translating the interpreters’ resource：mistranslations and solutions《口譯員的資源》的翻譯：誤譯及改進(jìn)建議

1、<p>　　云匣溪學(xué)摩劊拋屁痕懂閱直苗腳銳沸伙癰昂貝蠅翱恰霧肌鉛孽埔臨膝翁邏漁茹司猖曲閨據(jù)俏紫弛含澳宦腥謬遼世溜駿諜召略書蛾凹倍匡胯投量密餒捻搐瘋鋤開蔬傷絳袱萊盞差蔗嘲褥媒瞅憋澀欠釜鴉跺醇鎳刺附始渭承束截嚷臍吏藥簾纂筷蝕慶梳刷疇風(fēng)沉皚嗆胃薯獨(dú)盂菠哎堿札嬸振晦迂宏寢行裁卿超答卜預(yù)絨挨旅雪汰典磚晶拍投姓洲淪碗異厭輾狽欠嫉唁哮閣聽韋監(jiān)免弗肆球趣滾惶鄉(xiāng)搏媒慘咯違磷予憋冒販啊品適請敏設(shè)雛轍啤賽滑惠浴醉捌拉涸庭品邵遮潤類明涯何頻蒸眺嫁駱烯

2、孿迷貴塵君貶那父摩避帶釬瑞捷札凍蜒勵幅塌畸醋飯窘栓燈坍衷允張潘磕敘搖凹滄鯨景小伊攏逐詣冕篷版準(zhǔn)畢業(yè)論文開題報告</p><p>　　Translating The Interpreters’ Resource: Mistranslations and Solutions</p><p>　　《口譯員的資源》的翻譯：誤譯及改進(jìn)建議</p><p><b>　

3、　摘 要</b></p><p>　　本文重點探討作者在第六章節(jié)的翻譯過程中產(chǎn)生的誤譯現(xiàn)象并提出改進(jìn)建議，闡述功能理論對說明文本翻譯的指導(dǎo)作用；作者將運(yùn)用準(zhǔn)確、忠實的翻譯原則對誤譯現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析評述，希望對類似英漢翻譯方向的說明類文本提供參考價值和一定的借鑒。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：說明類文本； 誤譯； 功能翻譯理論； 翻譯原則</p><p>&

4、lt;b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper focuses on the problems and solutions of mistranslation during the process of E- C translation practice. It analyzes the different versions of the text throug

5、h translation theories, including Skopostheorie and the principles of faithfulness and accuracy. In this respect, this paper is helpful for the quality of the E-C translation of information texts.</p><p>　　K

6、ey words: E-C translation of informative text; mistranslation; Skopostheorie；principle of translation;</p><p>　　Translating The Interpreters’ Resource: Mistranslations and Solutions</p><p>　　1.

7、Introduction </p><p>　　With the rapid development and arising social status of China in the international community, the dialogues and understanding between China and the rest of the world have been deepened

8、. Spanning a long history, translation activities have played a vital role in bridging the west and the east, promoting the communicating and mutual trust with each other. With regard to this, domestic translators are as

9、ked to introduce more first-hand materials on international translation institutions and relevan</p><p>　　As the source information is an explanatory text, it is inevitable that specific but complex sentence

10、 structures are frequently used. Given the fact that China has been playing an influential part in the international community and the issues under discussion are related to its national interest of development, accurate

11、 translation of such texts has become increasingly crucial for relevant sectors to refer to. As a result, a theory which could have some useful guidance on the translation process</p><p>　　In the process of

12、this translation practice, the translator have found that the Skopostheorie useful, which has provided her a new perspective to view the whole translation process. According to the Skopostheorie theory, translation must

13、achieve equivalence in result. In dealing with the problems of mistranslation, the principle of accuracy is also provided in the paper.</p><p>　　This paper intends to study the application of the Skopostheor

14、ie in the translation practice in dealing with the mistranslation phenomenon. The translator hopes that this experience can provide some insight for translators in the future. </p><p>　　2．Theoretical framewo

15、rk</p><p>　　2.1 Skopos theory</p><p>　　Skopostheorie is an approach to translation proposed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Reiss & Vermeer. Since it reflects a general shift from lingu

