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1、結(jié)核常發(fā)生在骺板軟骨,向骨骺和干骺端侵犯并累及關(guān)節(jié),病變范圍較小,約1~3cm,邊緣模糊不清,硬化邊出現(xiàn)在靜止期,鈣化呈斑點(diǎn)狀,骨膜反應(yīng)少見。 短管骨結(jié)核的病理基礎(chǔ)主要是肉芽腫,常在骨干中部呈囊狀膨脹性破壞,髓腔增寬,皮質(zhì)變薄,伴有不同程度骨膜反應(yīng),骨外形呈梭形。雙手雙足可同時(shí)發(fā)病,軟組織增厚,較少累及末節(jié)指(趾)骨,有自愈傾向 。骨髓炎局部軟組織不像Ewing肉瘤那么硬,壓痛明顯。骨髓炎多起自干骺端向骨干蔓延,骨膜反應(yīng)廣泛,常超出
2、骨破壞區(qū),何謂骨纖——杭章祿,骨纖維異常增殖癥(fibrous dysplasia of bone)又稱骨纖維結(jié)構(gòu)不良,簡(jiǎn)稱骨纖。曹來賓教授等認(rèn)為是同一疾病,沒有必要將骨纖維結(jié)構(gòu)不良(ossifying fibrousma或osteofibrous dysplasia)鑒別開來。而Kempson-Campanacci及徐萬鵬、段承祥教授等應(yīng)將骨纖維結(jié)構(gòu)不良【應(yīng)是“骨纖維發(fā)育不良”】又稱骨化性纖維瘤鑒別開來.后者在光鏡下:見未成熟的骨小梁
3、周圍有骨母細(xì)胞或纖維母細(xì)胞鑲邊和骨小梁周圍有板層骨。而骨纖在病理上骨小梁周邊無骨母細(xì)胞,而且纖維細(xì)胞排列成車輪狀。鑒別的目的為了治療。手術(shù)與不手術(shù). 骨纖手術(shù)后增加惡變率。 【見后病例】骨化性纖維瘤也可自愈。,致密性骨發(fā)育異常 (Pycnodysostosis) 又譯為致密性成骨不全癥:特點(diǎn)是全身性骨骼發(fā)生均勻性致密性骨硬化,伴有顱、鎖骨發(fā)育不全,與石骨癥不同點(diǎn)是囟門未閉,有縫間骨,2/3病例肩峰端發(fā)育不全,下頜
4、角消失,末節(jié)指(趾)骨發(fā)育不全或缺如,骨質(zhì)硬化但髓腔存在,矮小,髖外翻等。,骨內(nèi)骨增生癥(Endosteal hyperostosis):分為常染色體隱性遺傳性疾病(Van Buchem)和常染色體顯性遺傳性骨硬化癥(Worth病)。后者更少見,亦較輕。兩者的病理上均為骨內(nèi)膜 成熟的板狀新生骨形成,髓腔變窄。顱骨、顱底骨 、下頜骨,肋骨、四肢骨及骨盆骨、脊柱均可見骨內(nèi)膜增生,髓腔變窄或消失,但骨外徑不加大,骨骺不累及
5、。,郁萬江,在骶骨部位各種干細(xì)胞及破骨細(xì)胞生長活躍, 成為骨源性腫瘤的好發(fā)部位。同時(shí)骶骨作為脊柱的一部分,發(fā)育過程中包繞脊索,因此它也是脊索瘤及神經(jīng)源性腫瘤的好發(fā)部位。據(jù)Smith統(tǒng)計(jì), 骶骨原發(fā)性腫瘤中,脊索瘤發(fā)病率居首位,>50%;巨細(xì)胞瘤次之,神經(jīng)源性腫瘤居第三位。,病理分型:普通型脊索瘤,軟骨樣脊索瘤和低分化型脊索瘤。普通型脊索瘤生長緩慢、質(zhì)地軟、血供豐富局部有出血;低分化型脊索瘤為雙向分化的腫瘤、生長較快,瘤組織內(nèi)即有
6、典型的脊索瘤結(jié)構(gòu)同時(shí)也有肉瘤樣的結(jié)構(gòu)骶骨脊索瘤:脊索瘤是骶骨中最常見的腫瘤,多位于下位骶骨的中線部位,向前發(fā)展趨勢(shì)明顯。賈雨辰等報(bào)告的21例脊索瘤中位于骶骨下部中線者18例。Smith等報(bào)告60例無1例發(fā)生于1~2骶椎,都起源于3~5骶椎或尾椎。腫塊內(nèi)多有鈣化(半數(shù)以上),骶骨骨巨細(xì)胞瘤由于膨脹性生長,且橫向生長大于縱向生長,故往往累及雙側(cè)耳狀關(guān)節(jié)面。多位于骶骨翼偏側(cè)生長,向耳狀關(guān)節(jié)面下方呈偏心性膨脹。??缭谨诀年P(guān)節(jié)侵犯髂骨。部分骨巨
7、細(xì)胞瘤周圍可出現(xiàn)硬化邊??捎忻黠@的骨嵴形成骨巨細(xì)胞瘤和軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤可合并ABC。,軟骨肉瘤:與惡性骨肉瘤相比,在脊柱上發(fā)生的軟骨肉瘤則更常見。MR與透明軟骨信號(hào)相似,增強(qiáng)掃描呈花邊狀強(qiáng)化,頗俱診斷價(jià)值。滑膜肉瘤:嚴(yán)格說來本不屬于骶骨腫瘤,位于骶周區(qū)域的滑膜肉瘤與骶骨原發(fā)腫瘤?;煲紫梢娷浗M織腫塊內(nèi)不規(guī)則多形性鈣化,而骶骨破壞不顯著,這是滑膜肉瘤的特征。,郁萬江,骶骨原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤:最近陸續(xù)有不少報(bào)道,而且以中軸骨周圍居多。(
8、1)軟組織腫塊 大軟組織腫塊是pPNET的重要表現(xiàn),軟組織腫塊呈浸潤性的生長,病灶內(nèi)無成骨及鈣化征象,與正常組織分界不清楚,并侵犯周圍的神經(jīng)血管間隙。病灶密度通常不均勻,多見壞死或出血,但壞死均為小灶性,未見有大塊壞死出現(xiàn),是本病軟組織腫塊的特點(diǎn)之一。CT及MRI增強(qiáng)掃描呈明顯的不均勻強(qiáng)化,反映了腫瘤實(shí)質(zhì)部分血供豐富。筆者認(rèn)為浸潤性迅速生長并明顯強(qiáng)化的軟組織腫塊,無成骨及鈣化為脊柱外pPNET軟組織腫塊的特征之一。(2)骨質(zhì)改變 本組
9、6例發(fā)生于骨的病變均為溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,均未見到骨膜反應(yīng)及鈣化或瘤骨的形成,與轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤極其相似。但pPNET彌漫性骨質(zhì)破壞者具有沿硬膜外間隙跨節(jié)段浸潤的特點(diǎn),在其他惡性腫瘤中很少出現(xiàn),為脊柱彌漫性pPNET的重要特征,既往文獻(xiàn)未見報(bào)道。至于脊柱上這些病灶都是原發(fā)的,還是部分病灶是轉(zhuǎn)移的還不能確定,需進(jìn)一步研究。筆者的資料表明:MR顯示的病變范圍明顯大于X線和CT所顯示的范圍,說明MRI反映pPNET骨髓浸潤情況有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),
