漢詩意象的英譯——以《詩經(jīng)》翻譯為例【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　（20_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計</b></p><p><b>　　英語</b></p><p>　　漢詩意象的英譯——以《詩經(jīng)》翻譯為例</p><p>　　Image Translation of Chine

2、se Poem: a Case Study of the Book of Songs</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　《詩經(jīng)》作為中國的國粹，蘊涵著巨大的文學(xué)翻譯研究價值?，F(xiàn)階段的英譯研究在進一步發(fā)展，但是還存在問題，特別是意象的翻譯，還不夠深入與全面，有待進一步加強。本文首先介紹意象概念及其在《詩經(jīng)》中的體現(xiàn)，然后比較同一意象在楊憲益版

3、本與James Legge的版本中的不同翻譯，并觀察這些意象在哪個版本中翻譯的更恰當(dāng)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 詩經(jīng) 意象 文學(xué)翻譯 概念 </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Books of Songs, a quintessence of China, contains great value

4、in its literary translation. The recent research has been developing but there are still problems. Image translation as the main object of researches is still hard for us and needs more attention, for the previous work i

5、s not thorough and comprehensive enough. This thesis first introduces the concept of images and images in the Book of Songs. Then it will compare their translation in Yang Xianyi's and James Legge's versions to s

6、ee who</p><p>　　Key words: Books of Songs, Image, Literary translation, concept </p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….Ⅱ</p>&

7、lt;p>　　1. Introduction…………………………………………………………….……......1</p><p>　　2. The study of image ……………………………………………..........................1</p><p>　　2.1The definition of Image………………………………………………….....

8、.......2</p><p>　　2.2The development of Image in China and Western countries……………............2</p><p>　　3. The brief introduction of plant image in The Book of Songs …………………3</p><p>

9、;　　3.1The image of love……………………………………………………………..…3</p><p>　　3.2The prosperous plants………………………………………………………........4</p><p>　　3.3The withering plants……………………………………………………..............4</p>

10、<p>　　4. Contrasting the same image in different translation versions………………..5</p><p>　　4.1The image of “creeping grass” translated in two versions………………………7</p><p>　　4.2The Image of “plums

11、” translated in two versions…….…………...............….…9</p><p>　　5. Methods of translation ……………………………………………….................10</p><p>　　6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………......12</p>

12、<p>　　Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….......13</p><p>　　Acknowledgements....................................................................................................14</p><p&g

13、t;　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　The researches on the translation of the Book of songs have a long history. With the progress made, more and more aspects have been developed by the scholars. The recent research

14、es are undergone with four aspects below:</p><p>　　1. researches on the translators</p><p>　　This kind of research aims purely at the translators, and it pays little attention to or even neglect

15、s the translators’ strategy, personal value and their ideas. So this kind of research is still not very popular until now.</p><p>　　2. researches on the versions</p><p>　　There are more and more

16、 versions in recent years but few with high quality. In 1993, Zhou Faxiang and Xu yuanchong put forward the idea of doing research from culture transmission, which was in great value. (李玉良,2007:20)After this Pound also s

17、tated in this aspect, and many other scholars also made contributions to the researches. Above all, this kind of researches is not thorough and comprehensive.</p><p>　　3. researches on contrasting different

18、versions</p><p>　　This kind of research hasn’t been undergone in large scale in China, especially in mainland. It was first put forward by Zhang Shangguan, a scholar in Taiwan.(李玉良, 2007:22)He advised to do

19、researches on contrasting part of the versions, and this case first made it a large scale in China.</p><p>　　4. researches on methods of translation</p><p>　　In mainland, this kind of research m

20、ainly undergoes with the discussion of methods in a certain version, and usually chooses only one or two poems. The discussion develops mainly with two aspects: the methods of dealing the rhythms, the methods of reproduc

21、ing the poetry.</p><p>　　The previous researches have gained a solid foundation, but there are still deficiencies in general. So we need to try our best to create more aspects to do research and also we shou

22、ld deepen our researches in every aspect.</p><p>　　2. The Study of Image</p><p>　　2.1 The definition of Image</p><p>　　Image is the combination of Image Schema and Pragmatic Meaning

23、，and they are two parts that cannot be separated to a certain extent. Image Schema is a kind of language that exists in its specific image, while Pragmatic Meaning refers to people’s thoughts and feelings. Generally spea

24、king, it totally includes all the consciousness with images in poems and other literary works. In a narrow sense, it refers to the process of holding the creator's subjective and objective minds and expressing their

