簡(jiǎn)介:THEEPIGENETICSOFAUTOIMMUNITYFRANCESCAMEDA1,2,MARCOFOLCI1,ANDREABACCARELLI3,ANDCARLOSELMI1,21DEPARTMENTOFMEDICINEANDHEPATOBILIARYIMMUNOPATHOLOGYUNIT,IRCCSISTITUTOCLINICOHUMANITAS,ROZZANO,MILAN,ITALY2DEPARTMENTOFTRANSLATIONALMEDICINE,UNIVERSITYOFMILAN,ROZZANO,MILAN,ITALY3HARVARDSCHOOLOFPUBLICHEALTH,EXPOSURE,EPIDEMIOLOGYTEL390282245129FAX390282244590CARLOSELMIUNIMIITNIHPUBLICACCESSAUTHORMANUSCRIPTCELLMOLIMMUNOLAUTHORMANUSCRIPTAVAILABLEINPMC2011MAY13PUBLISHEDINFINALEDITEDFORMASCELLMOLIMMUNOL2011MAY83226–236DOI101038/CMI201078NIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPTNIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPTNIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPTEPIGENETICCHANGESKNOWNSOFAR,ANDTHEREFORETHEIRUNDERLYINGPROCESSESWILLBEDISCUSSEDBELOWINFURTHERDETAILSMOREOVER,THENEWESTFIELDOFMICRORNAWILLBEBRIEFLYILLUSTRATEDASANADDITIONALGENEREGULATORYMECHANISMHISTONEMODIFICATIONSASMENTIONEDBEFORE,HISTONESAREHIGHLYCONSERVEDPROTEINSTHATRESIDEWITHINNUCLEIOFEUKARYOTICCELLSTHEYCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOMAINGROUPS1COREHISTONESH2A,H2B,H3,ANDH4THATAREPARTOFTHENUCLEOSOMECORE,THEBASICUNITOFDNAPACKAGINGINEUKARYOTICS,AND2LINKERHISTONESH1,H5TWOOFEACHOFTHECOREHISTONESASSEMBLETOFORMANOCTAMERICNUCLEOSOMECOREPARTICLEBYWRAPPINGABOUT147BASEPAIRSOFDNAAROUNDTHEPROTEINSPOOLINA17LEFTHANDEDSUPERHELICALTURN9FIGURE1,THUSPROVIDINGDNACONDENSATIONANDORGANIZATIONINTHENUCLEUS,ASWELLASMODULATINGDNAACCESSIBILITYTOTHETRANSCRIPTIONMACHINERYTHISLATTERPROCESSCOULDBEREPRESENTEDASADRAWERTHATCANBEOPENEDORCLOSEDFOLLOWINGSPECIFICSTIMULIINFACT,EACHHISTONESUBTYPECANBEMODIFIEDBYDIFFERENTCHEMICALMODIFICATIONATDEFINEDAMINOACIDSLEADINGTOTRANSCRIPTIONMODULATIONAND,THEREFORE,CELLCYCLEREGULATION,DEVELOPMENT,ANDDIFFERENTIATIONEACHOFTHEFOURCOREHISTONESSHARESTHESAMEFOLDINGSTRUCTUREKNOWNASHISTONEFOLDDOMAINHFD,WHICHCONSISTSOFTHREEΑHELICESΑ1,Α2,ANDΑ3SEPARATEDBYTWOLOOPSL1ANDL210THEHFDFOLDTOGETHERINANTIPARALLELPAIRSH3WITHH4ANDH2AWITHH2BTOCONSTITUTETETRAMERSTHESUBSEQUENTASSEMBLYOFTWOTETRAMERSFORMSTHEOCTAMERICCORESTRUCTUREH3/H4H2A/H2B1OFTHENUCLEOSOME11THENTERMINALREGIONSOFHISTONESPROTRUDEOUTSIDETHENUCLEOSOMECOREANDAREPRONETOPOSTTRANSLATIONALMODIFICATIONS,WHICHAREIMPORTANTINCHROMATINCOMPACTIONANDGENEREGULATIONHISTONEPOSTTRANSLATIONALMODIFICATIONSCONCURTODETERMINETHEPATTERNDEFINEDAS“HISTONECODE”ANDWILLBESUMMARIZEDBELOWALLTHESEHISTONEMODIFICATIONSARECAUSEDBYSPECIFICENZYMESWHICHRECOGNIZEHISTONETAILSANDCANWORKTOADDORREMOVEFUNCTIONALGROUPSWHICHAREINTURNRECOGNIZEDBYNUCLEARFACTORSSPECIFICPROTEINSHAVEAFFINITYFORMODIFIEDAMINOACIDRESIDUESFORINSTANCEBROMODOMAINSBINDACETYLATEDLYSINESORCHROMODOMAINSMETHYLATEDLYSINESANDPROMOTESPECIFICCHANGESINCHROMATINDETERMININGRESPECTIVELYTHEACTIVATIONORTHESILENCINGOFGENETRANSCRIPTIONFIGURE2AMONGHISTONEMODIFICATIONS,ACETYLATIONORDEACETYLATIONAREONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTGENEEXPRESSIONREGULATORYMECHANISMSTHESEPROCESSESINVOLVESELECTEDLYSINERESIDUESINTHETAILSOFNUCLEOSOMALHISTONESANDAREINDUCEDBYHISTONEACETYLTRANSFERASEHATANDHISTONEDEACETYLASEHDACENZYMES,RESPECTIVELY12–15HATENZYMESSHARETHEABILITYTOPROMOTEGENEEXPRESSIONBYTRANSFERRINGACETYLGROUPSTOLYSINE16–18WHILEHDACSREMOVEACETYLGROUPSANDGENERALLYASSOCIATEWITHGENEREPRESSION19–21ASECONDMECHANISMINVOLVESHISTONEMETHYLATIONANDITSEFFECTSDEPENDONTHEPOSITIONOFTHEMODIFIEDLYSINERESIDUEWITHINTHEHISTONETAILANDONTHENUMBEROFMETHYLGROUPSADDEDTOSUCHRESIDUESASANEXAMPLE,THEPRESENCEOFTHREEMETHYLGROUPSONLYSINE4RESIDUEONHISTONEH3MEH3K4,HASBEENASSOCIATEDWITHTRANSCRIPTIONALACTIVATIONWHEREASTHETRIPLEMETHYLATIONOFRESIDUES9OR27DETERMINESREPRESSION3,22–26ASATHIRDMECHANISM,ARGININECANALSOBEMETHYLATED/DEMETHYLATEDBYSPECIFICENZYMESANDPLAYACRITICALROLEINTHEDYNAMICREGULATIONOFGENEEXPRESSION27METHYLATIONOFARGININERESIDUE3ONHISTONEH4H4R3ANDARGININE17ONHISTONEH3H3R17HAVEBEENSHOWNTOINDUCEGENEACTIVATION23,28–30FINALLY,UBIQUITINISA76AMINOACIDPROTEINTHATISINVOLVEDINSPECIFICPROTEINLABELINGUBIQUITINATEDPROTEINSARECOMMITTEDTOPROTEOSOMALDEGRADATIONANDUBIQUITINATIONTHUSCONTROLLINGTHESTABILITYANDINTRACELLULARLOCALIZATIONOFNUMEROUSPROTEINSUBIQUITINATIONULTIMATELYINFLUENCESTHESTATUSOFHISTONESMETHYLATIONORMEDAETALPAGE3CELLMOLIMMUNOLAUTHORMANUSCRIPTAVAILABLEINPMC2011MAY13NIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPTNIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPTNIHPAAUTHORMANUSCRIPT
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