乳糖和乳制品在斷奶仔豬飼料中的應(yīng)用

1、乳糖和乳制品在斷奶仔豬飼料中的應(yīng)用Lactose and Milk Products for Newly Weaned Pigs,,Gary L. CromwellDepartment of Animal and Food SciencesUniversity of Kentucky肯塔基大學動物和食品系A(chǔ)dvanced Swine Nutrition SymposiumMAFIC 10th Anniversary Conf

2、erenceBeijing, ChinaNovember 30, 2006,,,,,Challenges Faced by Early-Weaned Pigs早期斷奶仔豬所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)From liquid to dry diet 從液體母乳到固體飼料的轉(zhuǎn)變Strange environment 陌生的環(huán)境變化Immature digestive system發(fā)育不全的消化系統(tǒng)Poor immune status

3、不完善的免疫機制,Immunity in Young Pigs幼齡豬免疫力的變化,Digestive Enzyme Development in Young Pigs 幼齡豬消化酶的發(fā)育和變化,,,What Kind of Diet is Needed by Newly Weaned Pigs?斷奶仔豬需要什么類型的日糧?,,,Palatable 適口性好Readily digestible protein source

4、易消化的蛋白質(zhì)來源Excellent profile of amino acids 理想的氨基酸組成Readily digestible carbohydrate source (lactose) 易消化的碳水化合物來源(乳糖),Background 研究背景,Dried milk-based products have been used in pig starter diets for many years. 干

5、乳制品在仔豬斷奶料中已經(jīng)使用許多年.These products enhance feed intake, growth rate, and health of newly weaned pigs. 這些產(chǎn)品能夠提高斷奶仔豬的飼料采食量, 生長率和健康.Milk contains many important components with superior nutritional value for pigs. 奶制品含有許多對仔

6、豬具有高營養(yǎng)價值的重要成分.These include carbohydrates (lactose), proteins (amino acids, specific proteins), lipids, Ca, P, and other minerals and vitamins. 這些包括碳水化合物(乳糖), 蛋白質(zhì)(氨基酸,特殊蛋白), 乳脂,鈣,磷,和其他礦物質(zhì)和維生素,,,Dried Products from Liqui

7、d Milk來源于液體乳的干奶制品,Dried Milk Powder 干奶粉,50-75 years ago, pigs were routinely weaned at 6-8 weeks of age. 50 到75年前,豬的常規(guī)斷奶年齡為6到8周.In the 1960’s swine producers began to adopt more intensive production practices – led to

8、 earlier weaning of pigs – at 3-4 weeks. 60年代開始,養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)者采用了更為集約化的生產(chǎn)方式, 導致仔豬的早期斷奶( 3到4周齡斷奶).Inclusion of dried milk powder or dried skim milk in post weaning diets became a common practice. 在日糧中添加奶粉或脫脂奶粉變的非常普遍.This was nec

9、essary to keep pigs alive, healthy, and growing. 乳制品是維持仔豬生命,健康和生長所必須.,,,Dried Milk Powder奶粉,Today, with improved environments and specialized ingredients (dried whey, lactose, dried blood plasma, dried blood cells, fis

10、h meal), dried milk is seldom used.當今,應(yīng)用飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境的改善和特殊飼料原料(乳清粉,乳糖,血漿蛋白粉,血細胞粉,魚粉)的廣泛使用,奶粉已經(jīng)很少使用.Readily digestible carbohydrates (such as lactose) are essential to provide energy.易消化碳水化合物(乳糖)是提供仔豬能量所必須的.Source of lactose is

11、 whey.乳糖的來源主要是乳清產(chǎn)品.,,,Dried Products from Cheese Production 來源于乳酪生產(chǎn)的干奶制品,Milk 鮮奶,Cheese 乳酪,Liquid Whey 液體乳清,,,,,Whey Processing 乳清的加工過程,Liquid Whey 液體乳清,Liquid whey was once considered a waste product. 液體乳清曾經(jīng)被認為是廢棄物品.

