英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作

1、,英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作,煙臺(tái)大學(xué)文經(jīng)學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系英語(yǔ)教研室,,學(xué)術(shù)論文的語(yǔ)體特征學(xué)術(shù)論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,1.1學(xué)術(shù)論文的語(yǔ)體特征,正式性（More Formal Expressions）客觀性（More Objective Expressions）學(xué)術(shù)性（More Academic Expressions）,,Avoid informal words and expressions, e.g. “get”, “go

2、on”, “l(fā)ook into”, ‘turn out”, etc.Avoid abbreviated words used in informal writing, e.g. “ad” (advertisement). “gym” (gymnasium), “pop” (popular), “vet” (veteran), etc.Avoid contracted sturctures, e.g. “we’ve”, “you’re

3、”, “don’t” “can’t”, etc.Avoid using the second-person pronoun (you) in addressing the reader.Avoid imperative sentences such as “please…” “l(fā)et’s,” etc.Avoid too many short sentences and simple sentences.Avoid convers

4、ational structures, e.g. “I think,” “you will”, etc.,How to be formal,,1. There are many sentences in passive voice in academic papers. The reason is that passive voice can give the paper a sense of impartiality and obje

5、ctivity.2. Nominal structures (名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)) are often seen in academic writing to serve the purpose of being objective,How to be objective,1. The argument will be more convincing if they are presented concisely, coherently ,a

6、nd objectively.2. The thoughts and idea will be acceptable if arranged logically and coherently.,How to be academic,,2. 學(xué)術(shù)論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu),,2. 學(xué)術(shù)論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu),1. Linguistic feature:Using a phrase instead a sentence.Using more nouns,

7、 noun phrases, and gerunds. e.g. Strategies for Writing and Publishing Academic Papers Successfully,2.1 Title,2. Writing Requirements1) Be brief and conciseNo more tha 20 words, 8-12 words on average On the Addit

8、ion to the Methods of Microscopic Research by a New Way of Producing Color-contrast between an Object and Its Background or between Definit Parts of the Object Itself A New Way of Producing Color-contrast in Mi

9、croscopic Examinition,2.1 Title,2. Writing Requirements2) Be specific Computer Control Computer Control: Software Safeguards and Computer Theft Software Safeguards and Computer Theft in Computer C

10、ontrol,2.1 Title,2. Writing Requirements3) Avoid Questions Question word + Infinitive Essential Steps for Writing a Title Page: How to Prepare the Title, Authors and Keywords,2.1 Title,2. Writing Requirements4)

11、 Be Unified In general, nouns and gerunds should not be mixed in the parellel stucture of a title even if the stucture does not do any harm to the meaning. The Design and Preparing of Si3N4 The Design and prep

12、aration of Si3N4,2.1 Title,2. Writing Requirements5) Be standard Be standard means that non-standard abbreviations and symbols, and any terms known only to the writer should be avoided because the use of them will c

13、ause confusion and be unfavorable to information retrival.,2.1 Title,Basic Element of an AbstrctA statement of the background A statement of the TopicA statement of the ApproachA statement of the ConclusionA stateme

14、nt of the significance,2.2 Abstract,AbstractAntibodies play a central role in immunity by forming an interface with the innate immune system and, typically ,mediating proinflammatory activity [background]. We describe a

15、 novel posttranslational modification that leads to anti-inflammatory activity of antibodies of immunoglobulin G, isotype 4 (igG4) [topic]. igG4 antibodies are dynamic molecules that exchange Fab arms by swapping a heavy

16、 chain and attached light chain (hall-molecule) with a heavy-tight chain pair from another molecule,which results in bispecific antibodies [approach]. Mutagenesis studies reveal that the third constant domain is critical

17、 for this activity. The impact of igG4 Fab arm exchange is confirmed in vivo in a rhesus monkey model with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis [conclusion].igG4 Fab arm exchange is suggested to be an important biol

18、ogical mechanism that provides the basis for the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to igG4 antibodies [significance].,2.2 Abstract,AbstractThe system analysis theory was used to establish China TIMES model system(C-

19、TMS) to study China’s future low carbon energy development strategy[topic].With reasonable assumption of the future economic and social development,the model system was employed to investigate China’s final and primary e

