向全球買家學習外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文2933字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： Learning From Global Buyers </p><p>　　出 處： Jo

2、urnal of Applied Finance </p><p>　　作 者： Hubert Shmitz and Peter Knorringa </p><p><b>　　原

3、 文：</b></p><p>　　Learning from Global Buyers</p><p>　　An increasing number of developing countries engage in contract manufacturing for a decreasing number of global buyers. This constella

4、tion characterises many labour intensive export sectors. The positioning of developing country enterprises in such buyer-driven chains is central to research concerned with identifying the winners and losers from globali

5、sation. This study contributes to this debate by seeking answers to two questions: first, what can researchers learn from global buyers about the </p><p>　　I. INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　The title of

6、this study has a deliberate double meaning, encompassing two questions: what can we – as researchers – learn from global buyers about the competitiveness of producers; and what do those producers learn from foreign buyer

7、s in order to raise their competitiveness. Answering these questions provides – we believe – some useful insights into who loses and who gains from the globalisation of product markets.</p><p>　　Globalisatio

8、n of such markets has intensified competition for producers in most countries and sectors. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of producers from particular countries is important for both economic analysis and policy-ma

9、king. Many such assessments exist but few of them are</p><p>　　comparative. Globalisation itself has made such comparisons easier, particularly in labour intensive sectors. While the number of producer firms

10、 and countries has increased rapidly, there has been a concentration amongst buyers. These buyers are global in the sense that they source from producers all over the world. This gives them an unrivalled ability to compa

11、re. This study examines the strengths and weaknesses of producers on the basis of information from such global buyers. It also asks what</p><p>　　The influence of global buyers over such producers has been a

12、nalysed by Gereffi [1994] in his work on buyer-driven commodity chains. However, the practices of these global buyers remain under-researched. Moreover, their expertise has remained under-utilised for research and policy

13、 purposes, especially for assessing the competitiveness and prospects of local producers in a comparative way. This is what prompted our investigation. The expectation was that exploring the views and practices of buyer&

14、lt;/p><p>　　Research on the relationships between global buyers and local producers is of particular relevance to developing countries. Due to their low labour costs, developing countries are supposed to specia

15、lise in the export of labour-intensive products. Even when such trade is liberalised, developing countries do not automatically gain access to international markets, because the chains which producers feed into are often

16、 governed by a limited number of buyers. Therefore, understanding how the governan</p><p>　　These issues are addressed with reference to the shoe sector. This sector is of particular interest for two reasons

17、. First, developing countries provide most of the footwear consumed in advanced countries (with Italy being the main exception); second, there is an increasingly severe contest for these markets in which big buyers are t

18、he key players. Most of the study is based on interviews with such buyers in the US and Europe. However, our prior research, based on interviewing shoe producers in </p><p>　　The study is structured as follo

19、ws. Section II shows briefly how the literature portrays the relationship between producers and buyers; it also details the sources on which the remainder of the paper is based. Section III shows how buyers compare the c

20、urrent capabilities and future prospects of producers from India with China, Brazil and Italy. The first three are major developing-country suppliers of leather footwear, and Italy remains the standard point of reference

21、 in the industry. In some ca</p><p>　　distinguishing between two trajectories: first, the gradual evolution of such capabilities in industrial clusters in which deepening specialisation, synergies and co-ope

22、ration helped small producers to grow and become internationally competitive; second, the relatively rapid transfer of capabilities from these ‘old clusters’ to ‘new spaces’. The ‘new spaces’ (in Vietnam, Romania, and th

23、e North East of Brazil) provide cheap labour and infrastructure. The ‘old clusters’ (located in Taiwan, Italy, </p><p>　　Buyers play a role in both trajectories and section V analyses the contribution they m

24、ake to the upgrading of producers. In order to unpackage this issue, distinctions are made between the role of buyers in incipient and advanced exporting countries and their role in price-driven versus quality-driven cha

25、ins; furthermore, the acquisition of non-production skills appears to depend on whether buyers purchase their shoes direct or through intermediaries and on the degree of buyer concentration in a</p><p>　　Fin

26、ally, section VI draws together the buyers’ assessment of current capabilities and future prospects of shoe producers from the selected countries, and the key factors that determine whether and how buyers contribute to t