12、It was disposed by通過以下方式處理: dumping it into waterways 倒入河流或水域Spreading it on crop land 噴灑在農(nóng)田中Transporting it to landfills 運輸和傾倒在垃圾堆場In some parts of the world, liquid whey is fed directly to pigs. 有些國家把液體乳清直接用來喂豬.T

13、his is generally limited to areas close to cheese factories. 這種飼喂方式主要是在靠近乳酪生產(chǎn)廠的地區(qū).Today, most of the whey is dried. 今天,多數(shù)液體乳清被干燥使用.,,,Milk 鮮奶,Cheese 乳酪,Liquid W hey 液體乳清,,,,,,,,Drying 干燥,Whey Processing,Dried Whey 干乳清粉,

14、Dried Whey 乳清粉,If whey is carefully dried, it makes an excellent ingredient for animal feeds. 仔細干燥的優(yōu)質(zhì)乳清粉是極好的動物飼料原料. Dried whey is the largest milk-based feed ingredient used in the feed and pet food industries in the US

15、A. 乳清粉是美國飼料和寵物飼料中使用的最大乳制品原料. About one-half of the dried whey produced in the USA is used in animal feeds (milk replacers and pig starters). 在美國所生產(chǎn)的乳清粉大約50%用于動物飼料.Almost all pig starter diets contain dried whey and/or

16、one of its major components, lactose. 幾乎所有的乳仔豬料中都含有乳清粉或它的主要成分-乳糖.,,,Dried Whey 乳清粉,Typically contains about 68% lactose and 12% protein 乳清粉通常含有68%的乳糖和12%的蛋白.Major proteins: b-lactoglobulin, a-lactalbumin, bovine serum

17、albumin, and immunoglobulin. 主要的蛋白組成是?-乳球蛋白,?-乳白蛋白,牛血清白蛋白,和免疫球蛋白.Source of amino acids 氨基酸來源Serve as a defense against microbial infections 作為抵御微生物侵入的防御系統(tǒng)Source of growth factors and modulators 生長和調(diào)節(jié)代謝因子的來源Other prot

18、eins with important biological properties其他具有重要生物學特性的蛋白質(zhì):Lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme casein glycomacropeptide, phosphopeptides, and fat globule membrane proteins 乳鐵蛋白,乳過氧化物酶,溶菌酶,酪蛋白糖聚肽,磷化肽,脂肪球膜蛋白.,,,Classific

19、ation of Dried Whey乳清粉的分類,Edible grade whey 食品級– low bacterial count 微生物計數(shù)少Feed grade whey 飼料級 – does not make edible grade沒有達到食品要求的Sweet whey 甜乳清粉– from cheddar cheese 源于切達乳酪的乳清液Acid whey 酸乳清粉– from cottage cheese

20、production 源于酪農(nóng)干酪的乳清液Regular whey 一般乳清粉Delactosed whey 脫乳糖乳清粉Spray dried whey 噴霧干乳清粉Roller dried whey 滾筒干乳清粉,Drying Systems 干燥方法,Spray dried whey 噴霧干燥Whey is atomized into superheated air.液體乳清霧化在超高溫的空氣中High initi

21、al temperature, low final temperature. 高初始溫度,低結(jié)束溫度Predominance of a-lactose. 以?-乳糖為主Results in a finer product that tends to be more hygroscopic.噴霧干乳清粉易吸水 Roller dried whey 滾筒干燥Whey is

22、 picked up by heated rollers or drums.液體乳清噴霧在加熱的滾筒上Scraped from rollers by the knife arm.干燥后的產(chǎn)品通過鋒利的刀臂刮下Low initial temperature, high final temperature. 低初始溫度,高結(jié)束溫度Predominance of b-lactose (sweeter). 以b型乳糖為主.Results

23、 in a granular product that is less hygroscopic.產(chǎn)品為顆粒狀,不易吸水,Indices of Overall Quality of Dried Whey乳清粉質(zhì)量評價,Color 色澤Spray-dried whey frequently bleached white (food applications). 噴霧干乳清粉通常在漂白后干燥(食品使用)Roller-dried whey

24、 has no bleaching agents – more cream colored.滾筒干乳清粉不添加漂白粉, 顏色為乳黃色.Dark or yellowish spray-dried whey may indicate overheating or long storage periods.深色或黃色的噴霧干乳清粉通常是高溫或長時間存貯所致.Overheating or long storage periods can r

