人教課標(biāo)版高二選修8unit1

1、,,人教課標(biāo)版高二 選修 8Unit 1,Useful words and expressions,Suffixation 后綴,A suffix is a particle, which is added to the end of a root. Suffixes do not change the meaning of the root, but its part of speech. e.g. lead (v.)→ l

2、eadership (n.) ill (adj.)→ illness (n.),Although each suffix has its own meaning, it can’t be used separately without the root.　　 However, some suffixes add new meanings to the newly formed words.,e.g. me

3、aning → meaningless think → thinker,1. Suffixes used as a noun signifier,2. Suffixes used as an adjective signifier,3. Suffixes used as a verb signifier,Exercise 1 on page 4:,majority,hardship,racial,distinctio

4、n,Italy,Korean,Pakistani,Danish,Word study,Let’s review the useful words and expressions in the passage.,adj. relating to all Christians or the whole Christian Church;,n. member of the Roman Catholic Church,v. make or pr

5、epare sth. by putting substances , etc together;,be able to be combined; make a suitable combination,n. mixing or being mixed; combination of two or more substances,n. the greater number or part; most,n. person who has c

6、ome to love permanently in a foreign country,n. portion of every hundred,make a living,numerous, abundant, a great number of,Grammar,1. 概念 　　在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses）。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介

7、詞賓語(yǔ)等, 因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能, 名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause)、賓語(yǔ)從句(Object Clause)、表語(yǔ)從句(Predicative Clause) 和同位語(yǔ)從句(Appositive Clause)。,名詞性從句,What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest. The question

8、 is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.,主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句,2. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類: 連接詞/從屬連詞that, whether, if 不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分 連接代詞:

9、what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 連接副詞: when, where, how, why,3. 不可省略的連詞：1) 介詞后的連詞 2) 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。,That she was chosen made us very ha

10、ppy.We heard the news that our team had won.,Subject Clause (主語(yǔ)從句)Object Clause (賓語(yǔ)從句)Predicative Clause (表語(yǔ)從句),,Noun clause,一、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ), 它可 以位于句首, 但常見的主語(yǔ)從句多放在句末,句首則用形式主語(yǔ)i

11、t。,That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round.,主語(yǔ)從句的用法,2. Whether he will come hasn’t been decided. = It hasn’t been decided whether he will come. 注意: 連詞that, whether在從句中不

12、擔(dān)任句子成分,只起連接作用,不能省略 (注: if不可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句）,二、用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is＋名詞＋從句 It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是…… It is an honor that ……非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that…是常識(shí)(2) It is＋形容詞＋從句 (多用 should) It is

13、 natural that… 很自然…… It is strange that… 奇怪的是……,(3) It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句 It seems that… 似乎…… It happened that… 碰巧…… It appears that… 似乎……(4) It is ＋ 過去分詞＋從句 It is reported that…

14、 據(jù)報(bào)道…… It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)… It is said that… 據(jù)說……,It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk

15、yesterday evening.It doesn’t matter whether I stay or not.,三、用帶-ever的引導(dǎo)詞 (如whoever, whatever) 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不后置。 Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the p

16、eople.,四、it 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 it 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu), 主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:,It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me wheth

17、er you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.,五、what與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ), 而that 則不然,即不擔(dān)任成分。例如： What you said yesterd

18、ay is right. That she is still alive is a consolation.,,句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主句 + 連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞) + 賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞: 從屬連詞that, whether, if 連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what 連接副詞 where, how, why, when,,賓語(yǔ)從句的用法,He has got a pen

19、. I think…I think ( that ) he has got a pen.Where do they study English? Lily asks…Lily asks where they study English. Will you help me? I ask…I ask if you will help me.,一、連詞 (引導(dǎo)詞)1. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)(包括肯定句和否定句), 連詞由t

20、hat引導(dǎo), 因?yàn)閠hat在從句中不作任何成分, 也沒有任何具體意思, 因此在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略。,He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.Jane said (that) she wasn’t late for the meeting.,2. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問句時(shí), 由特殊疑問詞充當(dāng)連接詞, 因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡栐~(即連接詞)在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分, 具有一定的意

21、義, 所以不可以省略。,Do you know what he said just now?I don’t remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so much money.Please tell me who we have to see.Do you know what time the plane leaves?,Mary wrote an arti

22、cle on ___ the team had failed to win the game.A. why B. whatC. who D. that,I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize___ silly mistakes I had made.A. what B. thatC. ho

23、w D. which,3. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問句時(shí),由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)(口語(yǔ)中常用if),因?yàn)閕f/whether翻譯成是否,具有一定的意義,所以不能省略。 Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Let’s see if /whether we can find out some informati

24、on about that city .,注意: ① 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if 表示 “是否”的情況如下： A) 在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.,B) 在主語(yǔ)從

25、句中，只有用it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí), whether和if 都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句, 否則, 也只能用whether。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet. It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.,C) 在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略) 如:

26、 It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D) 后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如：　 He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.E) 后面緊接or not 時(shí)。如：　 We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.,② 關(guān)聯(lián)詞if, whether均可使用的情況如下：　 A) 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

27、 I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B) 在 “be+形容詞” 之后。如：　　 He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.,③ 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用 whether或if, 不能用that的情況如下：　 若doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 主句為肯定句用whet

28、her或if, 主句為否定句或疑問句用that。如： I doubt whether he will come soon.,I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon注意: 下面這個(gè)例句中doubt的含義為“認(rèn)為……未必可能”。 I doubt that he will come.,4. 跟在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句: 賓語(yǔ)

