv)及手指(500mSv)計(jì)算,每年一個(gè)醫(yī)生能夠操作的手術(shù)臺(tái)數(shù)分別為 7352臺(tái)及 1441臺(tái)。結(jié)論在沒(méi)有防護(hù)的情況下,每年一個(gè)醫(yī)生在累積輻射劑量限制內(nèi)能夠操作的椎間孔鏡手術(shù)臺(tái)數(shù)為 581臺(tái)。據(jù)此計(jì)算,一生中,X線輻射對(duì)骨科手術(shù)醫(yī)生的傷害將是巨大的。因此,在術(shù)中正確的佩戴防輻射設(shè)備對(duì)有效的降低手術(shù)醫(yī)生所接受的輻射將至關(guān)重要。關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡輻

12、射劑量輻射危害輻射防護(hù)椎間盤(pán)切除術(shù)作 者:扶青松指導(dǎo)教師:賀石生教授III XX-ray protection research of the lumber minimallyinvasive percutaneous internal fixation and endoscopic discectomy surgeryAbstract Part I Radiation exposure in the surgeryof m

13、inimallyinvasivepercutaneous internal fixationObjective To compare the radiation dose and fluorescence times in the minimally invasive percutaneous internal fixation with or without the epidermal loca

14、tor and the intradermal locator and to investigate the radiation protection during the surgery. Method Minimally invasive percutaneous decompression and internal fixation under the expandable chan

15、nel was performed in 20 cases (male:9; female:11) from 2012.1 to 2012.6. Patients’ mean age was 66yrs (range 48-78yrs) and all of them had single-level lumbar disc herniation combined with instability (2 cases at L3-4; 1

16、0 cases at L4-5; 8 cases at L5-S1). Discectomy, decompression, interbody fusion and pedicle screw fixation was performed at the targeted level by one surgeon. Epidermal and intradermal locator were used in 10 cases of gr

17、oup A while fluorescence was performed regularly without any kind of locator in 10 cases of group B. G-arm fluorescence machine was used in the surgery. Radiation exposure dose data was collected from six sites of

18、 the surgeon’s body (right hand finger, right forearm, eyes, thyroid gland, left chest and gonadal gland). Radiation dose and fluorescence times of the two groups were recorded. Result All su

19、rgeries were performed successfully. The whole average operation time was 150.5min (range 121-193min) and fluorescence time was 59sec (range 38-82s). In group A the average operation time and fluorescence time

20、were 141.2min (range 121-172min) and 49.6sec separately and in group B the results were 159.8min (range 132-193min) and 68.4sec. The anterior to posterior IV Xdirection exposure tube voltage of the G-arm machi

21、ne was 70-80kV, the tube current was 2.0-3.0mA while for the left to right direction, the data was 95-110kV and 3.0-4.0mA. Conclusion Epidermal and intradermal locator could significantly reduce the fluoresc

22、ence times and operation time in minimally invasive percutaneous internal fixation, so it could help to reduce the whole radiation exposure in the surgery. [Keywords]: MIS-Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion, Radiatio

23、n Exposure , Radiation hazards, Epidermal Locator, Intradermal Locator PartⅡ Radiation Research to the Surgeon During PercutaneousTransforaminal Dndoscopic Lumbar DiscectomyObjective The purpose of this study was to m

24、easure the radiation dose to which the surgeons are exposed during each percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) and to calculate the allowable number of cases per year. Methods A retrospective study wa

25、s carried on successive 21 patients who underwent percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) for lumbar disc herniation from February 2012 to May 2012. 9 males and 12 females were admitted with mean age of 3

26、8 years (range,24-76 years). The lumbar 4-5 disc herniation in 18 cases,L5 - S1 intervertebral disc hernia in 3 cases,and they are single-segment disc herniation. With only one surgeon operating standard percuta

27、neous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy, the radiation exposure of the right hand,forearm, eye, neck, chest, and perineum of the surgeon was measured during operation.And by referring to “the Internati

28、onal Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)“ for health care workers received radiation doses of standard limits to calculate allowing the number of surgical operations a doctor per year. Results During operati

29、on ,the mean operation time was 48.9 minutes, and the mean fluoroscopy time was 0.43 minutes , No significant correlations were found between operation time and fluoroscopy time. The calculated mea

30、n effective radiation dose each operationunprotected were as follows: right forearm 0.1133mSv, right hand 0.3468mSv, eye 0.0204mSv, thyroid 0.0413mSv, left chest 0.0861mSv, gonadal 0.0814mSv. The

31、 left chest and thyroid, eye protective effects of a lead V Xby 84.7% 、88.4%、89.2%, respectively. Therefore, with regard to whole-body radiation, collar ,lead apron and lead mask were demonstrated by the reduction of the