10、對(duì)X線和CT發(fā)現(xiàn)骨骼有侵犯的病例應(yīng)常規(guī)行MRI檢查。自己補(bǔ):好發(fā)年齡平均15歲。青少年惡性腫瘤的第 2位。,骨淋巴瘤--郁萬江,年齡:多見于40-70歲,發(fā)病高峰50歲左右部位:大多數(shù)位于富含紅骨髓的長管骨和扁骨。骨原發(fā)性淋巴瘤最常發(fā)生的部位是股骨,約占20%~25%,其次是骨盆,其他部位依次為肱骨、脛骨、脊椎、顱骨和肋骨。繼發(fā)性淋巴瘤好發(fā)于中軸骨,最常見于脊椎和骨盆影像:1、原發(fā)性好發(fā)于四肢長骨,多為單發(fā),骨質(zhì)破壞更明顯,軟組織
11、腫塊更大,一般病程較長。2、繼發(fā)性好發(fā)于紅骨髓豐富的中軸骨,以多發(fā)常見,骨破壞較輕,可僅表現(xiàn)為骨髓浸潤,而骨皮質(zhì)完整,病程發(fā)展較快。3、軟組織腫塊“圍骨生長”。4、一般無壞死及囊變。5、核醫(yī)學(xué)和MR異常,平片正常占5%。6、無大塊骨質(zhì)破壞占80%,Fifty-year-old woman with knee pain,繼發(fā)性淋巴瘤:與原發(fā)性淋巴瘤相似,有不同程度的骨質(zhì)破壞,軟組織腫塊、骨膜反應(yīng)等。特點(diǎn):? 中軸骨多見,70%,脊柱、骨
12、盆、顱骨。多發(fā)骨病,往往同時(shí)侵犯骨盆、脊柱和股骨? 骨硬化比例提高,硬化型和混合型比例較原發(fā)性淋巴瘤升高。? 象牙椎是HL的典型表現(xiàn),多見于結(jié)節(jié)硬化型和淋巴細(xì)胞為主型骨髓浸潤性病變壓脂序列十分必要!,,斜坡區(qū)腫塊T2WI常呈明顯高信號(hào)--脊索瘤【本人】脊索瘤其中一種類型:T2常呈明顯高信號(hào),T1散在斑點(diǎn)高信號(hào)、增強(qiáng)呈黑白雜亂無章征。其他類型較少特征性表現(xiàn)?【見上海市一病例】,脊椎附件:轉(zhuǎn)移瘤最早期受累,而骨髓瘤晚期才受累。Th
13、e "small round cell" tumors are some of the most frequently occurring primary bone tumors with the Ewing's sarcoma variety being the most common. Included in this group of round cell tumors are: Ewing's
14、 sarcoma; primitive neuroectodermal tumors, lymphoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and metastatic neuroblastoma.There are innumerable lytic bony lesions. Yes, the findings could represent metastatic adenocarcinoma (lung,
15、kidney, etc), but the absence of metastases to lungs or mediastinum mitigates in favor of myeloma.,股骨頭無菌壞死-分期,0期:無癥狀、無X線片和MRI異常,組織學(xué)上可見壞死Ⅰ期:有或無癥狀,X線片正常,MRI異常,組織學(xué)上可見骨壞死Ⅱ期:有癥狀,X線片可見骨小梁改變,但無軟骨下骨折(半月征),關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常。MRI可能典型表現(xiàn)Ⅲ期:有
16、癥狀,X線片和MRI均見不同的骨小梁改變和軟骨下骨折,股骨頭外形尚保持正常,關(guān)節(jié)間隙正常Ⅲa期:半月征累及關(guān)節(jié)面下小于15%Ⅲb期:半月板累及關(guān)節(jié)面下的15-30%Ⅲc期:半月征累及關(guān)節(jié)面大于30%Ⅳ期:有癥狀,股骨頭外形改變,關(guān)節(jié)間隙正?;颡M窄Ⅳa期:塌陷股骨頭范圍小于15%Ⅳb期:塌陷股骨頭范圍15-30%Ⅳc期:塌陷股骨頭范圍大于30%
17、 ARCO(國際骨循環(huán)和骨壞死聯(lián)合會(huì))分期法,Enchondroma of the distal femur. (A) Anteroposterior radiograph of the right knee in a patient who recently fell shows a poorly marginated area of calcification overlying the distal
18、 femur. A chondroid lesion is suspected. (B) Coronal T1-weighted MR image shows a lobulated, and very hypointense, well-defined lesion that is centrally located within the distal femur. (C) Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weig
19、hted MR image shows the same lesion to be predominantly hyperintense with low signal intensity fibrovascular septae interspersed within it. A rounded focus of very low signal superiorly within the lesion corresponds to a