27、he upgrading of producers. Throughout the paper the reader should keep in mind that its purpose is exploratory. It experiments with assessing producers through the lens of buyers and seeks to unpackage the role of buyers

28、 in upgrading producers.</p><p>　　II. UPGRADING IN BUYER-DRIVEN CHAINS</p><p>　　In much of the literature, relations between buyers and producers have been more part of an ideological debate tha

29、n the subject of thorough research. In neo-classical economics buyers tend to be seen as passive intermediaries, just useful in physically linking demand and supply. It is only in new institutional economics, with its fo

30、cus on transactions and monitoring costs, that the role of intermediaries is given more importance [e.g., Bardhan, 1991]. In neo Marxist literature buyers are often s</p><p>　　Making progress in this debate

31、requires in our view rephrasing the question. The issue is not whether buyers block or promote industrial development, but under what circumstances they are more likely to play a negative or positive role. Economic organ

32、isation theory and recent management literature can help us to get a handle on this rephrased question. Relationships between global buyers and local producers can be seen as inter-firm linkages within a value chain [Kap

33、linsky, 1998; Porter, 1990]. </p><p>　　In value chains that produce and sell labour-intensive consumer goods such as footwear, the leading actors are large retailers, (ex-)manufacturers of established brand

34、names and import-wholesalers. In such buyer-driven chains these lead firms ‘a(chǎn)ct as strategic brokers in linking overseas factories with evolving product niches in the main consumer markets’ [Gereffi, 1999]. They govern t

35、he material and knowledge flows in the chain and decide which manufacturers obtain which orders. This study firs</p><p>　　Behind the first question was initially mainly a methodological curiosity. If global

36、buyers are such strategic knowledge brokers, to what extent does tapping this knowledge help researchers assess export manufacturers? There are no clear role models for this in the literature and, as shown later, the fin

37、dings are useful in terms of both methodology and substance. In contrast, an extensive literature exists on the second question: governance of inter-firm relationships and implications for learni</p><p>　　Th

38、is section deals with our first question, asking what we can learn from global buyers about current capabilities and future prospects of local producers. The focus is on three major developing country producers, China, I

39、ndia and Brazil. Italy is added because it continues to be the reference point in the shoe business.</p><p>　　Table 1 shows the relative weight of these producer countries in the imports of the US and UK. As

40、 stated earlier, of the 12 interviewed buyers, nine came from (and targeted) these two markets (US: 5; UK: 4), the other three came from The Netherlands (2) and Denmark (1).</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b>

41、;</p><p>　　向全球買家學習HUBERT SCHMITZ and PETER KNORRIN</p><p>　　An increasing number of developing countries engage in contr越來越多的發(fā)展中國家的參與從事承包制造而全球采購商人數(shù)在減少。特別在Tmanufacturing for a decreasing number o

42、f gconstellation characterises many labour intensive export sector特別許多勞動密集型的出口部門尤為明顯。在這種買方驅(qū)動鏈的發(fā)展中國家企業(yè)的定位是中央研究確定為主，關(guān)注全球化的贏家和輸家為輔。driven chains is central to research concerned with identifying thwinners and losers from gl

43、obalisation.This study contributes t這項研究有助于辯論以尋求這兩個問題的答案：第一，關(guān)于發(fā)展中國家的生產(chǎn)者的相對優(yōu)勢和弱點，研究人員可以從全球買家中學習到什么;二， can these producers learn from global buyers </p><p>　　一I. INTRODUCTION 導言</p><p>　　The title

44、 of this study has a deliberate double meaning, encompassing two 本研究的題目有故意的雙重含義，這包括兩個問題：作為研究者，我們可以從全球采購商處學習到關(guān)于生產(chǎn)者的競爭力的哪些東西;及這些生產(chǎn)者如何學習國外采購商foreign buyers in order to raise their competitiveness.以提升自身的競爭力?；卮疬@些問題，讓我們對生產(chǎn)市

45、場的全球化中誰成誰敗有了一些有益的見解。Globalisation of such markets has intensified competition for producers這些市場的全球化加劇了大多數(shù)國家和行業(yè)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商之間的競爭in most countries and sectors.。知道特定國家生產(chǎn)者的長處和弱點，對于經(jīng)濟分析和決策來說都是很重要的。有許多像這樣的評估存在，但它們之中一些只是相對而言的comparativ

