科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例(中醫(yī)的精髓)

1、from: The ACS Style Guide, Chapter 2,科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例,1       Subject-Verb Agreements 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described.[

2、說明] The subject is “application”, which is singular. Application of this technique to … is described.,Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error.例2 Growth and isolation of M13 vi

3、rus was described →Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described.Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb.例3 The name and address of each contributor is given on

4、the title page.例4 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.,However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the number of the closest subject.例5 Application or

5、uses were noted. Uses or application was noted.,Collective nouns take a singular verb when the group as a whole is meant, they take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant.例6 The series is arranged i

6、n order of decreasing size. [說明] Refers to the series as a unit.例7 A series of compounds were tested. [說明] Refers to each compound.,例8 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins (

7、Mn＝500～700) has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O. →A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn＝500～700) heve been

8、 prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,例9 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. [說

9、明] Refers to the data as individual results. 例10 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them. →After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it.

10、[說明] Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,例11 None of the samples was soluble. →None of the samples were soluble. [說明] Refers to individuals.例12 This group of workers

11、are well aware of their responsibilities. →This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. [說明] Refers to the group as a unit.,Units of measurement are treated as co

12、llective nouns and therefore take a singular subject.例13 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent were added. →The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent was added.例14 Five g

13、rams of NaCL were added to the solution. →Five grams of NaCL was added to the solution.例15 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment. →Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.,Compou

14、nd subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs.例16 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.Both components of the compound subject must contain the w

15、ords in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural.例17 Each student and all of the professors were invited.,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesWhen a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the c

16、lause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”.例18 It was necessary to fined a blocking group whi

17、ch would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. →It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,When a cla

18、use is nonrestrictive, it adds information, but the sentence does not lose its meaning if the clause is deleted.Nonrestrictive clause are introduced by “which” are set off by commas.例19 The current-voltage curves, whi

19、ch are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.,3   Dangling Modifiers （垂懸修飾語）One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logicall

20、y to another word or phrase in the sentence.例20 Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.→Understanding the effect of substitue

21、nts on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,例21 Using the procedure described previously, the partition function can be evaluated. →the partition functio

22、n can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously. Or, →Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.,4   Awkward Omissions of Ve

23、rbs and Auxiliary VerbsBe sure that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs.例22 The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10-mL increments.

24、 →The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10-mL increments.,[補充] 科技英語寫作表達(dá)的幾個問題,平山健三 英語化學(xué)論文寫作方法市原 英語論文的寫作方法周春暉 科技英語寫作英文現(xiàn)刊,1 簡明

25、2 富于變幻 3 辨析近義詞 4 語法修辭及其他 （1）  由which, that, where 引出的從句 （2）  不要在一個名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾 （3）  詞序 （4）   利用時態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系 （5）  

26、; 介詞 1)      與描寫實驗過程有關(guān)的介詞 2)      由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對等結(jié)構(gòu),1 簡明 例 As can be seen from Fig.1, growth is rapid. → Growth is rapid

27、(Fig.1). Fig.1 shows that growth is rapid. As shown in Fig.1 … → Fig.1 shows …,The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area in DSC curve.

28、 → The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from (or by)thee third peak area in DSC curve.,下述句式可以更加簡捷的形式表達(dá) 常以介詞或副詞代替 a number of = several, some at a t

29、emperature of at at some future time later at the present time (moment) now a very limited number of few by means of by

30、 or with,due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that because

31、 or since from the standpoint of according to greater (or higher) number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A, B was bigger

32、 B was bigger than A,considerable amount of muchconsiderable number (or proportion) many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable numb

33、er of cases often in a similar manner similarly in all cases always, all in any case anyhow in consequence of

34、 this fact therefore,in excess of more than in few cases sometimes, rarely, seldom in many c

35、ases chemists are … many chemists are … in order to to,in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case of in the context of

36、 以上可使用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，例如in, for, about, with,in some cases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that

37、 if in the near future soon in the temperature range of between … and … ℃ in view of the fact that since or

38、 because,large number(s) of many large proportion of many of great importance important of such hardness that so hard that on the ba

39、sis of from, by, because on the order of about,over the past few years recently, in recent years owing to the fact th

40、at since, because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with reference to about prior to

41、 before,It is apparent that … Apparently …, hence, thus

42、 It appears that … Apparently … It is

43、 interesting to note that … Interestingly … It was in 1977 that … In 1977 … It is clear that … Clearly … It is our conclusion that … We conclude that …,It is pos

44、sible that … It may be said that … Perhaps …, Possibly, Probably It is often the case that … Often … It is possible that the cause is …

45、 The cause may be …,可去掉It,改用動詞，而不用名詞 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide … → This investigation is aimed to providing …,兩種類型的復(fù)雜句及其簡化有被動式從句與主動式從句之分