20、 focus of calcification. There is no endosteal scalloping, cortical breaththrough, or associated soft-tissue mass to suggest a malignancy or a chondrosarcoma.,Hemophilic arthropathy. (A) Anteroposterior radiograph of the
21、 left knee demonstrates erosive changes of the articular surfaces, diffuse osteopenia, and severe loss of joint space.(B) Coronal T1-weighted MR image confirms the erosive changes and narrowed joint space, but also show
22、s theperiarticular marrow edema and the extent of intraosseous involvement.(C) Coronal fat-suppressed T2-weighted MR image shows an irregular area of very low signal (arrow) corresponding to hemosiderin deposition resu
23、lting from repetitive hemarthroses.,Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). (A) Lateral radiograph shows a density within the suprapatellar bursa, which was thought to represent a small knee effusion. (B) Sagittal T1-we
24、ighted MR image demonstrates a heterogeneous but largely intermediate to low signal intensity mass within the suprapatellar bursa. This mass contains several linear and oblong foci ofdecreased signal. (C) Sagittal T2- w
25、eighted MR image shows a heterogeneous mass with high signal similar to that of the marrow or subcutaneous fat. Interspersed within the mass are very low signal foci , which are indicative of PVNS (the synovial biopsy wa
26、s confirmatory). Note that there are no osseous erosions.,TIC曲線:早期快速明顯強(qiáng)化更提示惡性,Myxoid chondrosarcoma of bone in a 50-year-old woman注意軟骨基質(zhì)鈣化與骨碎片的鑒別,惡變征象,particularly pain related to the lesion, depth of scalloping greater
27、 than two-thirds of cortical thickness, cortical destruction and soft-tissue mass (at CT or MR imaging), periosteal reaction (at radiography), and greater uptake than the anterior iliac crest at bone scintigraphy-strongl
28、y suggest the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. chondrosarcomas grow with lobular type architecture, and these hyaline cartilage nodules demonstrate high water content and peripheral enchondral ossificationTIC:軟骨肉瘤呈早期快速明顯強(qiáng)化
29、,Osteoarthritis (a.k.a. degenerative joint disease)\rheumatoid arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease.,typical distribution of arthritis in the hands,joint compartments of the wrist -- CM
30、C (first carpometacarpal腕掌), CCMC (common carpometacarpal), ST (scaphotrapezial舟大小多角骨), MC (midcarpal), RC (radiocarpal), and DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint),typical distribution of arthritis in the wrists,typical distrib
31、ution of arthritis in the knees,typical distribution of arthritis in the hip,CPPD 二水焦磷酸鈣鹽(calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition diseaes,)。CPPD結(jié)晶是最常見的鈣結(jié)晶體,并且已確知能引起假性痛風(fēng)。CPPD沉著性疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)與急性痛風(fēng)相似;發(fā)作時(shí)炎癥反應(yīng)極其強(qiáng)烈,起病十分突然,并且可分為單關(guān)
