譯文_第一單元_物流

1、1UNITILOGISTICS第一單元第一單元物流物流PARTⅠTheDefinitionofLogisticsPARTⅠ物流的定義物流的定義TheintroductionofLogistics物流簡(jiǎn)介物流簡(jiǎn)介[Para1]“Logistics”isatermwhichiginatesfromboththearmyFrench.AccdingtotheFrenchtheBaronofJominiwhoofSwissiginwhohads

2、ervedinNapoleon’sarmybefejoiningtheRussianswholaterfoundedtheMilitaryAcademyofSt.Petersburgfirstusedthetermintheearly19thcentury.Soinamilitarysensetheterm‘logistics’encompassestransptganizationarmyreplenishmentsmaterialm

3、aintenance.“物流”或“后勤”一詞其實(shí)源于軍隊(duì)，對(duì)其詞義解釋亦有多個(gè)不同版本，根據(jù)法國(guó)人闡述之詞義，該詞早于十九世紀(jì)初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的軍官，他在投奔俄羅斯軍隊(duì)之前在拿破倫軍中服役，其后一手創(chuàng)立“圣彼得堡軍事學(xué)院”。就軍事意識(shí)而言，物流管理―詞意即運(yùn)輸編制、軍隊(duì)補(bǔ)給和物料保養(yǎng)。[Para2]Inthebusinesswldhowevertheconceptof“l(fā)ogistics”wasapplied

4、solelyto“MaterialReplenishmentPrograms”(MRP)wasconfinedtothemanufacturingsectatthebeginning.Therefetheextensionoftheconcepttoinvolvecompanyoperationsisarelativelynewonetheearliestusagedatesbacktothe1950sintheUSA.然而在商務(wù)界中，

5、“物流管理”的概念僅僅用于“物料需求計(jì)劃”，并且最初是在制造業(yè)的部門(mén)開(kāi)始使用。因此該概念被擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用于公司是相對(duì)較新的，最早使用始于美國(guó)的1950年代。[Para3]Theintroductionofcontainersthedevelopmentofinfmationtechnologyhavebroughtaboutthedevelopmentimprovementoflogistics’activities.Whereasconta

6、inerizationhashelpedmasterthetransptationprocessinfmationtechnologyhasenabledinfmationtobeacteduponinrealtimethusspeedinguptheflowoftransptationdelivery.集裝箱的發(fā)明以及信息技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)，都從技術(shù)方面推動(dòng)了物流活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。集裝箱化有助于貨主掌握運(yùn)輸過(guò)程，信息技術(shù)使我們能在第一時(shí)間掌握信息，因

7、此使得運(yùn)輸和配送的速度大大加快。[Para4]Logisticsstartswiththeprovisionofrawmaterialssemifinishedgoodsfthemanufacturingprocessfinishesupwiththephysicaldistributionaftersalesserviceoftheproducts.物流管理從原材料的提供開(kāi)始，經(jīng)過(guò)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的半成品，以產(chǎn)品的分配和售后服務(wù)為結(jié)束。[P

8、ara5]Economicallythiscreatesanewsourceofprofitacterizedbythedevelopmentofmassdistributionattentiontoservicequality.Thetwobasisobjectivesinpracticingbusinesslogisticscostreductiontimesavinghaveenabledcompaniestoprofitnoto

9、nlyinperfmancequalitybutalsoincustomersatisfaction.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)上認(rèn)為，這產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的利潤(rùn)源泉，表現(xiàn)在集中配上的發(fā)展和對(duì)服務(wù)質(zhì)量的關(guān)注上。實(shí)際商務(wù)物流管理的二個(gè)基礎(chǔ)目的，費(fèi)用減少和時(shí)間節(jié)省方面，已經(jīng)使公司利潤(rùn)不僅來(lái)源于性能和質(zhì)量，也來(lái)自客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意方面。[Para6]Operationallycompaniesrealizethatbyregroupingthedifferentaspectsof

10、logisticsinsteadofviewingthemasseparateprocessessubstantialsavingscanbemadewithintheirbusiness’soutgoingexpenditure.從運(yùn)營(yíng)角度來(lái)看，公司意識(shí)到將物流的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行重組而不是將它們看成是獨(dú)立的個(gè)體，更會(huì)替公司大量節(jié)省金錢(qián)。Whatislogistics什么是物流什么是物流[Para7]Therearevariousdefin

11、itionsofdifferenteditions.Thetermwasdefinedasfollow:有不同版本的各種不同定義，物流被定義如下：3?Logistics：Thescienceofplanningganizingmanagingactivitiesthatprovidesgoodsservices.——(MDCLogLinkLogisticsWld1997)物流：是計(jì)劃、組織和管理年那些提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)活動(dòng)的科學(xué)。——（MD