32、 radiation dose 3817 operations can be performed per year using a lead apron, whereas only 581 operations can be performed without using a lead apron, Moreover, 7352 operations can be performed within

33、the occupational exposure limit for the eyes (150 mSv), and 1441 operations can be performed within the occupational exposure limit for the hands (500 mSv) veery years. Conclusion Without radi

34、ation shielding, a surgeon performing 581 PELDs annually would be exposed to the maximum allowable radiation dose. Given the measurable lifetime X-ray radiation hazards to the surgeon, the use of adequate protective

35、 equipment is essential to reducing exposure during PELD. [Keywords]: Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, Radiation dosage , Radiation hazards, Radioprotection, DiscectomyWritten by:Fu Qingsong Supervis

36、ed by:Pro.He ShishengVI 目錄前言....................................................................................................................................1 參考文獻(xiàn)......................................................

37、......................................................................4 第一部分微創(chuàng)腰椎經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定手術(shù)中的輻射暴露研究................................................81、材料與方法.....................................................................

38、.............................................8 、討論.........................................................................................................................16 2、結(jié)果..........................................

39、...............................................................................13 參考文獻(xiàn)..........................................................................................................................22 3第二部分經(jīng)皮椎間

40、孔鏡下腰椎間盤(pán)切除手術(shù)中的輻射研究......................................251、材料與方法................................................................................................................25 、討論......................................

41、...................................................................................31 2、結(jié)果.........................................................................................................................29 參考文獻(xiàn)..

42、........................................................................................................................35 3總結(jié)..............................................................................................

43、....................................38綜述..................................................................................................................................39參考文獻(xiàn)............................................

44、..............................................................................43 中英文對(duì)照縮略詞表..........................................................................................................47致謝....................

45、..............................................................................................................48前言X近 20年來(lái)脊柱外科得到飛躍發(fā)展,脊柱微創(chuàng)技術(shù)也不斷得到普及,但是微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的推廣離不開(kāi)對(duì)影像透視設(shè)備的依賴(lài)。特別是在脊柱外科手術(shù)的操作中,移動(dòng)式“C”型臂 X線機(jī)及“G”型臂 X線機(jī)定位、導(dǎo)航使用就非常的普遍

46、,目前在國(guó)內(nèi)普通的縣/市二級(jí)醫(yī)院、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院,都隨處可見(jiàn)骨科用影像透視設(shè)備。如此,透視中所造成的輻射暴露問(wèn)題也逐漸的被廣大的醫(yī)務(wù)人員重視起來(lái),特別是致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn),越來(lái)越成為一個(gè)無(wú)法回避的話題 。但是,當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)還沒(méi)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道脊柱微創(chuàng)領(lǐng)域相關(guān) 的輻射研究與防護(hù),本文就脊柱微創(chuàng)技術(shù)中主要兩個(gè)涉及相對(duì)較大輻射暴露的手術(shù)方1-4式做相關(guān)輻射的測(cè)量與防護(hù)研究。電離輻射主要包括α、β、γ射線和 X 射線等,是具有足夠的能量可使受照射物質(zhì)的原子電

47、離的一類(lèi)輻射線,其吸收劑量的單位為戈瑞(gray , Gy),與戈瑞有關(guān)還有一個(gè)常用單位叫做拉德 (rad),它是 “輻射吸收劑量” (Radiation Absorbed Dose) 的英文縮寫(xiě),大小為戈瑞的百分之一。而有效劑量的單位為希沃特 (Sievert——符號(hào)為 Sv),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)希。是國(guó)際單位制中的導(dǎo)出單位,其定義為:以希沃特為單位的劑量當(dāng)量 = 以戈瑞為單位的吸收劑量 × 輻射權(quán)重因子有效劑量 =

48、Σ (劑量當(dāng)量 × 組織權(quán)重因子),它是一個(gè)很大的單位,實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)常常要用毫希 (mSv) 或微希 (µSv) 來(lái)輔助。比如一次胸部透視所受輻射的有效劑量約為幾十個(gè)微希;一次腦部 CT 所受輻射的有效劑量約為幾個(gè)毫希;一個(gè)人在正常自然環(huán)境中每年所受輻射的有效劑量也約為幾個(gè)毫希。人體短時(shí)間所受輻射的有效劑量在 100 毫希以上時(shí),就會(huì)開(kāi)始有不容忽視的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),劑量越大,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,劑量若大到要直接動(dòng)用希沃特這個(gè)單

