仔豬腸道疾病解讀

1、Enteric Diseases of Young Pigs仔豬腸道疾病,作者：Larry Firkins, DVM, MS, MBACollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois美國伊利諾斯大獸醫(yī)學院,Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in swine下痢一直是新生仔豬

2、死亡的主要原因,Definition of Diarrhea下痢的定義,Excess water in feces relative to dry matter.糞中含水量過大Normally, much of the fluid is absorbed in the small intestine before it exits the ileum 通常，大部分水都在進入回腸之間就在小腸中被吸收了Co

3、lon serves to conserve water and electrolytes結腸只起吸收水和電解質的作用,Mechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的機理,Secretory Diarrhea分泌性下痢Result of the effect of enterotoxins secreted by bacteria and some viruses細菌和其它病毒分泌的腸毒素造成的結果Alteration in

4、secretion of electrolytes, water, and bicarbonate: gradient pulls water into lumen電解質、水和碳酸氫鈉的分泌發(fā)生改變：使水進入腸腔Absorption continues: Chyle in lymphatics,Mechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的機理,Malabsorptive Diarrhea吸收不良性下痢Reduction in

5、 surface area of intestine腸粘膜表面積減少Loss of absorptive capacity吸收能力減弱Villous atrophy絨毛萎縮Chyle absent in lymphatics淋巴乳糜缺乏Undigested ingesta ferments未消化的食糜發(fā)酵,Mechanisms of Diarrhea下痢的機理,Effusive Diarrhea滲漏性下痢Result

6、 of severe damage to mucosa粘膜嚴重受損的結果Necrotoxins produced by bacteria細菌產生的壞死毒素Leakage of serum proteins and water due to vascular damage血管受損導致血清蛋白質和水漏出Loss of absorptive capacity吸收能力減弱,Arriving at a Diagnosis診斷,Histo

7、ry病史Age of onset發(fā)病年齡Vaccination history免疫接種歷史Sudden death vs. protracted diarrhea猝死和長期下痢,Arriving at a Diagnosis診斷,Selection of specimens病料采集Diarrhea of 24 hrs or less下痢開始后24小時以內Untreated未經治療Avoid pigs which

8、“died during the night”不要從夜間死亡的豬采集病料,Selecting Segments of Intestine腸段的選擇,Histopathology組織病理學Sections representative of all areas of intestines要選擇能代表腸道所有區(qū)域的部分Better to have many small pieces than one large piece最好要采

9、集多個較短腸段，而不要只采集一個很長的腸段Segments ~ 1 cm long, opened lengthwise根據縱向尺寸的不同，采集1厘米左右的腸段,Fresh samples樣本要新鮮7 – 10 cm segments of ileum, jejunum7～10厘米回腸和空腸的腸段Segment of spiral colon結腸螺旋襻的腸段,Selecting Segments of Intestine腸

10、段的選擇,Causes of pig diarrheas仔豬腸炎原因,NursingWeaning斷奶前斷奶后E. coli 大腸桿菌 11% 49%Rotavirus 輪狀病毒 14% 12%C. perfringens 19% 0% 產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌TGE 傳染性胃腸炎 8

11、% 7%Coccidiosis球蟲病 20% 15%Source-Iowa State Diagnostic Lab 2000-2002,Colibacillosis - E. coli大腸桿菌病,● 分泌過度性下痢 Hypersecretion diarrhea●12小時至3～4天齡或更大的豬下痢 Diarrhea from 12 hours to 3-4 days ●可能極度水樣化 May b

12、e extremely watery● 隨后發(fā)病的各窩豬更嚴重 Increases severity in succeeding litters● 頭胎仔豬可能更嚴重 Gilt litters may be more severe,Diagnosis - E. coli大腸桿菌病診斷,● 進行性水樣下痢progressive watery diarrhea●實驗室—用瓊脂平板培養(yǎng)大腸桿菌 culture E. c

