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1、11AnOutlineofAmericanHistyChaper1EarlyAmerica?TheFirstAmericans?Beringia?TheFirstEuropeans:?ThefirstEuropeanstoarriveinNthAmericaatleastthefirstfwhomthereissolidevidencewereNsetravelingwestfromGreenl.?In1497justfiveyears

2、afterChristopherColumbusledintheCaribbeanlookingfawesternroutetoAsiaaVeiansailnamedJohnCabotarrivedinNewfoundlonamissionftheBritishking.AlthoughfairlyquicklyfgottenCabotsjourneywaslatertoprovidethebasisfBritishclaimstoNt

3、hAmerica.ItalsoopenedthewaytotherichfishinggroundsoffGegesBankstowhichEuropeanfishermenparticularlythePtugueseweresoonmakingregularvisits.?AmongthemostsignificantearlySpanishexplationswasthatofHernoDeSotoaveteranconquist

4、adwhohadaccompaniedFranciscoPizzaroduringtheconquestofPeru.?WhiletheSpanishwerepushingupfromthesouththenthernptionofthepresentdayUnitedStateswasslowlybeingrevealedthroughthejourneysofmensuchasGiovannidaVerrazano.AFlentin

5、ewhosailedftheFrenchVerrazanomadelfallinNthCarolinain1524thensailednthalongtheAtlanticcoastpastwhatisnowNewYkharb.?AdecadelatertheFrenchmanJacquesCartiersetsailwiththehopeliketheotherEuropeansbefehimoffindingaseapassaget

6、oAsia.CartiersexpeditionsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverlaidthefoundationsftheFrenchclaimstoNthAmericawhichweretolastuntil1763.?FollowingthecollapseoftheirfirstQuebeccolonyinthe1540sFrenchHuguenotsattemptedtosettlethentherncoas

7、tofFlidatwodecadeslater.TheSpanishviewingtheFrenchasathreattotheirtraderoutealongtheGulfStreamdestroyedthecolonyin1565.IronicallytheleaderoftheSpanishfcesPedroMenendezwouldsoonestablishatownnotfarawaySt.Augustine.Itwasth

8、efirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinwhatwouldbecometheUnitedStates.?In1578HumphreyGilberttheauthofatreatiseonthesearchftheNthwestPassagereceivedapatentfromQueenElizabethtocolonizethe“heathenbarbarousles“intheNewWldwhichot

9、herEuropeannationshadnotyetclaimed.Itwouldbefiveyearsbefehisefftscouldbegin.WhenhewaslostatseahishalfbrotherWalterRaleightookupthemission.?In1585RaleighestablishedthefirstBritishcolonyinNthAmericaonRoanokeIsloffthecoasto

10、fNthCarolina.Itwaslaterabonedasecondeffttwoyearslateralsoprovedafailure.Itwouldbe20yearsbefetheBritishwouldtryagain.ThistimeatJamestownin1607thecolonywouldsucceedNthAmericawouldenteranewera.?MostEuropeanemigrantsleftthei

11、rhomelstoescapepoliticaloppressiontoseekthefreedomtopracticetheirreligionfadventureopptunitiesdeniedthemathome.Between16201635economicdifficultiessweptEngl.Manypeoplecouldnotfindwk.Evenskilledartisanscouldearnlittlemetha

12、nabareliving.Pocropyieldsaddedtothedistress.InadditiontheIndustrialRevolutionhadcreatedaburgeoningtextileindustrywhichdemedaneverincreasingsupplyofwooltokeeptheloomsrunning.?Lldsenclosedfarmlsevictedthepeasantsinfavofshe

13、epcultivation.Colonialexpansionbecameanoutletfthisdisplacedpeasantpopulation.?MajesticriverstheKennebecHudsonDelawareSusquehannaPotomacnumerousotherslinkedlsbetweenthecoasttheAppalachianMountainswiththesea.?Onlyoneriverh

14、owevertheSt.LawrencedominatedbytheFrenchinCanadaofferedawaterpassagetotheGreatLakesintotheheartofthecontinent.DensefeststheresistanceofsomeIndiantribesthefablebarrieroftheAppalachianMountainsdiscouragedsettlementbeyondth

