植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與分子生物學(xué)

1、植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué) 與現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù),徐芳森,植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué) 研究植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)原理與施肥的科學(xué)。,植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)原理 研究植物對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的吸收、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、分配和利用，以及植物體與環(huán)境之間營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和能量轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程及其調(diào)控的科學(xué)。,植物必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素（定義，分類，種類）？有益元素？每個(gè)必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的吸收（代謝與同化）、體內(nèi)含量、分配、營(yíng)養(yǎng)功能、缺乏（或中毒）癥狀（診斷）？,每個(gè)必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素所對(duì)應(yīng)的肥料（種類、性質(zhì)和施

2、用技術(shù)等）？N,P,K 肥料三要素? 微肥？單質(zhì)肥料與復(fù)合肥料？有機(jī)與無(wú)機(jī)肥？含Cl-肥料與含SO4 2- 肥料？施肥與環(huán)境？ 配方施肥？,尤?李比西 (1803---1873),Liebig (1840) “Organic chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology ”,Macroelement C, H, O,N, P, K, Ca, Mg

3、, SMicroelement Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Cl,,,,,,CO2,Uptake and distribution of boron at flowering stage (µg) B-ineffi. B-effi.

4、 -B +B -B +BOldest leaf 11.02 17.27 7.70 13.70Youngest leaf 0.024 0.15 0.245 0.586 Main stem 10.55

5、 28.72 23.73 26.68Flower 1.23 5.67 3.46 7.85Bud 1.84 11.48 1.96 7.00 Total 32.85 89.37

6、 45.63 78.21,,,,,,,Enzymology,Isotope trace technique,Soil Science,Agronomy,Traditional Understanding on Plant Nutrition,,,,Plant Nutrition,Plant Physiology,Soil Science,Crop Plant,Soil,Fertilizer,,,,,Plant Nutri

7、ology,Modern Discipline of Plant Nutrition,GenomicsProteomicsMetabomicsPlant NutriomicsIonomics,,,,Signal,Signal,transduction,transduction,,Rec.,Rec.,,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,,,Signal,Signal,transduction,tr

8、ansduction,,Rec.,Rec.,,Plant,Plant,Nutriomics,Nutriomics,Müller and Kersten, 2003,NRT1 family of nitrate transporters,,,Two families of nitrate transporter genes have been identified to date: the NRT1 and NRT2 famil

9、ies.,CHL1 participates in both low and high affinity uptake.,N,NRT2 family of nitrate transporters,The NRT2 family of genes encode nitrate-inducible, high affinity nitrate transporters.,AMT1 family of NH4+ transporters,M

10、odel for the feedback regulation of the AtAMT1.1 gene by N metabolites.,,A model for secondary Pi transport across the plasma membrane.,P,,,,These nine Pht1 genes are located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively.

11、The diagram depicts introns (thin lines) and exons (black boxes).,Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis phosphate transporter protein sequences.,,,,,,,Citrate, acetate,,,,,,Phosphate,Fe-phosphate,,ATP,ADP + Pi,H+-ATPase,H

12、+,H+,H+,Phosphate-H+cotransport,Citrate, acetate,,,,Phosphate,Fe-acetate,,H+,H+,,Fe-citrate,Fe3+reductase,Fe2+,Fe2+channel,,,,,Citrate,,Fe2+,Cytosol,Soil,The first high-affinity K+ transporter, HKT1, was cloned by com

13、plementation of yeast trk1trk2 K+ transport mutant with a cDNA library,a mass of 59 kDa and contain 12 membrane-spanning domains,Expression of HKT1 in Xenopus oocytes gave rise to large inward currents in the present of

14、K+.,K,克隆到的編碼K+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的植物基因,H+/ Ca 2+反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子主要功能是維持細(xì)胞原生質(zhì)膜保持較低的Ca 2+濃度。,Ca,Ca通道(主要通過(guò)與3-磷酸肌醇（IP3）或ADP-核糖作用)維持細(xì)胞原生質(zhì)膜的Ca 2+濃度。,,植物中廣泛的代謝和發(fā)育信號(hào)都可以引發(fā)胞質(zhì)中游離Ca 2+ 的提高。,游離Ca 2+ 提高的直接作用目標(biāo)包括離子通道，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子，還包括鈣調(diào)蛋白、含有鈣調(diào)蛋白域的蛋白激酶等。,Overview of sulfu

15、r uptake, reduction, and transport in plants,APS: 5-腺苷酰硫酸PAPS: 3‘－磷酸腺苷－5-磷酰硫酸,S,Model of a Plant S transporter with 12 regions spanning the plasma membrane,B,At1g15460 At1g74810 At2g47160 At3g06450At3g62270 At4g3251

16、0 At5g25430,雙子葉植物和非禾本科單子葉植物鐵吸收模式圖,Fe,,從擬南芥中分離到根三價(jià)鐵還原酶基因FRO2。 它負(fù)責(zé)電子跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的黃色細(xì)胞色素超家族中的一員。,擬南芥中分離到鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白IRT1。,IRT1,WT,IRT1 -WT,抗鹽性一般是多基因控制的，具有數(shù)量遺傳性狀的復(fù)雜性，呈“多因一效”的模式。,Number of genes induced (A) or repressed (B) in low Pi. Com

17、parison of short-term (diamonds，3，6，12 h), medium-term (squares, 1,2 d), and long-term (circles, 5 µM ) experiments. Julie et al,  PNAS, 2005, 102:11934-11939,In various metabolic pathways: ion transport, sign

18、al transduction, transcriptional regulation, and other processes related to growth and development.,轉(zhuǎn)基因植株和對(duì)照的田間表現(xiàn)。A 至D, 盆載, E: 水培，F(xiàn)、G和 H分別為低氮低磷和正常營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下田間的結(jié)果A：0 毫克磷每公斤土, B和D：30 毫克磷每公斤土, C：200 毫克磷每公斤土, ( From Lian

19、2005),植酸酶基因表達(dá)盒,（From Chen 2005）,WT plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. Transgenic plants in the presence of 5 mM NaCl. (D) WT plants grown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl. (E) Transgenic plants in the presence of 200

20、mM NaCl.,2001, 19 :765-768 nature biotechnology,Focus on genes that control uptake and accumulation of solutes, including Ca, K, Mg, P (plant macronutrients), Co, Cu, Fe, Li, B, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn (micronutr