13、oli on agar plate●用分離的大腸桿菌作敏感性測定 culture and sensitivity testing,Diarrhea Treatments 下痢的治療,Gentamycin慶大霉素Spectinomycin 壯觀霉素Kanamycin 卡哪霉素Neomycin 新霉素Sulfa, trimethoprim 磺胺， 三甲氧芐氨嘧啶,Colibacillosis vaccines大腸桿

14、菌疫苗,●菌苗—含有最常見的致病性菌株 在母豬產前的5周和 2周注射 此后的母豬只需產前2周注射一次疫苗應該含有K88, K99, 987P, F41。Bacterin - most common pathogenic strainsInject sows 5 weeks and 2 weeks prior to farrowingSubsequent farrowings - 2 weeks only,C

15、lostridium perfringens type CC型產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌,12 hrs – 7 days12小時～7天Death in as little as 4-8 hours4～8小時內死亡Bloody or yellow to gray diarrhea帶血或黃色至灰色下痢Necrotoxins壞死毒素,Clostridium perfringens type A A型產氣莢膜梭狀芽孢桿菌,Watery

16、 to pasty, white to yellow diarrhea水樣至粘性下痢，白色至黃色Toxins毒素β-2 often seen in isolates from pigs with diarrhea下痢仔豬分離到的菌株常見β-2毒素Lesions similar to those with type C病變與C型所致的病變相似Necrosis of tips of villi絨毛頂端壞死Lack hemorr

17、hage無出血,Prevention and Treatments預防和治療,Vaccinate sows 5 and 2 weeks prior to farrowing May require development of an autogenous vaccine分娩前5周和2周對母豬免疫，可能需要生產自家菌苗Feeding antibiotics such as bacitracin to sows prior to fa

18、rrowing分娩前對母豬飼喂桿菌肽等抗生素Treat piglets at birth with penicillin or antiserum在仔豬出生時用青霉素或抗血清對其進行治療,TGE傳染胃腸炎,Highly contagious viral disease 高度傳染性病毒病Can result in 100% mortality 能引起100%死亡Survival depends on the age

19、of the pig存活取決于豬的年齡Endemic forms can develop 可能成為地方流行性,TGE 傳染胃腸炎,Cause is a coronavirus 病原為冠狀病毒Attacks cells lining the small intestine 攻擊小腸內壁細胞Survives for long periods of time in the environment 在環(huán)境中可長期存活

20、Very stable when frozen 冰凍后非常穩(wěn)定生存,,TGE 傳染胃腸炎,TGE 傳染胃腸炎,Inactivation of the virus 病毒的滅活sunlight 陽光drying 干燥warm temperatures 高溫most disinfectants 多數消毒藥,TGE Clinical Signs 傳染胃腸炎臨床癥狀,Severe diarrhea 嚴重的下痢Vom

21、iting 嘔吐Dehydration 脫水High mortality in young pigs under 2 weeks of age 兩周齡以下的豬死亡率高Lower mortality in pigs over 3 weeks of age 三周齡以上的豬死亡率低,TGE Spreads Rapidly 傳染胃腸炎傳播快,Very short incubation period 潛伏期很短Withi

22、n 2-3 days majority of pigs on farm can be infected 2-3天內豬場內多數豬即被感染,Sources of Infection 傳染胃腸炎傳染源,Primarily infected shedding pigs 主要為受感染的排毒豬People second most important 人是第二重要的傳播因素Starlings and other animals

23、 椋鳥科鳥和其它動物,Diagnosis of TGE 傳染胃腸炎診斷,Clinical signs 臨床癥狀Necropsy 病理剖檢Diagnostic Laboratory 實驗室診斷histological confirmation 病史確認positive FA test 熒光抗體陽性檢測,Treatment of TGE 傳染胃腸炎治療,Keep warm 保暖Antibiotics to c

24、ontrol secondary bacteria 應用抗生素防止繼發(fā)感染Wean pigs early 早期斷奶Young pigs rarely survive despite treatment efforts 盡管進行治療，年齡小的豬仍然很少存活。,TGE Immunization 傳染胃腸炎免疫,Deliberate entire herd exposure to virus 故意讓整個豬群接觸病毒Timing