32、節(jié)型或多關(guān)節(jié)型。與痛風(fēng)不同的是本病的發(fā)作最常見于膝關(guān)節(jié),其次是腕關(guān)節(jié)。,Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition: advanced degenerative changes seen at the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints, with scapholunate separation and a large degenerative ge
33、ode within the adjacent radial metaphysis. Note the calcification within the TFCC secondary to CPPD.,Meniscal chondrocalcinosis secondary to CPPD. Degenerative changes seenwithin the medial tibiofemoral compartment, wit
34、h prominent associated degenerative cysts,男 42歲,今年三月份右小腿緊縮感,右膝關(guān)節(jié)隱痛,七月份發(fā)現(xiàn)右膝關(guān)節(jié)腫脹,并觸及軟組織腫塊,腫塊并進(jìn)行性增大,右側(cè)腹股溝可觸及腫大的淋巴結(jié)。最近感覺發(fā)熱,T:38C左右,尤其在夜間明顯,右股骨下端惡性B細(xì)胞型淋巴瘤,Multiple epiphyseal(骨骺) dysplasia: irregular mottled calcification of
35、the right femoral epiphysis, with further irregularity of the left.,Metaphyseal (干骺端) chondrodysplasia: shortened and bowed radius, with an irregular widened cupped metaphysis and widened epiphysis.,HPOA: periosteal new
36、bone formation along the distal radius and ulna (arrowheads).Hypertrophic pulmonaryosteoarthropathy(HPOA),Irritable hip / transient synovitis,Age range: 9 months to 18 years with a peak at 5 years.平片正常, Occasionally
37、a hip effusion,Psoriatic dactylitis牛皮癬性指炎: soft-tissue swelling of entire digit giving the appearance of a ‘sausage digit’臘腸指.,Osteomalacia (frontal and lateral views of the right hip)-- Renal osteodystrophy. Pseudofrac
38、ture (‘Looser zone’) of the proximal femoral metaphysis,休門氏病Scheuermann’s disease; plain X-ray and corresponding sagittal T2 MRI. Mild wedging of lower thoracic vertebral bodies, resulting in an increased kyphosis.Assoc
39、iated end plate irregularity and end plate depression – ‘Schmorl’s nodes’(arrows).,Characteristics Wedging of three adjacent vertebra (>5 degrees). Most common cause of structural kyphosis in thoracic and thoracol
40、umbar spine. Unknown aetiology but strong family history. Usually seen in children/adolescents. M > F. Associated with spondylolysis and scoliosis.Clinical features Non-reversible hyperkyphosis in thoraco-l
41、umbar spine with pain atthe apex of the deformity. Hyperlordotic lumbar spine to compensate – associated with lumbar pain. Tight hamstrings. Poor posture generally. Back pain usually resolves as skeleton stops g
42、rowing.Radiological features Wedging of three adjacent vertebra (>5 degrees). Anteroposterior vertebral body diameter is increased. Disc space may be mildly narrowed. Vertebral body endplate depression (Schmo
43、rl’s node) in up to 30%. Thoracic kyphosis (normally 258–408) >458. Thoracolumbar kyphosis >308 – as there is straightening of the normalthoracolumbar spine,腱鞘囊腫,表面由扁平-梭形細(xì)胞覆蓋 含有粘蛋白或液體 和關(guān)節(jié)相通?