25、esult in the Maillard reaction.干燥溫度過高或存儲時間長會導致美拉得反應(yīng)Epsilon amino group of lysine binds to carbohydrate賴氨酸的 ? 氨基團與碳水化合物結(jié)合Bound lysine is not absorbed – unavailable. 結(jié)合的賴氨酸不能被吸收,Indices of Overall Quality of Dried Whey乳

26、清粉質(zhì)量評價,Ash content 灰分含量Low ash content is desirable.低灰分最為理想High ash may indicate that the whey became acidic and sodium hydroxide was added before drying to raise the pH.高灰分表明乳清液變酸,干燥前添加氫氧化鈉提高pH值High ash generally mea

27、ns high salt content – this can cause diarrhea in pigs.高灰分也是高鹽分的表現(xiàn). 高鹽分會引起豬下痢High ash content may also indicate that a flow agent was added to enhance flowability of the final product. 另外, 高灰分可能是為改進產(chǎn)品的流動性添加的流動劑所致,Compos

28、ition of Dried Whey乳清粉的營養(yǎng)成分,Dried Whey 乳清粉 Dry matter,干物質(zhì) %96Lactose, 乳糖 %68Crude protein, 粗蛋白 %12.1Crude fat, 粗脂肪 %0.9Lysine, 賴氨酸 %0.90Digestible lysine,可消化賴氨酸 %0.78Ca, 鈣 %0.75P, 磷 %0.72P availabi

29、lity, 磷的利用率 %100NaCl, 氯化鈉 %2.34ME, Mcal/kg 代謝能3.19,Milk 鮮奶,Cheese 乳酪,Liquid W hey 液體乳清,Lactose 乳糖,Partially DelactosedPermeate 部分脫乳糖透析液,WheyProtein Conc. 乳清濃縮蛋白,Permeate 透析液體,,,,,,,,,,,,,Drying 干燥,Ultrafiltration

30、 超過濾,Whey Processing 乳清粉加工過程,Dried Permeate(Dairylac 80),Dried Whey 乳清粉,,,,,,Composition of Dried Whey Products乳清粉產(chǎn)品營養(yǎng)成分,Whole Whey Dry matter, 干物質(zhì) %96Lactose, 乳糖 %68Crude protein,粗蛋白 %12.1Cr

31、ude fat, 粗脂肪 %0.9Lysine, 賴氨酸 %0.90Digestible lysine,可消化賴氨酸 %0.78Ca, 鈣 %0.75P, 磷 %0.72P availability, 磷利用率 %100NaCl, 氯化鈉 %2.34ME, Mcal/kg 代謝能3.19,Composition of Dried Whey Products乳清粉產(chǎn)品營養(yǎng)

32、成分,Whole Delactosed Whey Whey Dry matter,干物質(zhì) %9696Lactose, 乳糖 %6854Crude protein,粗蛋白 %12.117.6Crude

33、fat, 粗脂肪 %0.91.1Lysine, 賴氨酸 %0.901.51Digestible lysine,可消化賴氨酸 %0.781.31Ca, 鈣 %0.752.00P, 磷 %0.721.37P availability, 有效磷 %100100NaCl, %2.345.28ME, Mcal/kg3.192.91,Composition of Dried Whe

34、y Products乳清粉產(chǎn)品的營養(yǎng)成分,Whole Delactosed Whey Whey Whey PermeateDry matter, 干物質(zhì)%969696Lactose,

35、 乳糖 %685480Crude protein,粗蛋白 %12.117.63.8Crude fat, 粗脂肪%0.91.10.2Lysine, 賴氨酸 %0.901.510.18Digestible lysine, 可消化賴氨酸 %0.781.310.16Ca, 鈣 %0.752.000.86P, 磷 %0.721.370.66P availability,有效磷 %10

36、0100100NaCl, 氯化鈉 %2.345.283.23ME, Mcal/kg, 代謝能3.192.913.30,Nutritional Value of Dried Whey, Dried Whey Permeate, and Lactose乳清粉,低蛋白乳清粉,乳糖的營養(yǎng)價值,Dried Whey in Pig Starter Diets斷奶仔豬料中乳清粉的使用,Excellent ingredient

37、 極好的原料Palatable 適口性好High in lactose 乳糖含量高Best carbohydrate source for young pigs 幼齡豬最理想的碳水化合物來源Excellent source of protein 極好的蛋白質(zhì)來源Highly digestible 易消化Excellent profile of amino acids 理想的氨基酸組成Functional proteins