20、nergy consumption and mix from 2010 to 2050,and analyze the share of the non-fossil fuels in the primary energy consumption in 2020,thus proposing a future low carbon energy development strategy[approach].The results sho

21、w that China’s energy consumption will maintain sustained and rapid growth before 2020 in both reference scenario and policy scenario,with the primary energy consumption in 2020 reaching 4.91 billion tones and 4.76 billi

22、on tones of coal equivalent,respectively.Excluding non-commodity fuels,non-fossil fuels will be accounted over 0.7 billion tones of coal equivalent by coal consumption of power supply in 2020,with the share of non-fossil

23、 fuels in primary energy being 14.8 percent in the policy scenario[conclusion].,2.2 Abstract,AbstractThe study of Individual Difference (ID) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has attracted more attention [backgroun

24、d].The paper focuses on some factors in predicting success among non-English major college students in specific Foreign Language (FLL) context in China [topic]. Included in the study are the employment of the theories of

25、 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and FLL, the design of the survey,the data collection in Tsinghua University, and the analyses of the data[approach].The results show that nine factors play a more important role in EFL

26、 learning proficiency, namely growing environment, family income, overanxiety extroversion strong motivation, lecture instruction, functional practice, self-initiation, and monitoring strategies [conclusion]. The researc

27、h, therefore, will highlight not only the importance of ID in EFL in China, but also the necessity of taking concrete and effective measures to cater to learner's individual needs [significance].,2.2 Abstract,Four F

28、unctions of IntroductionIntroducing the background of the subjectShowing the research scopeStating the general purposeExplaining the content arrangement,2.3 Introduction,2. Structural Features of the IntroductionSta

29、rting with the research backgroundNarrowing down to the existing problemFocusing on the present research,2.3 Introduction,Tips for writing an introduction:Follow the order of background, subject , problem, thesis stat

30、ement, and content arrangement to organize your introduction.Employ effective openings to develop your introduction, e.g. by relating well-known facts, reviewing the literature , taking exception to cretical views, chal

31、lenging an assumption, defining key terms, etc.Avoid complex and difficult questions and quotations that have no context.In contrast to an abstract, in the introduction you are not encouraged to provide detailed inform

32、ation on the approach and conclusion of your study.Make best use of the idiomatic expressions.,2.3 Introduction,General Function and main elements of conlusion:Summing up: the chief facts, data, and the other important

33、 information in the paper.Presenting stateatment of conclusions: affirming the thesis statementProviding statement of recommondations: recommonding or suggesting a further research study or practicl use,2.4 Conclusion,

34、Conclusion Descriptive statistics and correlational analyses of the variables indicates that those who come from large cities, show strong motivation for achievement, have received good language instruction, and

35、employ function practice, self-initiation, and self-monitoring strategies are more competent in EFL performance. The following conclusion can be made. Factors of growing environment, familiy income, degree of anxiety, ex

36、troversion / introversion, motivation, lecture instruction, funtctional practice, self-initiaton and monitoring strategies are more important inpredicting success in EFL in Tsinghua University.,2.4 Conclusion,1.論文作者姓名的書(shū)寫(xiě)

37、張 興 Zhang Xing陳欣伍 Chen Xinwu歐陽(yáng)海 Ouyang Hai劉隋飛揚(yáng) Liu-Sui Feiyang,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,2. 文內(nèi)夾注： MLA格式通常采用圓括號(hào)標(biāo)注的注釋方式，同時(shí)該引文出處的詳細(xì)信息必須出現(xiàn)在參考文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)。 文內(nèi)夾注的基本格式為：(作者姓氏 出版年份: 文獻(xiàn)頁(yè)碼)，圓括號(hào)內(nèi)的中文姓名以漢語(yǔ)拼音形式出現(xiàn)，和英文姓名同樣處理

38、，在圓括號(hào)內(nèi)只寫(xiě)姓的漢語(yǔ)拼音即可。 標(biāo)點(diǎn)格式：在“作者姓氏”和“出版年份”之間空一格；“出版年份”后加冒號(hào)，空一格，然后是文獻(xiàn)頁(yè)碼。,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,具體形式舉例： ⑴ 一位作者的一篇文獻(xiàn)，姓氏未出現(xiàn)在正文內(nèi)，姓氏應(yīng)標(biāo)出，如： Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals”(Burke 1996: 3). This point has