15、ecoastalplain.Onlytrapperstradersventuredintothewilderness.Fthefirsthundredyearsthecolonistsbuilttheirsettlements13?AfewyearslatertheCollegiateSchoolofConnecticutlatertobecomeYaleCollegewastered.?ThefirstimmigrantsinNewE

16、nglbroughttheirownlittlelibrariescontinuedtoimptbooksfromLondon.asearlyasthe1680sBostonbooksellersweredoingathrivingbusinessinwksofclassicalliteraturehistypoliticsphilosophysciencetheologybelleslettres.In1639thefirstprin

17、tingpressintheEnglishcoloniesthesecondinNthAmericawasinstalledatHarvardCollege.?In1704CambridgeMassachusettslaunchedthecoloniesfirstsuccessfulnewspaper.By1745therewere22newspapersbeingpublishedthroughoutthecolonies?EMERG

18、ENCEOFCOLONIALGOVERNMENT?InallphasesofcolonialdevelopmentastrikingfeaturewasthelackofcontrollinginfluencebytheEnglishgovernment.AllcoloniesexceptGegiaemergedascompaniesofshareholdersasfeudalproprietshipsstemmingfromtersg

19、rantedbytheCrown.?Ftheirpartthecolonieshadneverthoughtofthemselvesassubservient.?ThecolonistsinheritsofthetraditionsoftheEnglishmanslongstrugglefpoliticallibertyincpatedconceptsoffreedomintoVirginiasfirstter.Itprovidedth

20、atEnglishcolonistsweretoexercisealllibertiesfranchisesimmunities?itwasgenerallyacceptedthatthecolonistshadarighttoparticipateintheirowngovernment.?inthe17thcenturytheEnglishweretoodistractedbytheCivilWar(16421649)OliverC

21、romwellsPuritanCommonwealthProtectatetopursueaneffectivecolonialpolicy.?Theremotenessaffdedbyavastoceanalsomadecontrolofthecoloniesdifficult.?AddedtothiswastheacteroflifeitselfinearlyAmerica.Onsuchacontinentnaturalcondit

22、ionspromotedatoughindividualismaspeoplebecameusedtomakingtheirowndecisions.?EquallyimptantJohnLockesSecondTreatiseonGovernment(1690)setfthatheyofgovernmentbasednotondivinerightbutoncontractcontendedthatthepeopleendowedwi

23、thnaturalrightsoflifelibertypropertyhadtherighttorebelwhengovernmentsviolatedthesenaturalrights.THEFRENCHINDIANWAR?FranceBritainengagedinasuccessionofwarsinEuropetheCaribbeanatseveralintervalsinthe18thcentury.ThoughBrita

24、insecuredcertainadvantagesfromthemprimarilyinthesugarrichislsoftheCaribbeanthestrugglesweregenerallyindecisiveFranceremainedinapowerfulpositioninNthAmericaatthebeginningoftheSevenYearsWarin1754.?BythattimeFrancehadestabl

25、ishedastrongrelationshipwithanumberofIndiantribesinCanadaalongtheGreatLakestakenpossessionoftheMississippiRiverbyestablishingalineofftstradingpostsmarkedoutagreatcrescentshapedempirestretchingfromQuebectoNewleans.Thusthe

26、BritishwereconfinedtothenarrowbelteastoftheAppalachianMountains.?TheFrenchthreatenednotonlytheBritishEmpirebuttheAmericancoloniststhemselvesfinholdingtheMississippiValleyFrancecouldlimittheirwestwardexpansion.?Anarmedcla

27、shtookplacein1754atFtDuquesnethesitewherePittsburghPennsylvaniaisnowlocatedbetweenabofFrenchregularsVirginiamilitiamenunderthecommof22yearoldGegeWashingtonaVirginiaplantersurvey.?Englssuperistrategicpositionhercompetentl

28、eadershipultimatelybroughtvictyintheSevenYearsWar.?InthePeaceofParissignedin1763FrancerelinquishedallofCanadatheGreatLakestheupperMississippiValleytotheBritish.ThedreamofaFrenchempireinNthAmericawasover.?Havingtriumphedo

29、verFranceBritainwasnowcompelledtofaceaproblemthatithadhithertoneglectedthegovernanceofitsempire.ItwasessentialthatLondonganizeitsnowvastpossessionstofacilitatedefensereconcilethedivergentinterestsofdifferentareaspeoplesd

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