能源相關(guān)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　Fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy types. Nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds the rate at which

2、the sources are replenished. For example, if the biogenic origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is being co

3、nsumed over a period of centuries. Because we are consuming fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishme</p><p>　　Fossil fuels in the petroleum and natural gas is the world's major one-tim

4、e energy World Energy Council, according to statistics, has proven oil and gas recoverable reserves, according to the output of countries in 1992 terms, respectively, only the exploitation of 44 years and 60 years; altho

5、ugh they may be recoverable reserves there will be new discoveries, but also the growth needs of the community, especially taking into account the economic development of Third World countries, the exploita</p>&l

6、t;p>　　Solar energy is the most important renewable sources of energy, the planet with all kinds of energy are closely related. In fact, the sun in Earth's evolution, biological reproduction and human development,

7、plays a very important role, but also provides a human inexhaustible source of energy. Solar interior ongoing response to the release of a high-temperature nuclear fusion power of about 3. 8 × 1026 watts of huge rad

8、iation, of which only arrived in regard to the atmospheric level二十億分之一; throug</p><p>　　Power generation in 2010 is expected to the practical use of space </p><p>　　Space Solar Power is the firs

9、t way of Engineers first proposed by P. Glaser. The basic idea is in the earth's outer space or the moon to establish a base of solar power satellites, and then through the microwave energy transmitted to the scene t

10、o the receiving device, and then beam microwave energy into electrical energy for human use. Advantage of this program is to make full use of solar energy outside the atmosphere, the elimination of solar energy in the gr

11、ound, changes in the density of sma</p><p>　　The idea is proposed, subject to national attention. 1977 -1980 in the United States Department of Energy and NASA organizations to the concept of space solar pow

12、er study, believe that its implementation does not exist insurmountable technical difficulties. At that time, a design known as the "reference system" of power generation systems; from 60 to solar panels, each

13、block 10 kilometers long, five kilometers wide, generating 5,000,000 kilowatts, with a total capacity of 300 million kilowatts. </p><p><b>　　Solar</b></p><p>　　Solar (Solar) generall

14、y refers to the sun's radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from "H" together into a "helium" the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation

15、 energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百億年first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 bi

16、llionth of the Earth's atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reach</p><p>　　Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons o

17、f coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, c

18、hemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemica</p><p>　　At this stage, the world's solar energy

19、is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually e

20、xpanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, th

21、e use of truncated c</p><p>　　Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunligh

22、t ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and sola

23、r energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (ph</p><p>　　Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon p

24、hotocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earth's orbit

25、on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earth's equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earth's energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level sta</p><p>　

26、　Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the ene

27、rgy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These fe

28、atures will make solar energy in the integrated energy system</p><p>　　The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar wat

29、er heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the prob

30、lem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.</p><p>　　Although the Earth's atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a ra

31、diation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave e

32、nergy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earth's fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the s</p><p>　　The

33、 narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.</p><p>　　Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich i

34、n resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.</p>&l

35、t;p>　　Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous s

36、ilicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available a

37、fter phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.</p><p>　　When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom

38、, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there

39、will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into ele</p><p>　　"Si" is our planet's abundance o

40、f storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen eve

41、rywhere, "silicon" figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification proce

42、ss b, the process of pulling rod c, sl</p><p>　　Solar photovoltaic</p><p>　　Is a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from

43、virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple p

44、hotovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic pane</p><p>　　Even be used as windows, skylights

45、or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.</p><p>　　Solar thermal</p><p>　　Modern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight

46、 and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the sun's light and heat energy is added in t

47、he design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .</p><p>　　According to records, human use of solar energy has

48、more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as "the near future to add much-needed energy," "the basis of the future energy mix&q

49、uot; is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the

50、 Solomon and Germany Cox inv</p><p>　　In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants collect the

51、sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of th

52、e 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven </p><p>　　化石能源和核能被認(rèn)為是不可再生的能源類型。不可再生能源的來源獲得的速度超過了在它的來源補(bǔ)充率。例如，如果化石燃料的生物起源是正確的，我們可以考慮化石燃料的可再生超過萬年的時(shí)

53、期，但現(xiàn)有的化石燃料被儲(chǔ)存在一個(gè)世紀(jì)內(nèi)消耗掉。因?yàn)槲覀兊乃俣瘸^了化石燃料的消耗補(bǔ)充率，我們認(rèn)為不可再生的化石燃料。類似的評(píng)論適用于如鈾核燃料，正如我們?cè)诤竺娴恼鹿?jié)中觀察。太陽能被認(rèn)為是以下reasons.1可再生能源可再生能源是能源的來源獲得的速度，小于或等于在哪個(gè)源補(bǔ)充率。在太陽能的情況下，我們只能使用的能源量由太陽提供的。由于太陽的剩余壽命是在數(shù)百萬年來衡量，很多人認(rèn)為太陽能取之不盡，用之不竭的能源供應(yīng)。事實(shí)上，來自太陽的能量是有