29、從句放在介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 在使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)不能丟掉介詞。 There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built. We are considering of where these trees should be planted.,二、語(yǔ)序: 連接詞＋陳述句 合成一個(gè)句子：He would be back in an hour. He sai

30、d… He said (that) he would be back in an hour.,Do they speak English? We want to know… We want to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name? He asks me… He asks me what her name is.,三、時(shí)態(tài)：

31、 如果主句是過去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過去時(shí), 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)), 那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。,When will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know … We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.Jim is a good student. The teacher said …

32、 The teacher (that) Jim was a good student.,Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked … He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.,四、在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞之后,賓語(yǔ)從

33、句中謂語(yǔ)的否定常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語(yǔ)上。 I don’t think he will see you. I don’t believe he will go. We don’t expect he is coming. I don’t think he can do it, can he?,注: 此種用法主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱I或we，而且它的反意疑問句的助動(dòng)詞由從句的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)定。

34、 I don’t think he can do it, can he? I don’t think you are right, are you?,在suggest, insist, demand, order, require 等表示建議,命令,要求的動(dòng)詞后,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如: I insisted that he（should）do it at once. She sugges

35、ted that the work (should) be finished at once.,注意:1. 當(dāng)從句是客觀真理,定義,公理,定理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2. 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask時(shí),連詞不可能是that;如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say時(shí), 連詞用that。1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.,2) He asks if I like playing

36、 the piano .3. 如果從句中含有or或or not時(shí),只能用whether而不用if。 Do you know whether he is right or not? I don’t care whether he’ll stay here or not. I don’t know whether it is going to rain or not.,,五、在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中, 為了保持句子平衡

37、, 用it 作形式賓語(yǔ),將從句放于句尾, 常接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think... I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. I think it a pity to waste the 

38、;food.,1. He asked __ for a violin. (MET1992) A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child __ he or she wants. (NMET1997)

39、 A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever,,在復(fù)合句中用作表語(yǔ)的從句是表語(yǔ)從句, 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。 That’s what we should do. That’s why I want to

40、 see you.,表語(yǔ)從句的用法,The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 1. be, seem, look等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表語(yǔ)從句： My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain.,2. as if, because 也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 It l

41、ooks as if it’s going to rain. It was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文體中,引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill.,注意:在表語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)reason做主語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用that,不能用because,如:他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤]有趕上早班車。

42、 The reason why he was late was that he didn’t catch the early bus.,4. 主句的主語(yǔ)是名詞idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement時(shí), 表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即: (should) +v. My suggestio

43、n is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside.,What the doctors really doubt is _____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．（上海2001年春季招生） A. when B. how C. w

44、hether D. why -- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. -- Is that ___ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)A. why B. what C. when D. where,,1. Not until noon did it stop raining. ___ ____ not

45、until noon _____ it stopped raining.,I. 每空填一詞, 使該句與所給句子的意思相同或相近。,It,that,was,練習(xí)坊,2. People believe that this medicine will cure his disease. ___ ___ ________ that this medicine will cure his disease.3. Soon we arrived

46、at the place we called the Fairy Island. Soon we arrived at _____ we called the Fairy Island.,It,is,believed,what,1. 正是因?yàn)閻毫拥奶鞖? 足球賽才推遲了。2. 據(jù)說他去過美國(guó)的很多地方。,II. 將下列句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。,It was because of the bad weather that the footb

47、all match had to be put off.,It is said that he has been to many places in the USA.,3. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。4. 他給我們提出了一條建議: 我們應(yīng)該用省下的錢在鄉(xiāng)下買個(gè)房子。,The fact is that we have lost the game.,He has given us a suggestion that we should

48、 buy a cottage in the country with the money we have saved.,5. 計(jì)算機(jī)只能做你指示它做的事情。6. 他沒有去參加會(huì)議似乎是個(gè)事實(shí)。,It seemed to be a fact that he didn’t go to attend the meeting.,A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do

49、.,7. 毫無(wú)疑問她勝任這項(xiàng)工作。8. 問題是誰(shuí)會(huì)被派去執(zhí)行這個(gè)任務(wù)。,The problem is who can be sent there to carry out the project.,There is no doubt that she is qualified for the job.,Host: In this hour, we’ll talk about _____ our life will be lik

50、e in the future. Let’s warmly welcome Dr. Smart, a professor from Future University! He’ll tell us _____ he thinks about our future.,III. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞完成下列短文。,what,what,Professor Smart, many of your predictions made 30 years a

51、go about our life in the future have mostly come true. People want to know more. There are many high school students here who are curious to know _____ new predictions you will make about the future.,what,Dr. Smart: Soci

52、ety is developing fast and there will be many new things that will make our lives much more convenient, but at the same time many new problems will threaten the quality of life.,What’s important is not ________ my predic

53、tions come true or not, but ________ they help us make better decisions about our future. _____ we live today will influence the future.,whether,whether,How,IV. 改錯(cuò)1). I want to know that what it is. I want to know

54、what it is.2). I can’t understand that the teacher said. I can’t understand what the teacher said.,,,3). I don’t know this is whose bike. I don’t know whose bike this is.4). He asked me where was Mary. H

55、e asked me where Mary was .5). Do you remember how much did you pay for the book? Do you remember how much you paid for the book?,,,,,Homework,Ask the students to finish Activities 1-3 on page 48 in the wor