25、de</p><p>　　2.2 The development of Images in China and Western countries</p><p>　　The concept of image has been discovered in early days and has a long history in China. According to the Book of

26、 Changes: “The sages usually find images to express their feelings fully”(金景芳,1998：291). Then in Northern and southern dynasties，Liuxie came up with the images that were based on Esthetic conception. When it comes to Tan

27、g Dynasty, LiuYuxi made the concept of images further. He thought that Artistic conception includes not only the specific images that can be felt directly, but also the</p><p>　　However , there is no such co

28、ncept in the west，and it is first put forward by Thomas Ernest Humle（殷國明,1999：140）. In the twentieth century, famous imagist poets headed by Pound influence the western literary deeply and thoroughly. Pound realized the

29、importance of images through reading Ernest Fenollosa’s works. Chinese scholar ZhaoYiheng thinks that pomes in the east make great effects on imagists, and actually Chinese poems contribute far more to the imagists than

30、the Japanese ones do. Thus, the</p><p>　　3. The brief introduction of plant image in the Book of Songs</p><p>　　Plants are used in many poems written in both ancient and modern time, in which th

31、ey are usually used to express feelings by the poets. As a very popular image, they have lots of different meanings, such as marriage, love and life .The Book of Songs is the earliest poetry collection in ancient China,

32、which not only shows the changing of people’s feelings and emotions, but also presents the customs 3000 years ago. Also there are a number of plant images in it. According to statistics, totally the</p><p>　

33、　3.1The image of love </p><p>　　Some parts in the Book of Songs mainly state the growth of plants. Although it is simply a mere line drawing style, it can well reflect the content of poetry, and mix with it

34、organically. Plants play a very important role in ancient people's life. Integration of plants and agricultural civilization become the natural way to express emotion. Of course, the Book of Songs is not just describ

35、ing a single plant, showing a simple picture, but also presenting us pictures with rich meanings. For example</p><p>　　蒹葭蒼蒼，白露為霜。所謂伊人，在水一方。遡洄從之，道阻且長；遡游從之，宛在水中央。蒹葭萋萋，白露未晞。所謂伊人，在水之湄。遡洄從之，道阻且躋；遡游從之，宛在水中坻。蒹葭采采，白

36、露未所謂伊人，在水之涘。遡洄從之，道阻且右遡游從之，宛在水中沚。（《秦風(fēng)·蒹葭》）</p><p>　　The main topic of this poem is love, and describes the date between youths. Love is beautiful and dim. There are a variety of writing techniques to des

37、cribe dating, the classic love scene: The date scene in this poem fully shows us a picture, in which a man couldn’t get together with the girl he loves so much but only can watch and miss her from the other side of the r

38、iver. Here it uses “the reeds” as image, by which the author can best express a kind of disappointed feeling without getting toge</p><p>　　In addition to the expression of thoughts of love between men and wo

39、men, the Book of Songs also has a lot of poems to express the wishes of harvest and a better life through the plant, for example.</p><p>　　芃芃黍苗，陰雨膏之。四國有王，郇伯勞之。（《曹風(fēng)·下泉》）</p><p>　　芃芃黍苗，陰雨膏之。悠

40、悠南行，召伯勞之。（《小雅·黍苗》）</p><p>　　原隰既平，泉流既清。召伯有成，王心則寧。 （《小雅·黍苗》）</p><p>　　In this poem, the author made “millet” as its main image, which fully shows us that the civil at that time sinc

41、erely hoped peace instead of frequent wars.</p><p>　　3.2The prosperous plants </p><p>　　The prosperous plants compared to the image of better life or wonderful things account for a large proport

42、ion of the Book of Songs. Some prosperous, beautiful plants are widely used as a metaphor to describe beautiful women or pretty girls. For example,</p><p>　　手如柔荑，膚如凝脂。領(lǐng)如蝤蠐，齒如瓠犀。螓首蛾眉，巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮。（《衛(wèi)風(fēng)·碩人》）&

43、lt;/p><p>　　This sentence compares primary buds to soft and tender hands of the girls, vividly and thoroughly showing the image that they live a happy life.</p><p>　　3.3 The withering plants </p

44、><p>　　No matter how well the plants live, they can hardly escape the deaths with leaves falling and winter snow covering them. In the Book of Songs era, though there is no grieve for the entire season, a feeli

45、ng of seeing the leaves falling still exists. Although this feeling is far from the one in spring and summer, when the joy resounds with the plants prosperous and strong, it does open the door in Autumn Thoughts.</p&g

