2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、Designation:D4003?98(Reapproved2015)StardTestMethodsfProgrammableHizontalImpactTestfShippingContainersSystems1ThisstardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD4003thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearofigi

2、naladoptioninthecaseofrevisiontheyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperepsilon()indicatesaneditialchangesincethelastrevisionreapproval.1.Scope1.1Thesetestmethodsareintendedtodeterm

3、inetheabilityofapackageproducttowithstlabatysimulatedhizontalimpactfces.1.2Thehizontalimpactsusedinthesetestmethodsareprogrammedshockinputsthatrepresentthehazardsastheyoccurintheshippinghlingenvironments.Theenvironmental

4、hazardsmayincluderailswitchingimpactslifttruckmarshallingimpactssofth.Thefollowingtestmethodsapply:1.2.1MethodARailCarSwitchingImpact—Thistestmethodsimulatesthetypesofshockpulsesexperiencedbyladinginrailcarswitchingwitht

5、heuseofarigidbulkheadontheleadingedgeofthetestcarriagetosimulatetheendwallofarailcarshockprogrammingdevicestoproducerepresentativeshockpulses.Withtheuseofbackloadingthistestmethodmayalsobeusedtosimulatecompressivefcesexp

6、eriencedbyladingloadsduringrailcarswitching.Itissuitableftestsofindividualcontainerssystemsastheyareshippedinrailcars.Itmayalsobeusedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofpalletpatternstodeterminetheeffectofinteractionbetweenconta

7、inersduringrailswitchingoperationimpacts.1.2.2MethodBMarshallingImpactTestsofUnitLoads—Thistestmethodassessestheabilityofunitloadstowithstthefcesencounteredduringmarshallingloadingoperations.1.3Thetestlevelsmaybevariedto

8、representthemodeonshippinghlingusedftheitemundertest.1.4Thevaluesstatedininchpoundunitsaretoberegardedasstard.ThevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoSIunitsthatareprovidedfinfmationonlyarenotconsideredsta

9、rd.1.5Thisstarddoesnotpurpttoaddressallofthesafetyconcernsifanyassociatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstardtoestablishappropriatesafetyhealthpracticesdeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatylimitationspritou

10、se.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStards:2D996TerminologyofPackagingDistributionEnvironmentsD4332PracticefConditioningContainersPackagesPackagingComponentsfTestingD5277TestMethodfPerfmingProgrammedHizontalImpactsUsinganIncl

11、inedImpactTesterE122PracticefCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimateWithSpecifiedPrecisiontheAveragefaacteristicofaLotProcess3.Terminology3.1Definitions—FdefinitionsoftermsusedinthistestmethodseeTerminologyD996.3.2DefinitionsofT

12、ermsSpecifictoThisStard:3.2.1acceleration—therateofchangeofvelocityofabodywithrespecttotimemeasuredinin.s2(ms2).3.2.2backload—aduplicatespecimensimilartothetestpackageweightstosimulatetheotherladinginthetransptvehicle.3.

13、2.3shockpulse—asubstantialdisturbanceacterizedbyariseofaccelerationfromaconstantvaluedecayofaccelerationtotheconstantvalueinashtperiodoftime.3.2.4shockpulseprogrammer—adevicetocontroltheparametersoftheaccelerationversust

14、imeshockpulsegeneratedbyashocktestimpactmachine.3.2.5velocitychange—thesumoftheimpactvelocityreboundvelocity(theareaundertheacceleration—timecurve).4.SignificanceUse4.1Thesetestmethodsprovideameasureofashippingcontainer’

15、sabilitytoprotectaproductfromfailuredueto1ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD10.21onShippingContainersSystemsApplicationofPerfmanceTestMethods.Cur

16、renteditionapprovedOct.12015.PublishedOctober2015.iginallyapprovedin1981.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asD4003–98(2009).DOI:10.1520D400398R15.2FreferencedASTMstardsvisittheASTMwebsitewww.astm.gcontactASTMCustomerServi

17、ceat.FAnnualBookofASTMStardsvolumeinfmationrefertothestard’sDocumentSummarypageontheASTMwebsite.Copyright?ASTMInternational100BarrHarbDrivePOBoxC700WestConshohockenPA194282959.UnitedStates17.Sampling7.1Thenumberoftestspe

18、cimensdependsonthedesireddegreeofprecisiontheavailabilityofspecimens.PracticeE122providesguidanceonthechoiceofsamplesize.Itisrecommendedthatatleastthreerepresentativetestspecimensbeused.8.TestSpecimen8.1Thepackageproduct

19、asshippedintendedfshipmentconstitutesthetestspecimen.Applysensingdevicestothepackageproductsomecomponentoftheproducttomeasuretheresponselevelsduringimpact.Testloadsofequalconfigurationsizeweightdistributionpackagingareac

20、ceptableiftestingtheactualproductmightbehazardousimpractical.Caremustbetakentoduplicatetheloadacteristicsoftheproduct.9.Conditioning9.1ItisrecommendedthatatmospheresfconditioningbeedfromthoseshowninPracticeD4332.Unlessot

21、herwisespecifiedpreconditionconditionfiberboardotherpaperboardcontainersinaccdancewiththestardatmospherespecifiedinPracticeD4332.10.Procedure10.1TestMethodA—RailCarSwitchingImpactTest:10.1.1Pritoinitiatingthetestwritethe

22、testplanincludingthefollowinginfmation:10.1.1.1Thenumberofimpactstheunitwillreceive10.1.1.2Thevelocitychangefeachofthedesiredimpacts10.1.1.3Thepulsedurationoftheimpactshock10.1.1.4Theweightconfigurationofthebackloadused.