38、– immunoglobulins, etc. 功能性蛋白質(zhì),免疫球蛋白,One of the First Studies with Dried Whey in Diets for Young Pigs幼齡豬日糧中使用乳清粉的最早研究之一Krider, Becker, Curtin, and Van PouckeUniversity of Illinois (1949),Control Dried Wh

39、ey對照2% 4%Daily gain, g 313 409413Daily feed, g9941,1531,135Feed/gain3.653.143.0210 pigs/treatment, 15 to 33 kg - J. Anim. Sci. 8:112 (1949),,Early Studies with Dried Whey in Starter Diets for Young

40、 Pigs早期在斷奶仔豬料中使用乳清粉的研究28 experiments – 3,393 pigs weaned at 4-5 weeks – 6 to 15 kg,對照 乳清粉 改進,% Control Dried

41、 Improv- Whey ment, %Daily gain, g2682919Daily feed, g4775087Feed/gain1.841.793In most cases, 10-20% dried whey. 多數(shù)試驗使用10到20%的乳清粉,U

42、niversity of Kentucky Research Studies with Dried Whey in Pig Starter Diets肯塔基大學在仔豬料里添加乳清粉的研究結(jié)果,,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中使用乳清粉的效果,Dried whey, %051015Daily gain, g337364382407Daily feed, g6106

43、41706712Feed/gain1.811.761.851.75Baird et al. (1974) 176 pigs weaned at 21 days, 35-day test, 5.4 to 18.6 kg.,,,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Lactose

44、 5 – 10 % 3.4 - 6.8% Daily gain, g336372377Daily feed, g608672672Feed/gain1.811.811.78Baird et al. (1974) 176 pigs weaned at 21 days; 35-day

45、 test from 5.4 to 18.6 kg,,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中添加乳清粉的效果,Control Whey Improve- 20% ment, %Daily gain, g2362506Daily feed, g445463

46、4Feed/gain1.911.853Survival, 成活率%97.998.91Stahly et al. (1983); 480 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 6.8 to 13.6 kg,,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Improve-

47、 20% ment, %Daily gain, g23630026Daily feed, g47257622Feed/gain2.081.985Cromwell et al. (1984); 108 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7

48、.7 to 15.0 kg,,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Improve- 15% ment, %Daily gain, g30433510Daily feed, g52

49、257610Feed/gain1.721.73Burnell et al. (1987); 252 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7.3 to 16.3 kg,,Spray- vs Roller-Dried Whey for Pigs噴霧和滾筒干乳清粉的比較,Control Spray- Roller-

50、 Dried Dried 24% 24%Daily gain, g413431445Daily feed, g672740708Feed/gain1.601.

51、681.59Cromwell et al. (1994); 180 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7.3 to 19.1 kg,,Roller Dried Whey vs. Dairylac-80 for Weanling Pigs 滾筒干乳清粉和乳寶-80比較,Control Whey Dairylac-80

52、 20% 18% -----(15% lactose)----- Daily gain, g350368404Daily feed, g586672690

53、Feed/gain1.691.851.70Cromwell et al. (1995); 84 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 8.6 to 19.1 kg,,Dried Whey for Weanling PigsOverall Summary of Six University of Kentucky Experiments肯塔基大學六個乳清粉試驗的結(jié)果總結(jié),Cont

54、rol Whey Improve- ment, %Daily gain, g31335011Daily feed, g54961712Feed/gain1.801.80--6 experiments, 1,178 pigs, ~ 4 to 8 weeks, 8 to 17 kg,,Dried Whey for We

55、anling PigsAverage Daily Gain, g 日增重,克,University of Kentucky6 experiments, 1,178 pigs,Dried Whey for Weanling PigsAverage Daily Feed Intake, g 采食量,克,University of Kentucky6 experiments, 1,178 pigs,Dried Whey for Wea

56、nling Pigs斷奶仔豬日糧中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Dried whey, %1520253035Daily gain, g163182186209227Daily feed, g308322335368377Feed/gain1.891.781.801.761.66Mahan (1992), Ohio State University; 130 pigs weaned