44、 來自于關(guān)節(jié)囊 韌帶 腱鞘 粘液囊 軟骨下骨質(zhì),關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)腱鞘囊腫:交叉韌帶尤如一塞條,T1w,FE,,PD,T2w,,,粘液性囊腫,,后交叉韌帶粘液囊腫,,,腱鞘囊腫,,,Gadolinium,髕前骨膜腱鞘囊腫,,,骨內(nèi)腱鞘囊腫,神經(jīng)內(nèi)腱鞘囊腫,囊腫液 產(chǎn)生于滑膜關(guān)節(jié)神經(jīng)外的或神
45、經(jīng)內(nèi)的腱鞘囊腫腘窩有報(bào)道神經(jīng)內(nèi)的較常見小腿脛神經(jīng)亦受累,T1w,T2w fs,神經(jīng)內(nèi)腱鞘囊腫,Tibial intraneural ganglion cysts, Spinner et al Skel radiol ,2007 36:281-292 (3 cases),神經(jīng)內(nèi)囊腫 來自于脛神經(jīng)上脛腓關(guān)節(jié)分支的神經(jīng)外膜,囊腫沿阻力最小的路徑進(jìn)入關(guān)節(jié)囊,神經(jīng)纖維瘤病I型,滿足以下7條中的2條或2條以上 1. 皮膚6個(gè)以
46、上奶油咖啡斑:青春前期:>5mm;青春后期:15mm 2.腋窩或腹股溝多發(fā)性雀斑3. 虹膜多發(fā)Lisch結(jié)節(jié)4. 視神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤 5. 多發(fā)神經(jīng)纖維瘤或單發(fā)叢狀神經(jīng)纖維瘤 6. 特異性骨改變,如蝶骨翼發(fā)育不良、長骨骨皮質(zhì)變薄、假關(guān)節(jié)等 7. 一級(jí)家族史,腋窩或腹股溝褐色雀斑,NF2,1) 雙側(cè)聽神經(jīng)瘤;2) 有NF2家族史(一級(jí)親屬中有NF2患者),患單側(cè)聽神經(jīng)瘤;3) 有NF2家族史(一級(jí)親屬中有NF2患者),患者
47、有以下病變中的2種:神經(jīng)纖維瘤、腦膜瘤、膠質(zhì)瘤、雪旺氏細(xì)胞瘤、青少年晶狀體后囊渾濁斑。上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合1項(xiàng)即可診斷NF2。,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤與溶骨型轉(zhuǎn)移瘤鑒別—陳英,MM僅見破骨細(xì)胞增多,呈典型膨脹性骨破壞骨破壞如穿鑿樣,邊界清晰、銳利破壞數(shù)量較多,范圍較廣,大小相近本-周蛋白陽性,骨巨細(xì)胞瘤,實(shí)際上,許多研究均顯示,骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的大小、部位、 X線表現(xiàn)、病理性骨折的有無、腫瘤的組織學(xué)分級(jí)均和腫瘤是否復(fù)發(fā)、是否具有侵襲性、是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處
48、轉(zhuǎn)移無關(guān)。目前趨向認(rèn)為,骨巨細(xì)胞瘤局部多少有侵襲性,具有潛在的惡性傾向,屬于“交界性腫瘤”范疇。年齡:一般在20-40歲之間, 10歲以下, 50歲以上罕見典型部位:是長骨的骨骺及干骺端區(qū)域,其原發(fā)部位幾乎都發(fā)生在骨骺,隨病灶擴(kuò)大逐漸侵及干骺端,如病灶局限于干骺端而不破壞骨骺,骨巨細(xì)胞瘤診斷幾乎不能成立。約84%-99%的GCT病灶累及到關(guān)節(jié)面下1 cm。脊柱的巨細(xì)胞瘤少見,骶椎是脊柱巨細(xì)胞瘤的好發(fā)部位T1WI 和T2WI均為
49、低信號(hào)區(qū)為含鐵血黃素沉著所致,劉尚禮等的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤X線分度,I度 : 腫瘤境界清楚, 無軟組織腫塊和骨膜反應(yīng)。Ⅱ度:腫瘤境界部分清晰, 部分模糊,有向外侵襲的表現(xiàn)。有時(shí)可出現(xiàn)軟組織腫塊, 境界卻清晰可辨。Ⅲ度:腫瘤境界幾乎完全模糊等惡性征象,鑒別:動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,多發(fā)生于年輕人。原發(fā)性的動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫很少侵犯關(guān)節(jié)端,動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫膨脹較巨細(xì)胞瘤明顯,多縱向生長,并自皮質(zhì)缺損處向骨外膜下延伸【有嗎?】,晚期可形成粗大的縱行骨嵴或間隔。