46、t;<p>　　For example</p><p>　　桑之未落，其葉沃若。于嗟鳩兮，無食桑葚。于嗟女兮，無與士耽。士之耽兮，猶可說也。女之耽兮，不可說也。桑之落矣，其黃而隕。自我徂爾，三歲食貧。淇水湯湯，漸車帷裳。女也不爽，士貳其行。士也罔極，二三其德。（《衛(wèi)風(fēng)·氓》） </p><p>　　Wei Feng Meng is a very famou

47、s poem which describes a woman deserted by her husband. This poem takes advantage of “?！?(mulberry )as its main image, which is the only thing that she can rely on after she is abandoned. The aim is to tell people especi

48、ally women not to pay their all emotions and youth to men who don’t pay their true love and not to be blindfolded by love.</p><p>　　4. Contrasting the same images in different translation versions </p>

49、<p>　　4.1 The image of "creeping grass"</p><p>　　Grass is a kind of plant that has tough life. In China people usually use it as an image to encourage others or themselves once facing some p

50、roblems in their life or work. Also there are many other meanings. People in ancient China once regarded “creeping grass” as the image of love between young men and women. Here is a poem from the Book of Songs which desc

51、ribes “creeping grass”.</p><p><b>　　野有蔓草 </b></p><p>　　野有蔓草，零露漙兮。</p><p>　　有美一人，清揚婉兮。</p><p>　　邂逅相遇，適我愿兮。</p><p>　　野有蔓草，零露瀼瀼。</p><p&

52、gt;　　有美一人，婉如清揚。</p><p>　　邂逅相遇，與子偕臧。</p><p>　　This is a poem of love, and its main idea is that a young man met a girl in the wild where the creeping grass with dew-drops was living in a good lif

53、e and then the young man fell in love with the girl deeply on seeing her beautiful looks, strongly expressing his desire to accompany her and live with her forever. In order to express his sincere love, the author uses “

54、creeping grass” as the main image, which in this poem means vigorous life. The girl was compared to the creeping grass so as to sho</p><p>　　Now that we have known the main idea, we will compare two versions

55、 of translation about this poem.</p><p>　　In the wilds grew creepers,</p><p>　　With dew-drops so heavy and thick;</p><p>　　There was a girl, beautiful and bright;</p><p&g

56、t;　　Her features so delicate and charming;</p><p>　　By chance we met each other,</p><p>　　She embodied my long-cherished wish.</p><p>　　In the wilds grew creepers,</p><p&

57、gt;　　With dew-drops so heavy and thick;</p><p>　　There was a girl, beautiful and bright;</p><p>　　Her features so delicate and charming;</p><p>　　By chance we met each other,</p&

58、gt;<p>　　Together with her life will be happy.</p><p>　　(（楊憲益 戴乃迭）</p><p>　　On the moor is the creeping grass;</p><p>　　And how heavily is it loaded with dew!</p><

59、p>　　There was a beautiful man,</p><p>　　Lovely, with clear eyes and fine forehead!</p><p>　　We met together accidentally,</p><p>　　And so my desire was satisfied.</p><

60、p>　　On the moor is the creeping grass;</p><p>　　Heavily covered with dew!</p><p>　　There was a beautiful man,</p><p>　　Lovely, with clear eyes and fine forehead!</p><p

61、>　　We met together accidentally,</p><p>　　And he and I were happy together.</p><p>　　(Tr. James Legge)</p><p>　　Now that we have known the main idea, we will compare the two vers

62、ions of translation above to see the similarities and difference. First, let’s see the similarities. From the two versions, we see that they both translated “蔓草” to “creeping grass”, which represented the love between yo

63、uths, and it was similar to “creeping grass” in western countries. In this way the foreign readers will understand the image and even the poem more easily. Another similarity is that both of them were translated in</p

64、><p>　　4.2 The Image of "plum"</p><p>　　Marriage is a very hot topic in the Book of Songs ．In the age of Zhou Dynasty，marriage is a basic element of the society, for family is essential f

65、or the society. Marriage，which can legally give man and woman a family, is one of the most important things in the life of people．Since woman’s status in the society is lower than man’s at that time, the significance of

66、marriage is especially important to woman．What’s more, wedding relies on both age and season in ancient time．A girl who once gets fif</p><p><b>　　摞有梅</b></p><p>　　摞有梅，其實七兮。求我庶士，迨其吉兮。