49、位 (比如達(dá)到幾個(gè)希沃特),那么就算不死也基本只剩半條命了。除希沃特外,描述劑量當(dāng)量或有效劑量還有一個(gè)常用單位叫做雷姆 (Rem),它是 “人體倫琴當(dāng)量” (Roentgen Equivalent In Man) 的英文縮寫(xiě),大小為希沃特的百分之一。有效劑量由于是平均到全身后的劑量當(dāng)量,在使用時(shí)不必指定具體的器官或組織。電離輻射的作用機(jī)制目前公認(rèn)由受到輻射的生物機(jī)體的特性、輻射的總劑量和輻射的劑量率來(lái)決定。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)一直認(rèn)為電離輻射

50、對(duì)生物機(jī)體有害,并且隨著照射劑量1 的增加其造成的損傷也呈線性增加,即所謂的線性無(wú)閾理論(linear no threshold, LNT)X。國(guó)際輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì)(ICRP)2004 年的報(bào)告也認(rèn)為,低劑量照射與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系; Brenner、Breckow和 Tubiana 等人在 2006 年的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中5表示支持 LNT理論。流行病學(xué)資料也顯示,暴露于 0.2~3.0 Sv劑量(1 S

51、v =1 Gy6×修正因子)的照射下將會(huì)明顯增加癌癥及其他疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 。7-9其中,照射的敏感度與動(dòng)物種屬的差異、性別、年齡等都有關(guān)系,且全身各組織10-14的細(xì)胞間也存在差異,增殖旺盛、活躍的細(xì)胞如造血干細(xì)胞、卵巢細(xì)胞等具有較高的敏感度;而位于骨組織和皮膚等處,相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞對(duì)輻射的耐受性則相對(duì)較高。在醫(yī)學(xué)和牙科領(lǐng)域,低劑量照射變得司空見(jiàn)慣。傳統(tǒng)認(rèn)為電離輻射會(huì)破壞骨和骨痂周?chē)约白陨淼难\(yùn)、直接殺滅骨細(xì)胞和成骨前體細(xì)胞,降解

52、骨基質(zhì)等,從而引起骨壞15死、骨折延遲愈合和骨不連等,誘發(fā)骨質(zhì)疏松并對(duì)骨骼生長(zhǎng)和骨折愈合有害 。 16-19程。發(fā)現(xiàn)超過(guò) 6Gy 劑量的照射可使實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物全部死亡,而 3Gy 劑量的照射則表現(xiàn)為Spittler 等對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行≥3Gy 的中高劑量全身照射后制作骨折模型,探究其愈合過(guò)骨折愈合的延遲。然而,很多學(xué)者對(duì)低劑量照射的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)研究則有相反的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 20長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的合成與分泌。另外,Sabine Francois 等認(rèn)為

53、 LDI 后損傷部位的Heissig 等發(fā)現(xiàn) 2 Gy 的照射可以促進(jìn)小鼠下肢骨折處血供的恢復(fù),促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮生組織修復(fù)可能與照射促使骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞“歸巢”,即向損傷部位趨化并修復(fù)損傷21組織。也有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn) LDI 可促進(jìn)造血前體細(xì)胞的趨化,增加成骨細(xì)胞堿性磷酸酶的(AKP)分泌。臨床上普遍使用的移動(dòng)式“C”型臂 X線機(jī)及“G”型臂 X線機(jī)22即使低輻射劑量照射這一類(lèi)。骨科手術(shù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展、精確導(dǎo)航、定位,離

54、不開(kāi)術(shù)中各23種 X線透視設(shè)備的輔助,特別是現(xiàn)在我國(guó)逐漸普及的脊柱微創(chuàng)手術(shù),對(duì)術(shù)中定位導(dǎo)航設(shè)備的依賴(lài)性則更加突出。如此,低 X線輻射在醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展與創(chuàng)新過(guò)程中功不可沒(méi),但是其對(duì)身體照成的傷害也不容忽視,我們必須科學(xué)的使用與防護(hù)。因此,我們對(duì)輻射的認(rèn)知應(yīng)該出于保護(hù)人群遠(yuǎn)離電離輻射的有害影響的同時(shí),并不過(guò)分的限制其對(duì)生物機(jī)體有益作用的利用。這種認(rèn)知應(yīng)當(dāng)基于對(duì)輻射效應(yīng)的科學(xué)理解和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,而醫(yī)學(xué)輻射的效應(yīng)和廣泛存在性恰恰符合了這一點(diǎn),

55、值得我們作進(jìn)一步的研究。近十年間,脊柱微創(chuàng)技術(shù)在我國(guó)逐漸的推廣、普及。微創(chuàng)技術(shù)在老百姓思想中也242 逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)、接受。其中,經(jīng)后路椎間孔腰椎椎間融合(Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody XFusion,TLIF)是目前臨床用于腰椎疾病治療經(jīng)常采用的術(shù)式,已是非常成熟的腰椎傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)。而微創(chuàng) TLIF(MIS-TLIF)與傳統(tǒng)的腰椎手術(shù)相比,具有手術(shù)切口小、腰骶肌肉剝離范圍小、出血少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已被認(rèn)為是