50、巨細(xì)胞瘤和動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫,兩者在CT或MRI檢查時(shí)均可顯示病灶中的液面形成,但更多見于動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫。應(yīng)注意動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫有時(shí)可與其他病變共存,其中也包括巨細(xì)胞瘤。,骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的液-液平面,當(dāng)腫瘤內(nèi)出血時(shí), T2WI上常出現(xiàn)液-液平面液-液平缺乏特異性, 需要和動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫、單純性骨囊腫合并出血,軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤合并動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫、毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張型骨肉瘤鑒別,骨嵴與侵襲性:骨嵴的發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)診斷骨巨細(xì)胞瘤意義很大,骨嵴在CT上顯示清楚, M
51、RI表現(xiàn)為在腫瘤內(nèi)或邊緣條狀或短刺狀低信號(hào)。無骨嵴形成說明腫瘤生長速度快,有一定的侵襲性多量含鐵血黃素沉著表示腫瘤分化程度較高,髕骨腫瘤及瘤樣病變---林祺,髕骨腫瘤,以軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤多見,骨巨細(xì)胞次之。【髕骨類似骨骺】Singh等總結(jié)了歐洲4個(gè)骨腫瘤中心的59例髕骨病變,其中46%是非腫瘤,39%是良性腫瘤,15%是惡性腫瘤。最常見是骨巨細(xì)胞瘤良性,包括軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤、巨細(xì)胞瘤、纖維結(jié)構(gòu)不良、動(dòng)脈瘤樣骨囊腫和痛風(fēng)國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道發(fā)病
52、率占據(jù)前幾位者依次為骨巨細(xì)胞瘤、軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤、骨母細(xì)胞瘤和骨軟骨瘤。惡性腫瘤主要為轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和骨肉瘤。,腱鞘囊腫:多見于腕關(guān)節(jié)背側(cè)及指間關(guān)節(jié)掌側(cè)PVNS絨毛結(jié)節(jié)表面血管增生,強(qiáng)化明顯,其底部血管少【底部指哪?】,纖維化和玻璃樣變多,強(qiáng)化較弱,這在鑒別診斷上有意義血友病關(guān)節(jié)炎僅見于男性顱骨神經(jīng)纖維瘤起源于板障或外板;表皮樣囊腫起源于板障, ±加減內(nèi)外板;組織細(xì)胞增生癥起源于板障。先天性皮膚竇道及先天性顱頂小孔起源于三層板。新生
53、兒顱骨缺失起源于三層板或內(nèi)板。兒童頂骨變薄起源于板障或外板。橋小腦角、鞍旁及頭頂:表皮樣囊腫和皮樣囊腫蝶骨、顳骨及篩骨:巨細(xì)胞性肉芽腫,顱骨生長迅速的腫塊:促結(jié)締組織增生性纖維瘤、巨細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫女性:骨瘤、軟骨瘤、巨細(xì)胞性肉芽腫、骨化性纖維瘤。男性:骨樣骨瘤、成骨細(xì)胞瘤、嗜酸性肉芽腫、Paget病、血管瘤郎格罕細(xì)胞增生產(chǎn)生前列腺素,引起骨質(zhì)吸收。顱骨巨細(xì)胞瘤少見,發(fā)生于顳骨或蝶骨,顱底及頜面部骨巨細(xì)胞的很少皂泡樣改變。 K
54、ashiwagi等認(rèn)為顳骨骨巨細(xì)胞瘤多在板障內(nèi)擴(kuò)散,呈膨脹性生長,表現(xiàn)為反應(yīng)性骨質(zhì)增生改變,而蝶骨骨巨細(xì)胞瘤則表現(xiàn)為完全的溶骨性改變,且沒有不規(guī)則形狀?!皁steofibrous dysplasia ”骨化纖維發(fā)育不良,是另一疾病,只發(fā)生嬰幼兒脛骨【也可其他年齡,見隨后圖】,Young adult with leg pain,The alternative name for ossifying fibroma is osteo-fib