39、been argued before (Frey 2001: 178-85). ⑵ 一位作者的一篇文獻(xiàn)，姓氏出現(xiàn)在正文內(nèi)，夾注內(nèi)不重復(fù)姓氏，如： Frey has argued this point elsewhere (2001: 178-85).,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑶ 同一作者同一年內(nèi)出版的多篇文獻(xiàn)，在不同夾注的相同年份后加“a”、“b”等以示區(qū)別。加 “a”、“b”等的依據(jù)是該作者同一年出版的文獻(xiàn)在參考文獻(xiàn)中按出版

40、月份排列的先后位置，即排在前面的加“a”，排在后面的加“b”, 以此類(lèi)推。如： For example, when expressing an opinion a woman would probably say: Well, em, I think that golf is kind of boring, don’t you? (Yule 1996a: 89). Yuel (1996b: 100) also state

41、d that …,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑷ 夾注中包含同一作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)，各文獻(xiàn)之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)：Halliday stated (1985a, 1985b) that ...⑸ 夾注中包含不同作者的多篇文獻(xiàn)，各作者之間用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)：Foreign researchers (Halliday and Hansan 1985a, 1985b; Schiffrin 1987; Hubbard 1989) are among those

42、 who contribute greatly in this field.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑹ 多位作者的一篇文獻(xiàn) Smythe and Jones (2001) found... ...as has been shown (Smyth and Jones 2001)...This procedure means that “after a relatively fast translation of t

43、he whole text, the translator should spend some time reading through the whole TLT and make corrections and improvements until he or she is quite satisfied with it” ( Tan and Cai 2005: 36-7).Modern literary studies have

44、 their origin in classic studies (Graff et al. 1995: 19-35).,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑺ 引用同樣姓氏的不同作者 假若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的作者有同樣的姓氏，則括號(hào)夾注中應(yīng)同時(shí)使用他們名字的首字母，如： Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R.

45、 Miller 2000: 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 2000: 46). 引用中文著作或期刊時(shí)同姓作者的情況較多，應(yīng)在括號(hào)夾注中使用他們的全名加以區(qū)分，如： (Wang Haiyang 2008: 26) (Wang Li 2009: 30),3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文

46、寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,（8）引用書(shū)信、談話中的觀點(diǎn)或文字 書(shū)信和談話（含電子郵件、訪談、電話等）無(wú)法在正文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)中列出，但應(yīng)該在正文中使用括號(hào)夾注的方法注明出處。例如：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation May 12 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.,

47、3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,（9）轉(zhuǎn)引，即引自第二手資料，加 “quoted in”:Samul Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (quoted in Boswell 1980: 450). （10） 連續(xù)引用同一文獻(xiàn) 連續(xù)引用同一文獻(xiàn)用 “ibid.”標(biāo)出，表示此處同上。如：(Ibid.: 15), 表示與剛才引用的文獻(xiàn)相同，但頁(yè)碼

48、不同。頁(yè)碼也相同的只標(biāo) (Ibid.)。要注意的是，連續(xù)引用不同于重復(fù)引用。在多次引用同一文獻(xiàn)時(shí)，中間沒(méi)有對(duì)其他文獻(xiàn)的引用，才屬于連續(xù)引用，才能使用 “Ibid.”。,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑿ 較長(zhǎng)的引文 較長(zhǎng)的引文（大于等于40個(gè)單詞以上的引文）：需要單獨(dú)成段，左右均需縮進(jìn)4個(gè)字符的距離，如果是從引文的段首開(kāi)始引用，此引用段段首還應(yīng)繼續(xù)縮進(jìn)4個(gè)字符。處理辦法為：字體不變，但引用部分采用五號(hào)字。The European c

49、olonials sought to enforce systematically the acculturation of the natives:The casualness of the fur trading type of contacts could no longer be tolerated. Hence, with the arrival of the missionaries and their Christian