46、e。全球化本身也比較容易作出這樣的比較，particularly in labour intensiv</p><p>　　全球買家對這種The influence of global buyers over such producers has been analysed生產(chǎn)商的影響， by Gereffi [ 1994 ] in his work on buyer-driven commodity chain

47、s.由Gereffi在他的買方驅(qū)動商品鏈的研究中進行了分析。However,然而，這些全球采購商的做法還未能得到研究。Moreover,此外，their expertise has remained under-utilised for research and policy purposes,他們的專業(yè)知識一直充分利用于研究和政策制定，特別是用一種比較的方法對當?shù)厣a(chǎn)商的競爭力和前景進行評估。</p><p>

48、　　producers in a comparative way.這是促使我們調(diào)查的原因。The expectation was that exploring the views and practices of buyers would期望能探索購買者的意見和做法，不僅僅只顯示哪些生產(chǎn)者是最便宜，最快，或提供最優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的，而且也揭示了讓生產(chǎn)者繼續(xù)發(fā)展，還是讓他們收斂的關(guān)鍵因素。這些信息可以幫助決策者確定哪些關(guān)鍵領域是需要改進的。<

49、;/p><p>　　Research on the relationships between global buyers and local producers研究全球買家和當?shù)厣a(chǎn)者之間的關(guān)系，is of particular relevance to developing countries.特別是對一些相關(guān)的發(fā)展中國家。Due to their low labour由于其低廉的勞動力costs, develo

50、ping countries are supposed to specialise in the export of成本，發(fā)展中國家應該專注于出口labour-intensive products.勞動力密集型產(chǎn)品。Even when such trade is liberalised, developing即使這種貿(mào)易自由化，發(fā)展中countries do not automatically gain access to intern

51、ational markets, because國家沒有自動獲得進入國際市場，因為在一個價值鏈中生產(chǎn)者往往是受有限數(shù)量的購買方的限制。因此，了解怎樣治理價值鏈對</p><p>　　These issues are addressed with reference to the shoe sector.這些問題的解決要參考制鞋業(yè)。This sector這個部門is of particular interest f

52、or two reasons.是特別感興趣的，因為這兩個原因。第一，發(fā)展中國家在most of the footwear consumed in advanced countries (with Italy being the發(fā)達國家提供的鞋類消費最多，意大利（與作為main exception); second, there is an increasingly severe contest for these主要的例外）;第二，因為

53、這些市場中日益嚴峻的競爭，這些 markets in which big buyers are the key players.市場中的大買家成了關(guān)鍵。Most of the study is based這項研究大部分是基于在美國，歐洲對買家的采訪。然而However, our prior然而，我們以前的research, </p><p>　　The study is structured as follows

54、.這項研究的結(jié)構(gòu)如下。 Section II shows briefly how the第二節(jié)簡要說明literature portrays the relationship between producers and buyers; it also文獻如何描繪生產(chǎn)者和購買者之間的關(guān)系，還詳細分析了文章的其余部分的details the sources on which the remainder of the paper is bas

55、ed.來源。 Section III第三節(jié)分析shows how buyers compare the current capabilities and future prospects of比較了印度，中國，巴西和意大利的生產(chǎn)者的當前能力和未來前景producers from India with China, Brazil and Italy.。The first three are major前三個是主要的developing-c

56、ountry suppliers of leathe</p><p>　　在兩種軌跡中，買家均發(fā)揮了重要作用，第五節(jié)分析了Buyers play a role in both trajectories and section V analyses thecontribution they make to the upgrading of producers.他們在生產(chǎn)者升級方面作出的貢獻。分析In order t

57、o unpackage解決this issue, distinctions are made between the role of buyers in incipient and這個問題，買家在落后和advanced exporting countries and their role in price-driven versus quality-先進的出口國扮演的角色的區(qū)別和在價格驅(qū)動與質(zhì)量驅(qū)動價值鏈中的作用; 此外，非生產(chǎn)技能似乎