56、腰椎退變性疾病治療的有效方法,并且療效肯定 。而椎間孔鏡技術(shù)(Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar 25)隨著脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展也已演變?yōu)楸容^成熟的脊柱微創(chuàng)技術(shù)26-27。通過(guò)在內(nèi)鏡可視化、選擇性的腰椎間盤(pán)摘除術(shù),幾組隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)證明了該技Discectomy ,PELD術(shù)的效果 ;確保了手術(shù)過(guò)程安全性與準(zhǔn)確性,并且療效肯定。同時(shí),選擇適合28-29的患者、保留完整的后柱結(jié)構(gòu)也將會(huì)是保證手術(shù)療效的基石。然而,無(wú)

57、論是微創(chuàng)經(jīng)30-31 32皮內(nèi)固定(MIS-TLIF)手術(shù)、還是經(jīng)椎間孔鏡微創(chuàng)技術(shù)(PELD)都不得不依靠于安全33的手術(shù)入路及精準(zhǔn)的術(shù)中定位。目前,已經(jīng)有許多文獻(xiàn) 報(bào)道椎間孔鏡技術(shù)及其他微創(chuàng)手術(shù)中所涉及到的 X線輻射問(wèn)題。但是到目前為止,國(guó)人還沒(méi)有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道34-35關(guān)于 MIS-TILF及 PELD手術(shù)中醫(yī)生所受到 X線的輻射與防護(hù)問(wèn)題研究。本研究著眼于此,將脊柱微創(chuàng)手術(shù)中目前曝光次數(shù)最多、輻射劑量最大的兩種手術(shù),經(jīng)后路微創(chuàng)

58、椎間孔腰椎椎間融合術(shù)(Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion,MIS-TLIF)及椎間孔鏡技術(shù)(Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar )中,術(shù)者在手術(shù)過(guò)程中,使用目前國(guó)際上最通用的熱釋光片技術(shù)測(cè)量術(shù)者身體右手指、右前臂、眼睛、甲狀腺、左前胸、性腺六個(gè)部位的有效輻射劑Discectomy ,PELD量,比較不同狀態(tài)下術(shù)

59、中所暴露輻射劑量或透視時(shí)間(次數(shù))大小,從而探討、研究如何減少術(shù)中醫(yī)護(hù)人員的輻射暴露及防護(hù)措施。3 X參考文獻(xiàn)1. Berrington A, Darby SC, Weiss HA, et al.100 years of observation on British radiologists: mortality from cancer and other causes189

60、7–1997. Br J Radiol 2001;74:507–19. 2. Carpenter LM, Swerdlow AJ, Fear NT. Mortality of doctors in different specialties:findings from a cohort of 20000 NHS hospital consultants. Occup E

61、nviron Med 1997;54:388–95. 3. Finkelstein MM. Is brain cancer an occupational disease of cardiologists? Can J Cardiol 1998;14:1385–8. 4. Klein LW, Miller DL, Balter S, et al.Occupational health hazardsi

62、n the interventional laboratory: time for a safer environment. Radiology 2009;250:538–44. 5. National Council on Radiation Protection 1993. Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: Report 116(Natl. Coun

63、cil Radiat. Prot., Bethesda, MD). 6. ICRP 2004. ICRP Draft report of Committee I/Task Group. Low dose extrapolation of radiation related cancer risk. 7. Brenner D J, Sachs R K. Estimating radiation-induced cancer r

64、isks at very low doses: rationale for using a linear no -threshold approach [J]. Radiation and environmental biophysics, 2006, 44(4): 253-256. 8. Breckow J. Linear-no-threshold is a radiation-protection stand

65、ard rather than a mechanistic effect model [J]. Radiation and environmental biophysics, 2006, 44(4): 257-260. 9. Tubiana M, Aurengo A, Averbeck D, et al. The debate on the use of linear no threshold for

66、assessing the effects of low doses [J]. Journal of Radiological Protection, 2006, 26(3): 317. 10. Brenner D J, Mossman K L. Do radiation doses below 1 cGy increase cancer risks?[J]. Radiation research, 2005, 163(6): 692

67、. 11. Merriam GR, Focht EF. A clinical study of radiation cataracts and the relationship to 4 Xdose. Am J Roentgenol 1957;5:759–85. 12. Pack GT, Davis J. Radiation cancer of the skin. Radiology 1965;84:436–42. 13. Max

68、on HR, Thomas SR, Saenger EL, et al. Ionizing radiation and the induction of clinically significant disease in the human thyroid gland. Am J Med1977;63:967–78. 14. Bross ID, Ball M, Falen S. A dosage response cu

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