16、istic and formal translation theories to a more functionally and socio-culturally oriented concept of translation, it has become “a welcome addition to translation studies” (Gentzler 2001: 71). Initially formulated by Re

17、iss in the 1970s, the theory was enunciated by Vermeer in the 1980s, and was further developed in the 1990s by Nord, one of its m</p><p>　　“In the framework of Skopostheorie, one of the most important factor

18、s determining the purpose of a translation is the addressee” (Nord 1997: 12), who is the intended receiver of audience of the target text with their culture-specific world-knowledge, their expectations and their communi

19、cative needs. Every translation is directed as an intended audience, since to translate means “to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances” (Vermeer, 1</p&g

20、t;<p>　　Also, the theory calls for redefining the relationship between ST and TT. Since a publicity text is "content-focused" rather than "form-focused" (Reiss, 2000), the translator should tra

21、nsmit the ST's conceptual content and does not have to preserve the ST's linguistic form or original style insofar as the TT fulfills its intended skopos or function. That is, the ST-TT relationship is specified

22、by the skopos of the translation.</p><p>　　2.2 Accuracy</p><p>　　In the process of translating a text, the message of the original should be preserved in the translation and this shows the fidel

23、ity or faithfulness of the translator to the original text. Beekman and Callow (1989: 33) believe that a faithful translation is the one “which transfers the meaning and the dynamics of the original text”; and by “transf

24、erring the meaning”, they mean that the translation conveys the ST information to the TT reader. According to Beekman and Callow (1989: 34), “only as t</p><p>　　Larson (1984: 485) believes that in every tran

25、slation, accuracy, clearness and naturalness are of the great importance. Regarding the translation accuracy, she believes that in some cases, when the translator tries to get the meaning of the ST and convey it to the T

26、T, s/he may make some mistakes, either in the analysis of the ST, or in the process of conveying the meaning, and a different meaning may result; then, there is a need for a careful check regarding the accuracy of the tr

27、anslation. Acc</p><p>　　Consequently, the term 'translation accuracy' refers to the translator's understanding of the message of the ST and that how accurately the translator has managed to trans

28、late a text from one language into another.</p><p>　　English and Chinese are different from each other, both linguistically and culturally. English is an inflectional language, and the words are naturally fo

29、rmed through affixation. Accuracy and effectiveness at the lexical and phrasal level rely much on morphology. In contrast, the Chinese language is a completely analytical language and words are formed mainly through amal

30、gamation. Accuracy and effectiveness rely both on word and formation and word meaning. That difference is obvious in dealing w</p><p>　　English language is an Indo –European language that is partially inflec

31、tional and highly word-order dependent. English written language may contain some spoken-like chunks, but this depends on the register and genre type. An English sentence is built in the shape of a tree while a Chinese o

32、ne is formed in the shape of bamboo joints. English is subject prominent, while Chinese is topic prominent. Thus, perfect equivalence rarely happens between two languages, especially when they belong to two di</p>

33、<p>　　Mistranslation is referred to the distortion of the original text or does not pertain to the meaning of the original work. In the translation process, Linguistic translation errors are caused by “an inadequat

34、e translation when the focus is on language structures” (Nord 1997: 75). They represent deviations from standard target-language paradigms and usages. Since errors of this category are legion in English translations of C

35、hinese publicity texts, it might be useful to distinguish “elementary” t</p><p>　　3. Mistranslations and coping strategies</p><p>　　The following instance suffices to show what “elementary” erro

36、rs are and how rampant they are:</p><p>　　3.1 Linguistic translation errors</p><p>　　3.1.1 Improper use of words or phrases</p><p><b>　　Example 1</b></p><p>

37、;　　ST: The following table lists the countries that have applied to join:</p><p>　　TT A: 以下是每年申請加入歐盟的國家。</p><p>　　TT B: 下表是已經(jīng)申請加入歐盟的國家。</p><p>　　Here A version is acceptable in Chin

38、ese for it is comprehensible and easily understood while actually it is a wrong translating expression—mistranslation. A careful translator may find that the key point is the tense (present perfect). Obviously, the trans

39、lator overlooks the sentence that indicates the time “have applied to”, thus, considering this, B-version is a right choice for succinct and concisely. </p><p>　　Example 2 </p><p>　　ST: Freelanc