55、rous dysplasia,Osteofibrous dysplasia in a 4-year-old child (a) Lateral radiograph of the right tibia shows a midtibial lesion with bowing. Note the intracortical osteolysis (white arrow) and adjacent sclerotic band (bla
56、ck arrow), which are characteristic of osteofibrous dysplasia. (b) Follow-up radiograph obtained 18 months later shows regression of the lesion without progression to pseudoarthrosis. Such healing is more common in steo
57、fibrous dysplasia than in those lesions associated with neurofibromatosis.OFD is a self-limited disease which has a similar radiologic appearance to adamantinoma,(12) Adamantinoma in a 19-year-old woman with calf pain.
58、Lateral radiograph of the right tibiashows an appearance that is not readily distinguishable from that of fibrous dysplasia. Satellite lesions are not uncommon with adamantinoma. (13) Adamantinoma in a 29-year-old man w
59、ith pain. Anteroposterior (a) and lateral (b) radiographs of the left tibia show a well-defined, slightly expansile intracortical area of lucency in the anterior middiaphysis. The location is typical of adamantinoma. (14
60、) Adamantinoma in a 21-year-old woman with pain. Radiograph of the left tibia shows mixed sclerosis and lysis in the middiaphysis. Radiographic distinction between fibrous dysplasia and adamantinoma can be difficult. Not
61、e the minimal expansion and the endosteal scalloping,造釉細(xì)胞瘤,女 41歲,患者一年前無明顯誘因觸及右脛骨前面中段腫物,質(zhì)硬無壓痛。右脛骨中段前側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)破壞,略有膨脹,病灶內(nèi)有小分隔,造釉細(xì)胞瘤,巨細(xì)胞修復(fù)性肉芽腫Giant cell reparative granuloma,少見的骨內(nèi)修復(fù)性病變,大量增生的成纖維細(xì)胞,膠原纖維化,基質(zhì)細(xì)胞間有分布小型多核巨細(xì)胞。預(yù)后好? 好發(fā)
62、于兒童及青少年, 女性多見? 上、下頜骨? X線及CT:具有局部侵襲性。溶骨性病灶,無硬化邊,境界清楚,無骨膜反應(yīng)。? MR:T1加權(quán)、T2加權(quán)均為低信號(hào)。,洋蔥皮樣改變Onion-skinning見于尤文氏瘤、嗜酸性肉芽腫等?骨樣組織是指尚未鈣化的新生骨,主要由I型膠原、酸性粘多糖和非膠原性蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成,HE為均勻紅染的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),呈分帶狀結(jié)構(gòu)? 編織骨是一種不成熟骨,指骨基質(zhì)中的膠原纖維粗大,排列紊亂,呈編織狀??沙霈F(xiàn)在纖維