54、限的，但應(yīng)該是多少代的人所使用。因此，我們認(rèn)為太陽能是可再生能源。能源是太陽能與風(fēng)能，生物質(zhì)能等，相關(guān)的來源，也被認(rèn)為是可再生的。太陽輻射會(huì)被轉(zhuǎn)化為其他能源形式的轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的幾個(gè)。熱轉(zhuǎn)換依賴于太陽能加熱冷卻表面吸收。太陽能生物轉(zhuǎn)化依賴于光合作用。由光電轉(zhuǎn)換產(chǎn)生的電流作為一個(gè)量子力學(xué)過程的結(jié)果產(chǎn)生電力。風(fēng)力發(fā)電和海洋能源轉(zhuǎn)換依靠大氣壓力梯度和溫度梯度對(duì)海洋產(chǎn)生電力。在這一章中，我們重點(diǎn)對(duì)</p><p>　　化石燃

55、料中的石油天然氣是當(dāng)今世界的主要一次性能源據(jù)世界能源委員會(huì)統(tǒng)計(jì)，已探明的石油、天然氣可采儲(chǔ)量，按 1992 年各國的產(chǎn)量計(jì)算，分別只能開采 44 年和 60 年；雖然可采儲(chǔ)量還會(huì)有新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，但社會(huì)需求也有增長，特別是考慮到第三世界國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，油氣燃料可供開采的時(shí)間不會(huì)很長。在化石燃料中，盡管煤炭的儲(chǔ)量最為豐富，但燃煤造成的嚴(yán)重污染使其大不可能成為世界范圍的主要能源。另一方面，核聚變反應(yīng)可提供清潔的能源，在海洋中蘊(yùn)藏著約 42 萬億噸

56、核聚變的主要反應(yīng)物質(zhì)氘；但核聚變堆研究的難度很大，估計(jì)要到下一世紀(jì)后期核聚變電站廣泛出現(xiàn)才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)商品化。因此， 在展望 21 世紀(jì)能源問題的前景時(shí)，可能不得不對(duì)油氣資源面臨枯竭、核聚變發(fā)電又未能商品化的一段青黃不接時(shí)期。為保證這一時(shí)期內(nèi)人類有充足的清潔能源供應(yīng)，利用太陽能來發(fā)電是一種必然的選擇 。 </p><p>　　太陽能是最重要的可再生能源，地球上各種能源無不與之密切相關(guān)。事實(shí)上，太陽在地球的演化、生物

57、的繁衍和人類的發(fā)展中，起了無比重要的作用，也為人類提供了取之不盡的能源。太陽內(nèi)部不斷進(jìn)行的高溫核聚變反應(yīng)釋放著功率約為 3. 8 × 1026 瓦的巨大輻射能，其中只有二十億分之一到達(dá)至于大氣高層；經(jīng)過大氣時(shí)，約 30% 被反射， 23% 被吸收，僅有一半（約 8 × 1016 瓦）的能量到達(dá)地球表面。即使如此，只要能夠利用其萬分之幾，便可滿足今日人類的全部需要。但是，由于其能量密度低，還要受晝夜、季節(jié)、氣候、地點(diǎn)等

58、因素的影響，在地面上利用太陽能來發(fā)電受到很大限制。為了避免這些缺點(diǎn)，自然要考慮在空間利用太陽能發(fā)電的可能性各可行性。 </p><p>　　2010 年空間發(fā)電可望實(shí)用化 </p><p>　　空間太陽能發(fā)電方式最初是 美國工程師 P.Glaser 首先提出的。其基本構(gòu)想是在地球的外層空間或月球上建立太陽能衛(wèi)星發(fā)電基地，然后通過微波將電能傳輸?shù)綀雒娴慕邮昭b置，再把微波能束轉(zhuǎn)變成電能供人類使

59、用 。這一方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在大氣層外充分利用太陽能，消除了在地面上太陽能密度小而變化大的缺點(diǎn)，無需龐大的儲(chǔ)能裝置，既減少占地，又節(jié)約大量設(shè)備投資?？梢灶A(yù)計(jì)，隨著光電轉(zhuǎn)化材料和運(yùn)載等方面技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，太陽能空間發(fā)電的成本將大大降低。 </p><p>　　這一設(shè)想提出后，受到了各國的重視。 1977 年 —1980 年美國能源部和航天航空局組織對(duì)空間太陽發(fā)電的概念進(jìn)行研究，認(rèn)為其實(shí)施不存在不可克服的技術(shù)困難。當(dāng)時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)了一