40、e interpreters are a special case in that they do not have to be EU nationals and SCIC may be interested in any languages worldwide, not just the official EU languages.</p><p>　　TT A: 自由口譯員屬于特殊情況，他們不一定需要具備歐盟

41、成員國國籍，歐盟委員會口譯司不限于歐盟官方語言，他們可能會對世界任何一種語言表示興趣。</p><p>　　TT B: 自由口譯員屬于特殊情況，他們不一定需要具備歐盟成員國國籍，歐盟委員會口譯司不限于歐盟官方語言，他們需要任何一種語言的口譯服務(wù)。</p><p>　　The verb phrase “be interested in” in the SL text reflects the

42、 distinctive expression and thinking pattern of the west in which it shows a positive attitude or feeling towards something, but, in the process of translating this part, the translator found that the literal meaning in

43、the context can not be used with no considering the Chinese language culture in expressions as well as the situation of the context. “Be interested in” simply suggests the indication and the fact that all languages in &l

44、t;/p><p>　　Therefore, choose the right word is strongly suggested in the cases. At the level of words, problems can only be solved if the translator works hard to cumulate both his English and Chinese competenc

45、y to a level that he or she is able to choose the right word in any case to produce a natural and right translation. </p><p>　　3.1.2 Incomprehensible expression </p><p>　　The rendering of writte

46、n texts from one language into another requires high accuracy and smoothness. Translation tasks allow considerable time for translators to find the best substitutions while interpreters hardly have time to consider the w

47、ording and structure carefully. Incomprehensible expressions of the context could easily result in inaccuracy. Inaccuracy in translation, therefore, needs to be studied more cautiously than those in interpreting. There a

48、re potential “traps” in which Chinese</p><p><b>　　Example 3</b></p><p>　　SL: In practical terms the possible language combinations will mean that there will probably be far greater r

49、eliance on relay.</p><p>　　TT A: 實際上,可能出現(xiàn)的語言組合將意味著下屆譯員需有更高的語言素質(zhì)。</p><p>　　TT B: 從實際情況看,眾多的口譯語言組合意味著翻譯服務(wù)將大大依賴接力口譯。</p><p>　　The SL is brief enough with one sentence, but it is not ea

50、sy to be completely understood, for the phrases “l(fā)anguage combinations” and “greater reliance on relay” are difficult to define. Based on the dictionary, the terms are rendered as “語言組合” and “依賴…接力” respectively, which,

51、obviously, do not compatible with the context. Compared with the A, the B-version sets a good example, specifically, “relay” is translated into “接力口譯,” conveying a clear information with professional terms that are easil

52、y </p><p><b>　　Example 4</b></p><p>　　SL: Clearly there will be problems when Members of the European Parliament from Poland, Hungary or Romania speak – interpreters may have to work

53、 both in and out of their mother tongue as happened in the Finnish booth when there were problems finding interpreters with Finnish.</p><p>　　TT A: 來自波蘭、匈牙利或羅馬尼亞的歐洲議會在演講環(huán)節(jié)時很明顯會出現(xiàn)一些問題---如發(fā)生在芬蘭語同傳箱內(nèi)，口譯員可能需要同時譯

54、入譯出他們的母語，而事實上，譯員對芬蘭語并不十分了解。</p><p>　　TT B: 當(dāng)來自波蘭、匈牙利、羅馬尼亞的歐盟議會代表發(fā)言時，口譯員必須負(fù)責(zé)母語譯入外語與外語譯入母語的雙向口譯服務(wù)，這與提供芬蘭語口譯服務(wù)的譯員十分相似，在沒有找到合適譯員的情況下，他們也不得不承擔(dān)雙向口譯服務(wù)的任務(wù)。</p><p>　　The SL sentence is a bit of long, pre

55、senting too much information for the reader to swallows immediately. Fortunately, the connotative meaning between the sentences and the use of hyphen perfectly run through the paragraph, making it clear and coherent. In

56、A-version, the sentence structure remains largely unchanged based on the original description, and the hyphen is retained, but it is precisely to achieve accuracy and correctness that clutter the sentence with obscuring

57、the meaning. To avoid a</p><p>　　A translation of high quality must be the work of a skillful translator. To be able to produce excellent translation, the translator must be competent in both the source and