50、 ethic the task of converting the natives began, and peaceful penetration entered a new phase, based upon an institutionalized mode of cultural dismemberment. (La Violette 1961: 302-3) 注意：?jiǎn)为?dú)成段的引文不用引號(hào)，文內(nèi)夾注緊隨其后（即不換行）。引文結(jié)束

51、的句號(hào)在括號(hào)前，這一點(diǎn)跟較短的引文不同。見(jiàn)圖1和2,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,⑿ 較長(zhǎng)的引文 較長(zhǎng)的引文（大于等于40個(gè)單詞以上的引文）：需要單獨(dú)成段，左右均需縮進(jìn)4個(gè)字符的距離，如果是從引文的段首開(kāi)始引用，此引用段段首還應(yīng)繼續(xù)縮進(jìn)4個(gè)字符。處理辦法為：字體不變，但引用部分采用五號(hào)字。The European colonials sought to enforce systematically the acculturatio

52、n of the natives:The casualness of the fur trading type of contacts could no longer be tolerated. Hence, with the arrival of the missionaries and their Christian ethic the task of converting the natives began, and peace

53、ful penetration entered a new phase, based upon an institutionalized mode of cultural dismemberment. (La Violette 1961: 302-3) 注意：?jiǎn)为?dú)成段的引文不用引號(hào)，文內(nèi)夾注緊隨其后（即不換行）。引文結(jié)束的句號(hào)在括號(hào)前，這一點(diǎn)跟較短的引文不同。見(jiàn)圖1和2,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,3. 參考文獻(xiàn)的錄著 作者姓

54、名的寫(xiě)法：第一作者姓（last name）在前，名（first name）在后，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。姓必須寫(xiě)全。名縮寫(xiě)并以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。格式為： 姓全寫(xiě)（逗號(hào)）名縮寫(xiě)（點(diǎn)）中間名縮寫(xiě)（點(diǎn)）。 如：Okuda, M. A.第二作者為名（first）在前，姓（last name）在后，中間用點(diǎn)隔開(kāi)并以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。格式為： 名（點(diǎn)）中間名（點(diǎn)）姓全寫(xiě)（點(diǎn)）如：D. Okuda. 注：中間名可省略。逗號(hào)和點(diǎn)后面需要

55、空一格。注意：縮寫(xiě)時(shí)要注意的是第一作者和第二作者名和姓之間的逗號(hào)和點(diǎn)的區(qū)別。第一作者以后的作者，姓和名均不顛倒。姓要寫(xiě)全，縮寫(xiě)。 作者項(xiàng)以外的姓名，即出現(xiàn)在后面的姓名，例如編者等，姓和名均不顛倒。姓必須寫(xiě)全，名以寫(xiě)全為宜，也可縮寫(xiě)。,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,3. 各種文獻(xiàn)的錄著格式舉例：A. 專(zhuān)著或一般圖書(shū)： [序號(hào)]□作者.□書(shū)名□[M].□出版地：.□出版社，□出版年. 注：□代表空一個(gè)字符，以下

56、一樣。 例1：一位作者： [1] Gruen, E. S. The Image of Rom [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969. [2] 方夢(mèng)之. 譯學(xué)辭典[M]. 上海: 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 2004. 例2：兩位作者：第一作者的姓名后加逗號(hào)，加“and”，然后是第二作者的姓名，后加句號(hào)。 [1] Okuda, M.

57、, and D. Qkuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future [M]. New York: Pocket, 1993. [2] 朱賢智, 林崇德. 思維發(fā)展心理學(xué)[M]. 北京: 北京師范大學(xué)出版社, 1986.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,例3：兩位以上作者：各作者姓名之間加逗號(hào)，最后一位作者姓名之前加“and”，之后加句號(hào)。 [1] Quirk,

58、 R., S. Greenbaum., G. Leech. and J. Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London: Longman, 1985. 例4：編輯的書(shū)：在編輯姓名后加逗號(hào)，再加“ed.”，編者為多人時(shí)，加“eds.”。意為editor [1] Duff, A. M., ed. A Literary Histo

59、ry of Rome [M]. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1960. 例5：譯作：在書(shū)名后加“Trans.”和譯者姓名。意為T(mén)ranslated by [1] Cicero, M. T., De Oratore [M]. Trans. J. S. Watson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文