63、結(jié)構(gòu)不良或骨折后骨痂? 板層骨是由編織骨經(jīng)過改建形成的成熟骨,骨膠原纖維變細(xì),呈有規(guī)則的同心圓結(jié)構(gòu)不管影像學(xué)具有什么樣表現(xiàn),如果組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)是骨肉瘤就可診斷為骨肉瘤【骨肉瘤病理很準(zhǔn)確】。在其他一些病例,像低惡性級(jí)別軟骨性腫瘤,如果影像學(xué)不支持,就不能診斷。,F,30歲,骨血管瘤,骨血管瘤是一種呈瘤樣增生的血管組織,摻雜于骨小梁之間,不易將其單獨(dú)分離。,骨瘤(松質(zhì)型),骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤與骨髓瘤的區(qū)別,病變分布的區(qū)別:轉(zhuǎn)移瘤椎體受累呈跳躍分布,且
64、同一病例的多個(gè)椎體呈不同表現(xiàn),原發(fā)病灶不同,脊柱轉(zhuǎn)移部位也相應(yīng)不同,如甲狀腺癌易轉(zhuǎn)移到頸椎,肺癌易轉(zhuǎn)移到胸椎,前列腺癌及子宮附件腫瘤易轉(zhuǎn)移到腰骶椎等,此與椎體供血及靜脈引流有關(guān)。MR上的暈征轉(zhuǎn)移瘤多見。轉(zhuǎn)移瘤使椎體變形多于骨髓瘤,椎旁軟組織腫塊常以破壞椎體為中心發(fā)展,而骨髓瘤軟組織腫塊多圍繞椎管發(fā)展,累及硬膜外間隙,硬膜囊狹窄呈“圍管性”的特點(diǎn)。骨髓瘤MRI類似淋巴瘤信號(hào)也較均勻,骨樣骨瘤的瘤巢有強(qiáng)化,要注意瘤巢周圍可有炎性水腫但缺乏
65、特異性,MRI上可出現(xiàn)似惡性腫瘤征象。而皮質(zhì)膿腫或肉芽腫可見死骨,其周圍炎性反應(yīng)骨比骨樣骨瘤范圍廣而不規(guī)整Ewing肉瘤:局部炎性表現(xiàn)為慢性進(jìn)行性,軟組織較硬。病變多起自骨干,以骨破壞為主,骨膜反應(yīng)較局限,層狀骨膜反應(yīng)模糊、破壞,可出現(xiàn)針狀瘤骨。硬化型Ewing肉瘤此征象常見,骨骺或/和干骺結(jié)核與軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤鑒別:,1、結(jié)核常發(fā)生在骺板軟骨,向骨骺和干骺端侵犯并累及關(guān)節(jié),病變范圍較小,約1~3cm,邊緣模糊不清,硬化邊出現(xiàn)在靜止期,鈣
66、化呈斑點(diǎn)狀,骨膜反應(yīng)少見。 (病灶??缭谨烤€)2、軟骨母細(xì)胞瘤病灶范圍較大,約1~4cm,多位于骨骺或干骺端的一側(cè)(也可跨骺線),鈣化多呈小環(huán)狀,邊緣見分葉或硬化,骨膜反應(yīng)較明顯。,短管狀骨結(jié)核與內(nèi)生軟骨瘤鑒別,1.短管骨結(jié)核的病理基礎(chǔ)主要是肉芽腫,常在骨干中部呈囊狀膨脹性破壞,髓腔增寬,皮質(zhì)變薄,伴有不同程度骨膜反應(yīng),骨外形呈梭形。雙手雙足可同時(shí)發(fā)病,軟組織增厚,較少累及末節(jié)指(趾)骨,有自愈傾向 。2、內(nèi)生軟骨瘤常具有單側(cè)手足
67、骨發(fā)病傾向,病變廣泛,可累及末節(jié)指(趾)骨【為膜內(nèi)成骨,末端一般不累及】,其形態(tài)可多種多樣,有的病變可突出骨皮質(zhì)向骨外生長,表現(xiàn)為皮質(zhì)旁型或骨膜下型軟骨瘤的本質(zhì)表現(xiàn),病灶大小不等的鈣化灶是軟骨瘤的特點(diǎn),如軟骨瘤被溶解破壞,出現(xiàn)環(huán)狀鈣化的瘤軟骨,這是軟骨瘤惡變?yōu)檐浌侨饬龅恼飨?,嗜酸性肉芽腫發(fā)生在椎體,常為單椎體呈扁平椎,不累及椎板等附件,少有軟組織腫塊,青少年多見,與骨髓瘤和轉(zhuǎn)移瘤不同。,,,①3月肱骨小頭滑車外?,,,②5歲橈頭6歲內(nèi)
68、上來,,,,③9歲鷹嘴滑內(nèi)都存在,,④11肱骨外上也出臺(tái)(此例13歲還未出臺(tái)),⑤15、16干骺閉合成一塊,上限加2,減1減2為女孩。,,關(guān) 節(jié) 結(jié) 核,好發(fā)年齡 骨型 多見于10歲以下兒童 滑膜型 青壯年多好發(fā)部位 髖關(guān)節(jié)、膝關(guān)節(jié);占75%以上。兒童骨骺出現(xiàn)早、大、早閉合?骨關(guān)節(jié)TB:兒童及青少年多見,30歲以下占84.2%,紅黃骨髓轉(zhuǎn)
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