46、[被動式從句] He uses an instrument which is called a spectroscope. → He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.（簡化為后置的過去分詞）,帶有 介詞+which 句子的簡化(1)    at which → whereAirport is a place at which sp

47、ecial attention is paid to the weather.→ Airport is a place where special attention is paid to the weather.(2)    by means of which → wherebyA fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are

48、 avoided.→ A fuse box is a device whereby excessive loads are avoided.,Definition of thermal analysis A general term covering a group of related techniques whereby the dependence of the parameters of any physical prop

49、erty of a substance on temperature is measured.,(3)    of which → whoseVenus is a planet of which the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 ℃.→ Venus is a planet whose the surface temperatur

50、e is thought to be at least 200 ℃.,﹡有介詞 from, in, for者不能簡化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.﹡有助動詞的句子，不能簡化 Here is a list of experiments which will be/ should be/ have been done thi

51、s year.（這里是今年要做的/ 必須做的/ 已做過的實驗明細(xì)表。),[主動式從句]例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics. → The man lecturing on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.（簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語。）,再簡化 被動式Air which i

52、s compressed can be used for several purposes.→ Air compressed can be used for several purposes.→ Compressed air compressed can be used for several purposes.,主動式Malaysia is a country which produces rubber.Malaysia i

53、s a country producing rubber.Malaysia is a rubber- producing country.,2 富于變幻 比如，“稱作”一詞 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water. Such fractions are referred to as freezing bound water. This water

54、is designated as freezing water.,再比如，報道、闡述、主張、確認(rèn) Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus, Schurer et al[1] r

55、eported PVC/ PMMA to be miscible only in blends having a PVC content greater than 60 ℅ w/w, whereas Rozinska et al[2] claimed PVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand, Parmer et al[3] asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscibl

56、e over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces. Miscibility of PVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al[4] by non-radiative energy transfer and

57、NMR.,3 辨析近義詞 例1 absorbed by, adsorbed on adsorbed on（吸附于表面）， absorbed by（吸收其中）。 如： …adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide. （…吸附于碘化銀的表面。） water was absorbed by the sponge. （水被泡沫材料吸收。）,例2

58、0; accuracy, precisionaccuracy（準(zhǔn)確定），示值（實驗值）與被測量真值（約定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性）。例如：Although high precision was achieved, accuracy was low.（雖然達(dá)到高精密度，但準(zhǔn)確度低。）,例3  actually, in fact 在例句 “

59、Actually, the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower, …” 中，對于科學(xué)論文來講，這里使用in fact更為合適。與書面語言相比，actually更多用于口語。,例4  adjust, calibratecalibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準(zhǔn)），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測量儀器或測量系統(tǒng)

60、的示值與被測量相對應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作。可以用校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果評定測量儀器、測量系統(tǒng)的示值誤差，或給任意標(biāo)尺上的標(biāo)記賦值；有時把校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子?？砂瓷鲜龅男Ｕ龑y量結(jié)果做調(diào)整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.（校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果。）,例5 

61、 common, general, ordinary, usual, routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,α-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites, of which the French bauxites are typical.（α-氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分， general（一般的），One of the best

62、 and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Craft reaction.（制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反應(yīng)。）,ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain p

63、hysical properties.（重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同。） ordinary pressure（常壓）， ordinary temperature（常溫）。Usual（常規(guī)的），Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accurately in the usual way.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確

64、發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點。）,茲以method為例： a common method 普通的方法 a general method 一般的方法 a usual method 常規(guī)的方法 a conventional method 傳統(tǒng)的方法 此外，routine（貫常的），如routine test（慣常測試），是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復(fù)測試。,例6  by means of, in

65、terms of by means of 與by, using, by using同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR, DSC, NMR, X射線衍射等）開展研究、觀測； in terms of 通常用在采用某種理論（說法）、參數(shù)來解釋實驗結(jié)果。,例如：The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PES/PPS blends have been investiga

66、ted by means of DSC and DMA.Sometimes, we have to study the miscibility of polymer blends by means of a combination of two or more methods in order to confirm the experimental results.Fox equation interprets the relati

67、onship between glass temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions. → The relationship between glass temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation.修改后，使重點（Tg 與組成的關(guān)系）更加突出，此句的重點并非

68、是Fox方程。We have prepared the complex of title compound and discussed its thermal decomposition procedure by TG-DTG, DTA, SEM and IR techniques and the corresponding non-isothermal kinetics by means of the Malek meth

69、od. → … in terms of the Malek method.,例7  curve, thermogramcurve（曲線），thermogram（熱譜）。thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日記錄。因此，以英國學(xué)者為主的熱分析名詞委員會主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTA curve（DTA曲線），DSC curve（DSC曲線）。,例8  deriva