12、C，物流管理世界，1997）?Logistics：Logisticsisthescienceofplanningimplementingtheacquisitionuseoftheresourcesnecessarytosustaintheoperationofasystem.——(Reference:ECRCUniversityofScrantonDefenseLogisticsAgency)?物流管理：物流管理是計(jì)劃和執(zhí)行獲得物并使

13、用維持系統(tǒng)的操作所需的資源的科學(xué)。(參考:斯克蘭頓大學(xué)資策會(huì)國(guó)防物流機(jī)構(gòu))[Para8]Fromthesedefinitionslogisticscanbebrieflydescribedlikethis:“Logisticsmeanshavingtherightthingattherightplaceattherighttime.“Atitsheartlogisticsdealswithsatisfyingthecustomer.Th

14、isimpliesthatmanagementmustfirstunderstwhatthoserequirementsarebefealogisticsstrategycanbedevelopedimplementedtomeetthem.Aswillbediscussedinmedetaillatercustomerserviceisthemostimptantoutputofanganization’slogisticssyste

15、m.Thisfocusoncustomersatisfactionwillbeemphasizedthroughthetextjustasitshouldbeinthefirm.從上述定義來(lái)看，物流可以簡(jiǎn)短的描述如下：“物流意味著將正確的東西，在正確的地方，在正確的時(shí)間送達(dá)?！边@定義的核心，就是物流要讓客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意。這暗示著在物流策略發(fā)展前，管理必須先了解需求是什么并滿(mǎn)足這些需求。正如后文將要詳細(xì)討論的，客戶(hù)服務(wù)是組織的物流管理系統(tǒng)的最重要

16、輸出。本文將通篇強(qiáng)調(diào)客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意，正如在公司中客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意也是如此受重視。[Para9]Inamepracticalsenselogisticsreferstothesystematicmanagementofthevariousactivitiesrequiredtomovebenefitsfromtheirpointofproductiontothecustomer.Oftenthesebenefitsareinthefmofatangib

17、leproductthatmustbemanufacturedmovedtotheusersometimesthesebenefitsareintangibleareknownasservices.Theytoomustbeproducedmadeavailabletothefinalconsumer.Butlogisticsencompassesmuchmethanjustthetransptofgoods.在現(xiàn)實(shí)意義上，物流管理是指

18、在將利益從生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)者的過(guò)程中的各種不同活動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)管理。通常這些利益是有形的產(chǎn)品，它們被生產(chǎn)出來(lái)并移動(dòng)到使用者；有時(shí)這些利益是無(wú)形產(chǎn)品即服務(wù)。他們同樣也應(yīng)生產(chǎn)出來(lái)并使最終消費(fèi)者可以得到。但是物流管理包含的不僅僅是運(yùn)輸物品。[Para10]Theconceptofbenefitsisamultifacetedonethatgoesbeyondtheproductserviceitselftoincludeissuesregardi

19、ngtimingquantitysupptingserviceslocationcost.Soabasicdefinitionoflogisticsisthecontinuousprocessofmeetingcustomerneedsbyensuringtheavailabilityoftherightbenefitsftherightcustomerinthequantityconditiondesiredbythatcustome

20、ratthetimeplacethecustomerwantsthemallfapricethebuyeriswillingtopay.Theseconceptsapplyequallywelltofprofitindustriesnonprofitganizationsastheearlierdiscussiononmilitaryrequirementsillustrated.利益的概念是多方面的，它不僅是產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)本身還包含時(shí)間、

21、數(shù)量、服務(wù)支持、位置、成本等方面問(wèn)題。因此物流的基本概念是滿(mǎn)足客戶(hù)需求的一個(gè)連續(xù)的過(guò)程，要確保正確的客戶(hù)按他所要求的數(shù)量和條件，在正確的地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間，以買(mǎi)主愿意支付價(jià)格得到他的產(chǎn)品。這些觀(guān)念在營(yíng)利和非營(yíng)利的組織同樣得到很好地應(yīng)用，如較早討論的在軍事上的應(yīng)用。[Para11]Howeverlogisticscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentganizations.Somefirmsaremeconcerned

22、withproducingthebenefitsthatistheirmanagementfocusisontheflowofrawmaterialsintotheproductionprocessratherthanondeliveringthefinalgoodstotheuser.Thesourcingmanagingofrawmaterialscomponentpartsisoftenreferredtoasmaterialsm