數(shù)控機(jī)床外文翻譯--鉆孔用x-y工作臺及其運(yùn)動控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計

1、<p>　　課 程 設(shè) 計 任 務(wù) 書</p><p>　　南京理工大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院</p><p>　　12年 8月 25日</p><p>　課程設(shè)計題目鉆孔用X-Y工作臺及其運(yùn)動控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計</p><p>　指導(dǎo)教師張 雯職稱</p><p>　專業(yè)名稱機(jī)電一體化工程 2080307</p&

2、gt;<p>　學(xué)生姓名吳英標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考證號020111252123</p><p>　設(shè)計具體內(nèi)容與要求序號內(nèi)容</p><p>　1總體設(shè)計方案的論證。</p><p>　2機(jī)械傳動部件的設(shè)計與計算，并畫出它的總裝配圖，以A1圖紙繪制。</p><p>　3步進(jìn)電機(jī)和棋驅(qū)動電路的選用與計算。</p><p>

3、;　4控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，一A1圖紙繪制電氣控制原理圖。</p><p>　5編寫系統(tǒng)控制軟件，對所附的零件圖編寫數(shù)控加工程序。</p><p>　6用A2圖紙繪制系統(tǒng)框圖。</p><p>　課程設(shè)計提交資料課程設(shè)計任務(wù)書，外文翻譯，課程設(shè)計說明書，A1的裝配圖，A1的電氣控制原理圖，A2的系統(tǒng)框圖。</p><p>　交稿時間2012年9月7

4、日</p><p>　　The Numerical Control Engine Bed Transforms</p><p>　　Harvey B.M ackey</p><p>　　First numerical control system development summary brief history and tendency </p>

5、<p>　　In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, this indicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially to replace the mental labor the tool. It with the humani

6、ty these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundati

7、on. </p><p>　　After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archery

8、 target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development. </p><p>　　1.1 Numerical control (NC) stage (1952 ~ 1970) </p><

9、p>　　The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numera

10、l logic circuit "to build" to become an engine bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC), Jian Chengwei numerical con

11、trol (NC). Along with the primary device development, this stage has had been</p><p>　　1.2 Computer numerical control (CNC) stage (in 1970 ~ present) </p><p>　　In 1970, the general minicomputer

12、already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC) the stage ("which should have compu

13、ter in front of the general" two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part -- logic units and the controller, used the large scale integr

14、ated circuit technology integration </p><p>　　The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have

15、 wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the multi- Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliabilit

16、y was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are also high, but may solve t</p><p>　　In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomput

17、er) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may satisfiedly take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage. </p><p&

18、gt;　　In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of -- minicomputer; 1974 five dynasties -- microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation -- (overseas w

19、as called PC-BASED) based on PC. </p><p>　　Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC).</p><p>　　Also must point out, although overseas

20、already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still the custom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily say "numerical control", the materially already was refers

21、to "computer numerical control". </p><p>　　1.3 the numerical control future will develop tendency </p><p>　　1.3.1 open style continues to, to develop based on the PC sixth generation o

22、f direction </p><p>　　The software and hardware resources has which based on PC are rich and so on the characteristic, the more numerical controls serial production factory can step onto this path. Uses PC m

23、achine to take at least its front end machine, processes the man-machine contact surface, the programming, the association</p><p>　　Question and so on net correspondence, undertakes the numerical control dut

24、y by the original system. PC machine has the friendly man-machine contact surface, will popularize to all numerical controls system. The long-distance communication, the long-distance diagnosis and the service will be mo

25、re common. </p><p>　　1.3.2 approaches and the high accuracy development </p><p>　　This is adapts the engine bed to be high speed and the high accuracy direction need to develop. </p><

26、p>　　1.3.3 develops to the intellectualized direction </p><p>　　Along with the artificial intelligence in the computer domain unceasing seepage and the development, the numerical control system intellectua

27、lized degree unceasingly will enhance. </p><p>　　(1) applies the adaptive control technology </p><p>　　The numerical control system can examine in the process some important information, and the

28、 automatic control system related parameter, achieves the improvement system running status the goal. </p><p>　　(2) introduces the expert system instruction processing </p><p>　　The skilled work

29、er and expert's experience, the processing general rule and the special rule store in the system, take the craft parameter database as the strut, the establishment has the artificial intelligence the expert system. &

30、lt;/p><p>　　(3) introduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system </p><p>　　(4) intellectualized numeral servo drive </p><p>　　May through the automatic diagnosis load, but the au