60、種稱為“參考系”的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)；由 60 地太陽能面板組成，每塊長 10 公里，寬 5 公里，發(fā)電 500 萬千瓦，總發(fā)電量為 3 億千瓦。用這樣一顆發(fā)電衛(wèi)星，便可取代美國所有的地面電站。由于該系統(tǒng)過于龐大，約需 3000 千億美元的巨資投資，在當(dāng)時(shí)冷戰(zhàn)的條件下難以得到支持。隨著能源問題的突出各航天技術(shù)的進(jìn)步， 1995 年美國航天航空局成立研究組，重新審視這一問題，較全面地分析了空間太陽能發(fā)電的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)可行性，在方案上也有很大不同：采用漸

61、進(jìn)的自我發(fā)展模式，即先發(fā)射一顆投資為 100—150 億美元的 25 萬千瓦發(fā)電衛(wèi)星，出售電力以回收投資并獲取利潤，然后再擴(kuò)大發(fā)電衛(wèi)星的規(guī)模。該研究組估計(jì)， 2010 年以后，空間發(fā)電將實(shí)用化。目前，其他一些國家和國際組織也在進(jìn)行太陽能空間發(fā)電方面的工作。</p><p><b>　　太陽能</b></p><p>　　太陽能（Solar）一般指太陽光的輻射能量。在太

62、陽內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的由“氫”聚變成“氦”的原子核反應(yīng)，不停地釋放出巨大的能量，并不斷向宇宙空間輻射能量，這種能量就是太陽能。太陽內(nèi)部的這種核聚變反應(yīng)，可以維持幾十億至上百億年的時(shí)間。太陽向宇宙空間發(fā)射的輻射功率為3.8x10^23kW的輻射值，其中20億分之一到達(dá)地球大氣層。到達(dá)地球大氣層的太陽能，30%被大氣層反射，23%被大氣層吸收，其余的到達(dá)地球表面，其功率為800000億kW，也就是說太陽每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于燃燒500萬噸煤

63、釋放的熱量。平均在大氣外每平米面積每分鐘接受的能量大約1367w。廣義上的太陽能是地球上許多能量的來源，如風(fēng)能，化學(xué)能，水的勢能等等。狹義的太陽能則限于太陽輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。</p><p>　　人類對(duì)太陽能的利用有著悠久的歷史。我國早在兩千多年前的戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，就知道利用鋼制四面鏡聚焦太陽光來點(diǎn)火；利用太陽能來干燥農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品。發(fā)展到現(xiàn)代，太陽能的利用已日益廣泛，它包括太陽能的光熱利用，太陽能的光電

64、利用和太陽能的光化學(xué)利用等。太陽能的利用有光化學(xué)反應(yīng),被動(dòng)式利用（光熱轉(zhuǎn)換）和光電轉(zhuǎn)換兩種方式。太陽能發(fā)電一種新興的可再生能源利用方式。 </p><p>　　使用太陽電池，通過光電轉(zhuǎn)換把太陽光中包含的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，使用太陽能熱水器，利用太陽光的熱量加熱水，并利用熱水發(fā)電，利用太陽能進(jìn)行海水淡化?，F(xiàn)在，太陽能的利用還不很普及，利用太陽能發(fā)電還存在成本高、轉(zhuǎn)換效率低的問題，但是太陽電池在為人造衛(wèi)星提供能源方面得到

65、了應(yīng)用。 </p><p>　　主要是硅光電池在吸收太陽所發(fā)射出來的光能，硅光電池主要是從沙子里提煉出來的，由貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室開發(fā)。太陽能是太陽內(nèi)部或者表面的黑子連續(xù)不斷的核聚變反應(yīng)過程產(chǎn)生的能量。地球軌道上的平均太陽輻射強(qiáng)度為1367w/㎡。地球赤道的周長為40000km，從而可計(jì)算出，地球獲得的能量可達(dá)173000TW。在海平面上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)峰值強(qiáng)度為1kw/m2，地球表面某一點(diǎn)24h的年平均輻射強(qiáng)度為0.20kw/㎡，

66、相當(dāng)于有102000TW 的能量，人類依賴這些能量維持生存，其中包括所有其他形式的可再生能源（地?zé)崮苜Y源除外），雖然太陽能資源總量相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在人類所利用的能源的一萬多倍，但太陽能的能量密度低，而且它因地而異，因時(shí)而變，這是開發(fā)利用太陽能面臨的主要問題。太陽能的這些特點(diǎn)會(huì)使它在整個(gè)綜合能源體系中的作用受到一定的限制。 </p><p>　　盡管太陽輻射到地球大氣層的能量僅為其總輻射能量的22億分之一，但已高達(dá)173,