60、寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,例6：有作者、譯者和編輯的書(shū)： [1] Dostoevsky, F. Crime and Punishment [M]. Trans. J. Coulson. Ed. G. Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964. 例7：再版的書(shū)，在書(shū)名后標(biāo)出第幾版： [1] Abrams, M. H., et al., eds. Norton Anthology of English Lite

61、rature [Z]. 4th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 1979.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,B. 論文集，在書(shū)名后加[C][序號(hào)]□作者.□論文集名□[C].□出版地：□出版社，□出版年.例8：一位編者：[1] Frye, N., ed. Sound and Poetry [C]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957.[2] 辛希孟. 信息技術(shù)

62、與信息服務(wù)國(guó)際研討會(huì)論文集: A集[C]. 北京: 中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社, 1994.例9：多位編者：[1] Biguenet, J., and R. Schulte., eds. The Craft of Translation [C]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,C. 論文集中析出的文章 [序號(hào)]□析出的文章主要責(zé)任者.□析出文章名[

63、A].□論文集的要責(zé)任者(任選).□原文獻(xiàn)題名[C].□論文集的要責(zé)任者(任選).□出版地：□出版社，□出版年：□析出文獻(xiàn)起-止頁(yè)碼.例10：文章名和書(shū)名全為英文 [1] James, N. E. Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to Kirk and Spock [A]. In D. Palumbo., ed. Spectrum of the Fantastic [C]

64、. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. 219-23.例11：文章名為英文，書(shū)名為中文[1] Jackobson, R. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation [A]. 西方翻譯理論精選. 申雨平編. 北京: 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社, 2002. 例12：論文集中的文章，文章名和書(shū)名全為中文[1] 鐘文發(fā). 非線性規(guī)劃在可燃毒物配置中的應(yīng)用[A]. 運(yùn)籌學(xué)的理論與應(yīng)用—

65、—中國(guó)運(yùn)籌學(xué)會(huì)第五屆大會(huì)論文集[C]. 趙瑋編. 西安: 西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社, 1996: 468-471. ,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,Ｄ. 期刊文章，在文章名后加[J] [序號(hào)]□作者.□文章名□[J].□學(xué)術(shù)刊物名，□卷（期）□年：□引用起-止頁(yè).例13：[1] Wilcox, R. V. Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek: The Next Gen

66、eration [J]. Studies in Popular Culture, 13/2 (1991): 53-65. [2] 羅一. 研究生英語(yǔ)論文中連接副詞使用情況調(diào)查[J]. 解放軍外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) 2003 (1): 59-62.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,Ｅ. 報(bào)紙文章，在文章名后加[N][序號(hào)]□主要責(zé)任者.□文獻(xiàn)題名□[N].□報(bào)紙名，□出版日期: □ 版次.例14：[1] Di Rado, A. Trekking

67、 through College: Classes Explore Modern Society Using the World of Star Trek [N]. Los Angeles Times, 15 Mar. 1995: A3.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,,F. 詞典、百科全書(shū)等工具書(shū)，或其他未說(shuō)明的文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型，在書(shū)名后加[Z][序號(hào)]□主要責(zé)任者.□文獻(xiàn)題名□[Z].□出版地：□出版者，□出版年.例15：[1] Ashe

68、r, E. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (vol.10) [Z]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994.[2] 張道真. 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典[Z]. 上海: 上海譯文出版社, 1983.,3. 學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范,,Ｇ.學(xué)位論文，在論文名稱后加[D]中文編寫(xiě)格式：[序號(hào)]□學(xué)生姓名.學(xué)位論文題目［D］．學(xué)校及學(xué)位論文級(jí)別，答辯年份．例16：[1]

69、 王葆華. 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)義及論元配置[D]. 復(fù)旦大學(xué)博士論文, 2003. 英文編寫(xiě)格式：[序號(hào)]□學(xué)生姓名.□學(xué)位論文題目□[D]. □學(xué)位論文級(jí)別及學(xué)校. □答辯年份. 例17：未出版的學(xué)位論文 [1] Almeida, D. M. Father’s Participation of Family Work: Consequences for Father’s stress and Father-child Relati