23、NOTE2—Thenumberofimpactstowhichaproductwillbesubjectedintransitmayrangefrom2to15.Thevelocitychangesrangebetween110mph(1.616kmph)withanaveragevelocitychangeofapproximately5mph(8kmph).Thedurationoftheimpactshocksisdependen

24、tonthedraftgearoftherailcarsusedtotranspttheproducts.Thedurationnmallyrangesfrom30msfstarddraftgeartoinexcessof300msflongtraveldraftgearofcushionedunderframes.Theaccelerationlevelsobservedarenmallyafunctionofthevelocityc

25、hangepulsedurationratherthanacontrollinginputparameter.Theaccelerationscrespondingtotheabovedurationsareabout15glessthan1grespectively.Itmustberealizedthatrailcarswitchingimpactsnmallyoccurmanytimesduringshipment.Itisrec

26、ommendedthatatestconsistofanumberoflowerlevelimpactsanincrementalseriesofincreasingimpactmagnituderatherthanasinglelargemagnitudeimpact.Thistypeoftestingalsoprovidesbetterinfmationbybracketingthefailurebetweentwoimpactsl

27、evels.NOTE3—Thebackloadweightfrictionrequirementisnotwelldefinedduetolackofenvironmentalmeasurementsofladingfcelevels.Throughpreliminarytestingbackloadpressuresrangingfrom0.3to1.0psi(2to7kPa)onthecontainerimpactingsurfac

28、ehavecreateddamagelevelsnmallyobservedindistribution.Thesepressuresarebasedonacoefficientoffrictionof0.5onahizontalsurface.SeeAppendixX1ffurtherdiscussions.10.1.2Afterthetestparametershavebeenestablishedplaceaduplicatete

29、stspecimenonthetestcarriagepositionedatthecenterofthespecimenmountingsurfacewiththefaceedgethatistoreceivetheimpactfirmlypositionedagainsttheuprightbulkhead.Ifduplicatetestspecimensarenotavailableuseassimilaraspecimenasp

30、ossible.Weightsequivalenttotheweightoftheproducttobetestedarenotrecommendedunlesstheycansimulatethereactivecompliantnatureofthetestspecimen.10.1.3Thenbackloadtheduplicatetestspecimenwithadditionalproductsamplesthespecial

31、lyadaptedbackloadingfixturethatprovidesanevenloadingofthebackloadweightovertheentirebacksurfaceareaofthetestspecimenasspecifiedinthetestplan.Impactthetestcarriagewithvarioustestmachinesetupsintotheprogrammerstoproducethe

32、desiredpulsedurations.NOTE4—Continuethepretestinguntilthedesiredrangeofvelocitychangesisobtained.Thispretestingisnotnecessaryifthelevelsofthemajtestparametersareknownfrompreviousexperience.NOTE5—Thetypeofprogrammersuseds

33、hallbeedonthebasisoftheshockpulsewavefmdurationdesired.10.1.4Replacetheduplicatespecimenwiththeactualtestspecimenplaceitatthecenterpositionofthespecimenmountingsurfacewiththefaceedgethatistoreceivetheimpactfirmlyposition

34、edagainstthebulkhead.Backloadthetestspecimenwithadditionalproductspeciallyadaptedbackloadingfixtureusedin10.1.2setthetestmachinetoachievethedesiredvelocitychange.10.1.5Releasethecarriagetoimpactagainsttheprogrammerfasing

35、leimpact.Recdtheaccelerationtimeprofileofthecarriagebulkheaddeterminethevelocitychange(impactplusreboundvelocity)ofthetestcarriage.10.1.6Inspectionofthepackagedproductmaybeconductedbetweeneachtestimpacttoexaminetheeffect

36、oftheimpactontheproductpackage.10.1.7Thetestcontainershouldbesubjectedtothedesirednumbersofimpactsatvariousvelocitychangesnumberofimpactsspecifiedinthetestplan.Eachaxisofconcernofthetestpackagecanbeevaluatedinasimilarman

37、nerasdescribedin10.1.2–10.1.7.10.2TestMethodB—MarshallingImpactTest:10.2.1Unitloadsmaybesubjectedtoimpactswhenhledwithmechanicalequipmentsuchaspoweredpallettrucks(palletjacks)fklifttrucksstraddlecarriersotherheavymateria

38、lshlingequipment.Theseimpactsmaycausedamagetotheproductpackage.Theimpacttestconditionstosimulatemarshallinghazardscanbedeterminedbyknowingthefktruckweightthetestspecimen(unitload)weightinganimpactvelocityapulsedurationot

39、herimpactconditions.3KnowingthesevariablesashockpulsecanbedeterminedprogrammedintotheImpactTestMachine.Todeterminetheimpactleveltosimulatemarshallingusethefollowingequation:Gp3T5KS11e11RDVt(2)where:Gp=shockpulsepeakaccel

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