58、取決于買家是否直接或通過中介機構(gòu)購買他們的鞋子和買方集中在特定細分市場的程度。</p><p>　　Finally, section VI draws together the buyers' assessment of current最后，第六節(jié)匯總了一些選定國家制鞋商目前capabilities and future prospects of shoe producers from the selec

59、ted的買方能力和未來的前景countries, and the key factors that determine whether and how buyers，這是決定買家是否有助于以及如何有助于生產(chǎn)者升級的關(guān)鍵因素。Throughout the paper the reader讀者在閱讀整個文章時都should keep in mind that its purpose is exploratory.應該牢記，這篇文章的目的是探

60、索。它通過用對買家的觀察來評估生產(chǎn)商的實驗方法，尋求role of buyers in upgrading producers.解讀買家在生產(chǎn)者升級中的角色定位。 </p><p>　　II. 二，UPGRADING IN BUYER-DRIVEN CHAINS 升級的買方驅(qū)動鏈 </p><p>　　In much of the literature, relations between

61、 buyers and producers have been 由于文獻不多，購買者和生產(chǎn)者之間的關(guān)系較為被徹底研究的還是一部分意識形態(tài)辯論的研究課題。In在neo-classical economics buyers tend to be seen as passive intermediaries,新古典經(jīng)濟學的購買方往往被視為被動的中介機構(gòu)，just useful in physically linking demand a

62、nd supply.只是由于對身體有益而連接需求和供給兩方。It is only in new只有在新institutional economics, with its focus on transactions and monitoring costs,制度經(jīng)濟學中，其重點放在交易和監(jiān)督成本，that the role of intermediaries is given more importance [eg, Bardhan即對中

63、介機構(gòu)的作用給予更多的重視[如B</p><p>　　要想 Making progress in this debate requires in our view rephrasing th在這辯論中取得進展，這則需要我們自己的觀點來改寫question.這個問題。The issue is not whether buyers block or promote industrial問題不在于買家是否阻止或促進產(chǎn)業(yè)

64、的development, but under what circumstances they are more likely to play a發(fā)展，而在于在什么情況下，他們更容易發(fā)揮negative or positive role.消極或積極的作用。Economic organisation theory and recent經(jīng)濟組織理論和最近的management literature can help us to get a

65、handle on this rephrase管理文獻可以幫助我們掌握這個改寫question.的問題。全球買家和地方生產(chǎn)者之間的關(guān)系可以seen as inter-firm linkages wi</p><p>　　In value chains that produce and sell labour-intensive consumer goods在價值鏈中，生產(chǎn)和銷售勞動密集型消費品such as fo

66、otwear, the leading actors are large retailers, (ex-)manufacturers如鞋類，主角是大型零售商，知名名牌的制造商of established brand names and import-wholesaler和進口批發(fā)商。In such buyer-driven在這種買方主導的價值鏈中，這些chains these lead firms 'act as strateg

67、ic brokers in linking overseas factories的價值鏈龍頭企業(yè)作為戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)紀人，用海外工廠不斷發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品來連接主要消費市場with evolving product niches in the main consumer markets' [ Gereffi,。They govern the material and knowledge </p><p>　　第一個問題的B

68、ehind the first question was initially mainly a methodological curiosity.背后背后，最初主要是一種方法論的好奇心。If global buyers are such strategic knowledge brokers, to what extent does如果全球買家是這樣的戰(zhàn)略知識經(jīng)紀人，在什么程度上tapping this knowledge help r

69、esearchers assess export manufacturers?利用這方面的知識來幫助研究人員評估出口制造商？如后面表現(xiàn)的一樣，這在文獻中There are no clear role models for this in the literature and, as shown later,沒有明確的標志性的范例，the findings are useful in terms of both methodology a

70、nd substance.結(jié)果是在方法和實質(zhì)內(nèi)容兩方面都是非常有用的。與此In與此contrast, an</p><p>　　三，買方評價生產(chǎn)者的能力和前景</p><p>　　本節(jié)討論我們的第一個問題，關(guān)于當?shù)厣a(chǎn)商的當前能力和未來前景，我們可以從全球買家處學到多少。重點是三個主要發(fā)展中國家的生產(chǎn)者，中國，印度，巴西。加上了意大利是因為它仍然是鞋產(chǎn)業(yè)的參考點。</p>&