57、 at 14 days.,,,Levels of Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs不同水平的日糧乳清粉對斷奶仔豬的影響,Ohio State University (1992)俄漢俄州立大學 (1992)4-wk test, 130 pigs weaned at 2 wk,Levels of Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs不同水平的日糧乳清粉對斷奶仔豬的影響,Kansas Stat

58、e University (1981) 堪薩斯州立大學(1981)35-d test, 100 pigs weaned at 19 d,Daily gain, kg,Levels of Lactose for Weanling Pigs for14 Days Postweaning 在斷奶14天內(nèi)日糧中的乳糖水平,Mahan et al. (2004) - Ohio State University 俄漢俄州立大學MAHAN博士

59、等(2004)240 pigs weaned at 19 days,Levels of Lactose for Weanling Pigs from7 to 21 Days Postweaning在斷奶7到21天內(nèi)日糧中的乳糖水平,,Mahan et al. (2004) - Ohio State University 330 pigs weaned at 19 days,Objectives目的,To assess the

60、efficacy of lactose in the diet during the mid nursery phase – 2 to 4 weeks postweaning.評價在保育中期,斷奶后的2到4周飼喂乳糖的效果.To determine the level of lactose that gives the maximum response.決定日糧中的最佳乳糖水平.To determine if the benefit

61、s of lactose are maintained following elimination of lactose from the diet.決定是否乳糖的效益能夠在以后飼喂不含乳糖日糧階段中保持下來.,,,,Experimental Procedures試驗方法,Collaborative study at 3 stations (KY, MO, and OH)在肯塔基,密蘇里,俄漢俄3所大學的試驗站同時進行.1,320

62、pigs in the study 試驗中共使用1320頭豬Pigs weaned at 15 to 20 d (6.2 kg) 仔豬在15到20日齡斷奶,體重6.2公斤Allotted by weight and gender to 5 dietary treatments 根據(jù)體重和性別將仔豬分配到5個不同的日糧處理.120 pens, 24 reps of 5 or 23 pigs/pen 120欄豬,每欄5到23頭,每個

63、處理24個重復.Four phases – experimental diets during phase 3.日糧分為四個階段,第三階段日糧為試驗日糧.Length of experiment: 35 to 42 d 試驗日糧從35日齡飼喂到42日齡.Conventional nursery pens with slotted floors. 試驗在常規(guī),具有條縫地板的保育欄進行.,,,,Experimental Procedu

64、res試驗方法,肯塔基KY 密蘇里MO 俄漢俄OHNo. reps/treatment888Pigs/pen5235Avg initial age, d19.017.518.0Avg initial weight, kg6.85.95.8Avg days on test354240Avg final weight, kg25.723.926.4Floor space/p

65、ig, m20.280.170.30,,,,,Treatments 日糧處理,Week 1 (Phase 1) – Common diet – 20% lactoseWeek 2 (Phase 2) – Common diet – 15% lactoseWeek 3 (Phase 3) – 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% lactoseWeek 4Week 5

66、 (Phase 4) – Common diet – no lactoseWeek 6,,,,,,Source of Lactose 乳糖來源,Dairylac® 80 乳寶-80Granular, nonhygroscopic product produced from sweet whey solubles顆粒狀,不易吸水的來自于甜乳清透析液Contains ~ 80% lact

67、ose含有大約80%乳糖International Ingredient CorporationSt. Louis, Missouri,,,,Analyzed Composition of Dairylac® 80乳寶-80的成分分析,%Dry matter 干物質(zhì)96.0Lactose 乳糖79.3Protein 蛋白4.6Lysine 賴氨酸0.15Fat 脂肪0.46Fiber 纖維0.

68、12Ash 灰分9.84Ca 鈣0.52P 磷0.63NaCl 氯化鈉3.00,Phase 1 and 2 – Common Diets第1和第2階段的共同日糧,Phase 1 (%) Phase 2 (%)Corn37.642.0Soybean meal, dehulled18.022.0Dried whey20.010.0Dairylac 807.510.0Fish meal

69、, select6.07.5Spray-dried plasma5.02.5Choice white grease3.03.0Dical phos, Limestone, Salt0.850.76Lys·HCl, Thr, Met0.320.50Vitamin, trace-min premix0.40.4Mecadox-2.51.01.0ZnO0.30.3CuS