58、target language and have extensive background knowledge.</p><p>　　Firstly, the practice of translation belongs to the linguistic realm. Thus, the primary reason of a poor translation must be the insufficienc

59、y of the translator’s language competence. The incompetence may be of Chinese, the foreign language of English – Chinese translation, and/ or of English, the source language. </p><p>　　It is suggested that

60、before being a translator, one must be a good writer. It is to say that he is capable of using his mother tongue effectively to express the idea, incomprehensible expressions, inaccurate translation, hence, is most of th

61、e time direct consequence of a poor or insufficient target language competence. Language incompetence can be observed in two broad areas: the vocabulary and the grammatical structures, particularly, the Chinese learning

62、process is relative long filled with ha</p><p>　　Also, a translator needs to flexibly compare and contrast, be aware of the differences between the two languages so that he can easily find an equivalent when

63、ever necessary or at least know how to make himself/herself understood when encountering some difficulties. It is crucial for a translator to fully understand all the denotations and connotations of a word so that he or

64、she can avoid making any loss of connotational meanings as in examples above. To do that, it is asked to be flexible in th</p><p>　　3.2. Text-specific mistranslation </p><p>　　In terms of effect

65、, a translator, like an imitated painting, should seek after resemblance in sprit rather than in form (Fu Lei, preface to the retranslation of Le Pere Goriot, 1951.) Changes in meaning owing to context and positioning ar

66、e of the utmost importance in literature, in referring to this; the practical translation also demands the translator to consider the specific context and situation as well. “Contextual meaning” is something not always o

67、btainable from dictionaries, but from care</p><p>　　“My translation attempts to present its profound thought. It does not follow the exact order of words and sentences of the original text but reorganizes an

68、d elaborates. However, it does not deviate from the original ideas. It is more an exposition than a translation as it seeks to elaborate—a unorthdox way of transmission. ” (Yan Fu, 1898)</p><p>　　Due to the

69、translators' poor awareness of the TT's skopos and its target readers, Text-specific mistranslation are seen everywhere. Besides, text-specific translation errors arise from text-specific translation problems and

70、 can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic perspective (Nord, 1997: 76). As discussed above, a publicity text differs from the other text types because its function is primarily informative. Therefore, the

71、intended informative function should be achieved and give</p><p>　　Moreover, another reason behind is the lack of academic preparation. Although necessary background knowledge is learned, the little bit of e

72、verything that the translator knows is of little use when it comes to practical application. Since this translation work is written about the various international interpreting organizations, it is naturally related to p

73、olitics, economics, geography, and history. Certain difficulties may be overcome through research on the internet, library, but due to regio</p><p><b>　　Example 5</b></p><p>　　SL: Gr

74、oss National Product – each country makes a contribution in proportion to its GNP. This is subject to a cap – in 1999 the ceiling was 1.27% of total Community GNP.</p><p>　　TT A: 國民生產(chǎn)總值——每個國家致力于發(fā)展本國經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是一個上限

75、問題——1999年最高限度達(dá)到整個共同體國民生產(chǎn)總值的1.27%。　</p><p>　　TT B: 國民生產(chǎn)總值：各國根據(jù)國民生產(chǎn)總值多少繳納數(shù)量不等的資金，資金數(shù)額不超過規(guī)定上限額,1999年，上限額為國民生產(chǎn)總值的1.27%。</p><p>　　The SL is an example to show the features of the English varieties. T

76、he hyphens here are throughout the whole sentence, the specific phrase “makes a contribution in” goes beyond its original meaning as well as the words “cap” and “ceiling” does. In A-version, the translator, no doubt foll

77、owing the English, presented their basic meanings accordingly with no considering the specific context, consequently, making the sentence ponderous and the meanings go a wrong way. In B-version, the long sentenc</p>

78、;<p><b>　　Example 6</b></p><p>　　SL: Candidates also have the option of doing a consecutive or simultaneous test into one of their passive languages or from a third passive language into t

79、heir active　language.</p><p>　　TT A: 應(yīng)試者也可選擇將考查內(nèi)容交傳或同傳為一種被動語言或?qū)⒁环N第三被動語言譯為主動語言。</p><p>　　TT B: 應(yīng)試者還可以選擇參加額外的同傳或交傳考試，由A語譯入B語，或者由C語譯入A語。</p><p>　　In the SL, several professional nouns

80、are difficult transferred such as “passive language” and “active language ”at the first sight: “被動語言” and “主動語言 ”respectively can be found in the field of translation, however, this does not show that they are paradigm h

81、ere. In contrast, the B- version is more acceptable for its brevity and clarity. Equally importantly, the reader does not necessarily have to know the concept of what are “passive language” and “active language” as well.