25、 is important 上述處理的時間很重要Is infection in farrowing facility? 產房內有無感染?Goal is to shorten the overall effect 目標是減輕整體影響,TGE Immunization 傳染胃腸炎免疫,If not in farrowing facility 如果產房內無感染Isolate these facilities fro

26、m the rest of the farm 將產房與場內其他豬舍隔離開Expose other sows on the farm 自然免疫場內的其它母豬,TGE Vaccines 傳染胃腸炎疫苗,Injectable 注射型Oral 口服型Variable protection to piglets through the colostrum 通過初乳對仔豬提供的免疫力強弱不一,Autogenous TGE Va

27、ccine 傳染胃腸炎自家疫苗,Harvest intestines from acutely infected piglets when clinical signs appear 當出現臨床癥狀時，收集急性感染仔豬的小腸Homogenize in a blender 放在組織粉碎機內制成勻漿Material can be frozen for later use 冰凍保存?zhèn)溆?Autogenous TGE

28、Vaccine Use傳染胃腸炎自家疫苗的應用,One piglet’s intestines per 20 sows in 2 1/2 liters of water, 125cc(1/2 cup) per sow mixed in feed 每20頭母豬飼喂一頭仔豬的腸道組織，腸道組織勻漿溶于2.5升水中；每頭母豬125毫升(半杯)混入飼料中。Feed to sows at least 3 weeks prior to farr

29、owing 至少在分娩前三周投喂母豬Planned exposure to specific groups may not be contained 可以不包括對特定年齡組豬的計劃性感染,Autogenous TGE Vaccine Use 傳染胃腸炎自家疫苗的應用,Exposure to entire herd may eliminate the virus from the farm 飼喂整個豬群可能會根除豬場內的病毒

30、Eliminates carrier pigs 清除帶毒豬Virus dies out 病毒死亡Best done during hot weather 最好進行于天氣炎熱時,Enzootic (chronic) TGE 地方性(慢性)傳染胃腸炎,Diarrhea in 7-14 day old piglets 7～14日齡的豬表現腹瀉Post weaning in the nursery 斷奶后的保育仔

31、豬Not all pigs or litters affected 不是所有的豬或窩都被被感染Vomiting is rare 極少發(fā)生嘔吐Sows not sick 母豬不發(fā)病,Dealing With Enzootic TGE 對付地方性(慢性)傳染性胃腸炎,Entire herd exposure 令整個豬群接觸病毒All-in/All-out production 全進全出的生產系統(tǒng)Good sanita

32、tion and disinfectant 良好的衛(wèi)生和消毒措施Footbaths to reduce spread of virus 實施腳浴以減少病毒傳播,Rotavirus 輪狀病毒,●黃色至白色下痢 Yellow to white scours ●危害10日齡至3周齡的仔豬Affects 10 day to 3 week old pig●除非受感染的幼豬，否則死亡率低。Mortality low unless y

33、ounger pigs affected●發(fā)病率-100% Morbidity - 100%,,Coccidiosis 球蟲病,● 豬等孢球蟲(Isospora suis)● 在熱天時發(fā)病增多 Incidence increase during hot weather●發(fā)病率：水泥及木板地面 100%發(fā)病Morbidity - 100% on concrete or wood floor●死亡率——0～20% Mor

34、tality —第一胎的仔豬較易發(fā)病 gilt litters,Coccidiosis: Diagnosis 球蟲病診斷,Histopathology 組織學 病原學 Intestinal smear 小腸涂片Fecal flotation 糞便漂浮法檢查,Coccidiosis - Prevention 球蟲病—預防,●金屬絲網狀地面 wire floors●極好的衛(wèi)生 extremely good s

35、anitation●漂白劑或氨水消毒 bleach or ammonia (例如：次氯酸鈉) sodium hypochlorite● 沖洗母豬 wash sow● 遠離病圈 stay out of pens,Control & Treatment of Pig Diarrheas仔豬下痢治療與預防,Diagnosis診斷Antimicrobials抗菌藥Electrolytes 電解質Extreme