67、 </p><p>　　揉有梅，其實三兮。求我庶士，迨其今兮。 </p><p>　　揉有梅，頃筐暨之。求我庶士，迨其謂之。 </p><p>　　This poem describes a girl wishing to be loved, whose wish for love and marriage is completely shown to us．As

68、soon as the girl sees more and more fruits dropping from the tree，she becomes worried about the losing of her youth and gets more and more anxious to get married．So she at first asks the man who loves her to court her on

69、 a good day in the first part, and at last tell him straightforward in the third part when all the fruits have fallen. The three parts develop in a progressive way, and t</p><p><b>　?。?</b></p

70、><p>　　Plop, fall the plums;</p><p>　　Of ten on the tree, seven remain;</p><p>　　Let those who would court me</p><p>　　Come before the lucky day slips by.</p><p

71、>　　Plop, fall the plums;</p><p>　　Of ten on the tree, three remain;</p><p>　　For those who would court me</p><p>　　Now is the time</p><p>　　Plop, fall the plums;<

72、/p><p>　　Place them in flat baskets;</p><p>　　Let those who would court me</p><p>　　Come to the gathering</p><p><b>　?。顟椧?戴乃迭）</b></p><p>　　Ripe,

73、 the plums fall from the bough;</p><p>　　Only seven tenth left there now!</p><p>　　Yet whose heart on me is set,</p><p>　　Now the time is fortune!</p><p>　　Ripe, the pl

74、ums fall from the bough;</p><p>　　Only three tenth left there now!</p><p>　　Yet who wish my love to gain,</p><p>　　Will not now apply in vain!</p><p>　　Now more plums u

75、pon the bough!</p><p>　　All are in my basket now!</p><p>　　Yet who me with adore seek,</p><p>　　Need the word but freely speak!</p><p>　　(Tr. James Legge)</p>&l

76、t;p>　　The first version is simple and vivid, and it is loyal to the original meaning．However, the second one may be a little longer than the first one. During the translation, there are some similarities and differenc

77、es in dealing with the image. Now let’s talk about the background and similarities first. The image of this poem is “plum”, which is very similar to the image “plum” in western countries. Plum is ripe in spring，which is

78、a season for wedding．So when we see this，the image shows us a happy a</p><p>　　Next we will talk about the differences of the two versions. Now that we have known that marriage in the age of the Book of Song

79、s is tightly related to the age and seasons, we can see some difference in the two versions translated by the people in two different cultural backgrounds. It is said that there is a custom during people’s wedding season

80、s that the youth will gather together to find their lovers, especially for women. Then we turn back to the translation. In the first version, the last s</p><p>　　From the two examples above, we can see that

81、the version by Glady Yang is better. The reason why it has been so is that Glady Yang not only knows the original meaning better, but also fully understands the backgrounds of the poems. What I want to show is that you s

82、hould be loyal to the original one in forms, but when you can not care both the forms and meanings, you must be loyal to the meanings first, for it is the soul of the whole poems. So the researches should develop around

83、the loyalty of </p><p>　　5. The methods of translation </p><p>　　As is known to us all, methods in translation are very important, especially when we meet something hard. There are many methods

84、during the translation of the images in the Book of Songs. Here we mainly introduce two methods: literal translation and liberal translation.</p><p>　　Literal translation refers to translating a sentence ori

85、ginally, keeping the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, metaphor of the original and so on. Translation would be fluent and easy to comprehend by target language rea

86、ders. Liberal translation refers that you needn’t pay more attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. But libral translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and tran

87、slat</p><p>　　There are many examples of literal and liberal translation during the translation of the Book of Songs. When translating the “creeping grass”, Legge translates “人” directly to “man”, while Glad

88、y Yang translates it to “girl”. In the “plums”, Legge uses “ripe” to describe the plums in a direct way, while Glady Yang uses “plop” which not only shows the original meaning but also expresses a kind of beauty to us. A

89、 third example, also in the “plums”, Legge translates “適其謂之” into “need the word but fr</p><p>　　6. Conclusion</p><p>　　Books of Songs，a quintessence of China, contains numerous value. Image, as

90、 the soul, becomes one of the most important parts for us to research in Chinese ancient poem, for it’s the combination of the backgrounds of the history and society. All these make the image translation more difficult.

91、Nowadays the problem is still there and if we don’t solve it, we’ll make little progress in translation. But how to deal with it？Here is some advice: When we translate，it is impossible for us to translate a</p>&l

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