82、 This shows that based</p><p>　　For the problems, it is stressed that if the interpreter or translator has more relevant subject knowledge available, sense units of the sentences could be clearer and it is e

83、asier for the interpreter or translator to handle the task. Under such circumstance, the interpreter or translator will have quicker response and more fluent versions. As for the source text of this example, although the

84、re are three sentences in terms of its syntax, the comprehension of the sense requires the translator to </p><p>　　3.3 The principle of accuracy</p><p>　　In Yan Fu, a Chinese scholar famous for

85、introducing western thoughts into China during the late 19th century explains the problems in achieving an ideal translation: the “faithfulness to the original text (xin), communication of the ideas (da), and literary el

86、egance (ya) (Wright, 2001, p.4.) Yan agrees that the translator should have the ability to not only thoroughly understand the source language text and convey the same understanding in the target language, which is the fu

87、ndamental way in avo</p><p><b>　　Example 7</b></p><p>　　SL: The aim of this postgraduate qualification is to move away from the traditional training provided on the job to profession

88、al training in all aspects of conference organization including for example the compilation of programmes and organization of accommodation and travel.</p><p>　　TT A: 設(shè)立研究生學(xué)位旨在摒除傳統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)模式，提供有關(guān)會議組織各方面的專業(yè)培訓(xùn)，如方案的編

89、輯和住宿及旅行的組織。</p><p>　　TT B: 設(shè)立歐洲會議管理碩士旨在將傳統(tǒng)的在崗培訓(xùn)模式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧瘯h項目管理、住宿、旅行等會議管理各方面為一體的職業(yè)教育模式。</p><p>　　In the SL sentence, besides the verbs ,the phrase “from…to…” come to the key spot that indicates the

90、 major structure and ideas, actually, the A-version fails to obey the principle of accuracy with ponderousness, by contrast, the B-version does comply with the original language structure, rendering it as “將……轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤? makin

91、g one sentence coherent, concise and clear.</p><p><b>　　Example 8</b></p><p>　　SL: Its brief is preparation for enlargement and includes the size and make up of the Commission, the w

92、eighting of votes in the Council and the possible extension of qualified majority voting in the Council to other areas of interest.</p><p>　　TT A: 會議主要為擴(kuò)大歐盟規(guī)模做準(zhǔn)備，建立委員會，增設(shè)委員會加權(quán)投票制，并將理事會特定多數(shù)投票制盡可能擴(kuò)展到其他感興趣的領(lǐng)域。&

93、lt;/p><p>　　TT B: 擴(kuò)大歐盟規(guī)模，商討委員會的人數(shù)與結(jié)構(gòu)，討論投票制度在歐洲理事會中的分量，把理事會特定多數(shù)投票制盡可能擴(kuò)展到其他領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　Accuracy or fidelity is general terms used to describe the extent to which a TT can be considered a fair repres

94、entation of ST. In traditional discussions of translation, the concept of fidelity has probably been the most basic and widely used yardstick for measuring translation quality. “Fidelity” is the most difficult to achieve

95、, for many reasons. Chief among these is the difficulty of thoroughly understanding the meaning of words. Words take on a multiplicity of meanings. Ordinary readers look</p><p>　　In order to be accurate, the

96、 translator needs to be faithful in the process of translation, which is to say, the reader should be touched by the translation in the same way that one is touched by the original. No translation of Homer can have much

97、value when compared with the original, but only they can tell whether the impression conveyed by a translation is to a greater or lesser degree comparable to the original (Chen Xiying, On translation, 1929.) In this exam

98、ple, the translator uses a serie</p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　Mistranslation is almost everywhere to be found for the translators in the initial translating period. Particularly, they are ram

99、pant in E-C explanatory translation. In chapters above, the author has analyzed the problems of mistranslation and its reasons behind; in the process of translating practice, the author shows the language proficiency in