67、000TW，也就是說太陽每秒鐘照射到地球上的能量就相當(dāng)于500萬噸煤。地球上的風(fēng)能、水能、海洋溫差能、波浪能和生物質(zhì)能以及部分潮汐能都是來源于太陽；即使是地球上的化石燃料（如煤、石油、天然氣等）從根本上說也是遠(yuǎn)古以來貯存下來的太陽能，所以廣義的太陽能所包括的范圍非常大，狹義的太陽能則限于太陽輻射能的光熱、光電和光化學(xué)的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。 </p><p>　　太陽能既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它資源豐富，既可免費(fèi)使用，

68、又無需運(yùn)輸，對(duì)環(huán)境無任何污染。為人類創(chuàng)造了一種新的生活形態(tài)，使社會(huì)及人類進(jìn)入一個(gè)節(jié)約能源減少污染的時(shí)代。</p><p>　　太陽電池是一對(duì)光有響應(yīng)并能將光能轉(zhuǎn)換成電力的器件。能產(chǎn)生光伏效應(yīng)的材料有許多種，如：單晶硅，多晶硅，非晶硅，砷化鎵，硒銦銅等。它們的發(fā)電原理基本相同，現(xiàn)以晶體為例描述光發(fā)電過程。P型晶體硅經(jīng)過摻雜磷可得N型硅，形成P－N結(jié)。</p><p>　　當(dāng)光線照射太陽電池表

69、面時(shí)，一部分光子被硅材料吸收；光子的能量傳遞給了硅原子，使電子發(fā)生了躍遷，成為自由電子在P-N結(jié)兩側(cè)集聚形成了電位差，當(dāng)外部接通電路時(shí)，在該電壓的作用下，將會(huì)有電流流過外部電路產(chǎn)生一定的輸出功率。這個(gè)過程的的實(shí)質(zhì)是：光子能量轉(zhuǎn)換成電能的過程。</p><p>　　“硅”是我們這個(gè)星球上儲(chǔ)藏最豐量的材料之一。自從19世紀(jì)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了晶體硅的半導(dǎo)體特性后，它幾乎改變了一切，甚至人類的思維，20世紀(jì)末．我們的生活中處

70、處可見“硅”的身影和作用，晶體硅太陽電池是近15年來形成產(chǎn)業(yè)化最快。生產(chǎn)過程大致可分為五個(gè)步驟：a、提純過程 b、拉棒過程 c、切片過程 d、制電池過程 e、封裝過程。</p><p><b>　　太陽能光伏 </b></p><p>　　光伏板組件是一種暴露在陽光下便會(huì)產(chǎn)生直流電的發(fā)電裝置，由幾乎全部以半導(dǎo)體物料(例如硅)制成的薄身固體光伏電池組成。由于沒有活動(dòng)的部

71、分，故可以長時(shí)間操作而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致任何損耗。簡單的光伏電池可為手表及計(jì)算機(jī)提供能源，較復(fù)雜的光伏系統(tǒng)可為房屋提供照明，并為電網(wǎng)供電。 光伏板組件可以制成不同形狀，而組件又可連接，以產(chǎn)生更多電力。近年，天臺(tái)及建筑物表面均會(huì)使用光伏板組件，甚至被用作窗戶、天窗或遮蔽裝置的一部分，這些光伏設(shè)施通常被稱為附設(shè)于建筑物的光伏系統(tǒng)。 </p><p><b>　　太陽熱能 </b></p>&

72、lt;p>　　現(xiàn)代的太陽熱能科技將陽光聚合，并運(yùn)用其能量產(chǎn)生熱水、蒸氣和電力。除了運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)目萍紒硎占柲芡猓ㄖ镆嗫衫锰柕墓夂蜔崮?，方法是在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)加入合適的裝備，例如巨型的向南窗戶或使用能吸收及慢慢釋放太陽熱力的建筑材料。</p><p>　　據(jù)記載，人類利用太陽能已有3000多年的歷史。將太陽能作為一種能源和動(dòng)力加以利用，只有300多年的歷史。真正將太陽能作為“近期急需的補(bǔ)充能源”，“未來能源結(jié)

73、構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)”，則是近來的事。20世紀(jì)70年代以來，太陽能科技突飛猛進(jìn)，太陽能利用日新月異。近代太陽能利用歷史可以從1615年法國工程師所羅門·德·考克斯在世界上發(fā)明第一臺(tái)太陽能驅(qū)動(dòng)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)算起。該發(fā)明是一臺(tái)利用太陽能加熱空氣使其膨脹做功而抽水的機(jī)器。在1615年～1900年之間，世界上又研制成多臺(tái)太陽能動(dòng)力裝置和一些其它太陽能裝置。這些動(dòng)力裝置幾乎全部采用聚光方式采集陽光，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率不大，工質(zhì)主要是水蒸汽，價(jià)格昂貴，實(shí)