英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)-題

1、Key to chapter 11 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2. In what way are words related to vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the sum tot

2、al of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3. Illustrate the relationship between sound

3、 and meaning with examples .Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example,

4、 tree/tri:/ means 樹(shù) in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (樹(shù)) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different s

5、ounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and f

6、orm of english wordsThere are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The

7、 stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces man

8、y words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for

9、others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the

10、 current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6. What are the characteristics of basic word stock Words of the basic word stock form the common core

11、of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7. choose the st

12、andard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left A tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken cowardF .blue fight

13、 g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl8. given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke

14、= also bade= bidsmooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea 9. Explain neologisms with examples Neologisms refer to newly-coined words o

15、r old words with new meanings. For example, euro(歐元), e-book(電子書(shū)), SARS(非典), netizen (網(wǎng)民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠標(biāo)),web(網(wǎng)絡(luò)),space shuttle(航天飛機(jī)) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10.

16、What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clea

17、r notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and st

18、able. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11. How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?Native words form a small portion of the English v

19、ocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily comm

20、unication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous. 5. Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a l

21、inguistic perspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all oth

22、er major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6 course human events necessary people

23、dissolve political connected assume powers separate equal station nature entitle decent respect opinions requires declare causes impel s

24、eparationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part i

25、n the English vocabulary.7. Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (

26、3) middle English period and (4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as

27、candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucl

28、eus, minimum.8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]Saxophone [German +G

29、reek ] heirloom [French +English ] Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]9.put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .amateur (

30、late) finace (late) Empire (late) peace (early) Courage (early) garage (late) Judgement (early) chair (early)Chaise (late) grace (early) Servant (early) routine (late) Jealous (early) savate (late)

31、 Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late) State (early) chez (late) Ballet (late)10. Comment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english “An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or di

32、e without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and e

33、ggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitions allegro f. 輕快 Alto i. 女低音 Andante j 行板 Crescendo b. 漸強(qiáng) Diminuend

34、o g. 漸弱 Forte e. 強(qiáng)Largo d. 緩慢 Piano h. 輕 Pianoforte a. 輕轉(zhuǎn)慢 Soprano c. 女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowed cherub（Hebrew） chipmunk(Americ

35、an Indian ) Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi) Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi) Snorkel (German) ttamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turk

36、ish) Voodoo (African) kibitz (German) Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .a. alligator b. Loco c. rodeo d.. Bonanza e. i

37、gloo f. Blitzkrieg g. wigwam h. Canoe i. hurricane j. Boomerang k. poncho14. Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabulary the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows:

38、 (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-forma