31、tomatic control parameter, causes the actuation system to obtain the best movement.</p><p>　　Second, engine bed numerical control transformation necessity </p><p>　　2.1 microscopic looks at the

32、transformation the necessity </p><p>　　From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority

33、 come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains. </p><p>　　2.1.1 may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curved surface and so on the complex components

34、.</p><p>　　Because the computer has the excellent operation ability, may the instant accurately calculate each coordinate axis instant to be supposed the movement physiological load of exercise, therefore ma

35、y turn round the synthesis complex curve or the curved surface.</p><p>　　2.1.2 may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance 3 ~ 7 times compared

36、 to the traditional engine bed.</p><p>　　Because the computer has the memory and the memory property, may the procedure which inputs remember and save, then the order which stipulated according to the proced

37、ure automatic carries out, thus realization automation. The numerical control engine bed so long as replaces a procedure, may realize another work piece processing automation, thus causes the single unit and the small ba

38、tch of production can automate, therefore is called has realized "flexible automation". </p><p>　　2.1.3 processings components precision high, size dispersion degree small, makes the assembly to be

39、 easy, no longer needs "to make repairs".</p><p>　　2.1.4 may realize the multi- working procedures centralism, reduces the components in engine bed between frequent transporting. </p><p&

40、gt;　　2.1.5 has auto-alarm, the automatic monitoring, automatic compensation and so on the many kinds of autonomy function, thus may realize long time nobody to safeguard the processing. </p><p>　　2.1.6 advan

41、tage which derives by above five. </p><p>　　For example: Reduced worker's labor intensity, saved the labor force (a person to be possible to safeguard the multi- Taiwan engine bed), reduced the work clot

42、hes, reduced the new product trial manufacturing cycle and the production cycle, might to the market demand make rapid reaction and so on. </p><p>　　Above these superiority are the predecessor cannot imagine

43、, is an extremely significant breakthrough. In addition, the engine bed numerical control carries out FMC (flexible manufacture unit), FMS (flexible manufacture system) as well as CIMS (computer integration manufacture s

44、ystem) and so on the enterprise becoming an information based society transformation foundation. The numerical control technology already became the manufacturing industry automation the core technology and the foundatio

45、n </p><p>　　2.2 great watches the transformation the necessity </p><p>　　From on macroscopic looked that, the industry developed country armed forces, the airplane weapon industry, in the end of

46、 the 70's, at the beginning of the 80's started the large-scale application numerical control engine bed. Its essence is, uses the information technology to the traditional industry (including the armed forces, a

47、irplane weapon industry) carries on the technological transformations. Except that uses outside the numerical control engine bed, FMC, FMS in the manufacture process, </p><p>　　Thord, the numerical control t

48、ransformation content and superiorly lacks </p><p>　　3.1 Transformation industry starting </p><p>　　In US, Japan and Germany and so on the developed country, their engine bed transforms took the

49、 new economical growth profession, thrives abundantly, is occupying the golden age. As a result of the engine bed as well as the technical unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is "the eternal" topi

50、c. Our country's engine bed transformation industry, also enters from the old profession to by the numerical control technology primarily new profession. In US, Japan, Germany, have the broad mark</p><p>

51、;　　3.2 Numerical control transformation content </p><p>　　The engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation main content has following several points: </p><p>　　First is ex

52、tensively recovers the function, to the engine bed, the production line has the breakdown partially to carry on the diagnosis and the restoration; </p><p>　　Second is NC, the addend reveals the installment o

53、n the ordinary engine bed, or adds the numerical control system, transforms the NC engine bed, the CNC engine bed; </p><p>　　Third is renovates, for increases the precision, the efficiency and the automatici

54、ty, to the machinery, the electricity partially carries on renovates, reassembles the processing to the machine part, extensively recovers the precision; Does not satisfy the production request to it the CNC system to ca

55、rry on the renewal by newest CNC; </p><p>　　Fourth is the technology renews or the technical innovation, for enhances the performance or the scale, or in order to use the new craft, the new technology, carri

56、es on the big scale in the original foundation the technology to renew or the technical innovation, the great scope raises the level and the scale renewal transformation. The new electrical system transforms after, ho

57、w carries on the debugging as well as the determination reasonable approval standard, also is the technology preparat</p><p>　　3.3 The numerical control transformation superiorly lacks </p><p>　

58、　3.3.1 reduced investment costs, the date of delivery are short</p><p>　　With purchases the new engine bed to compare, may save 60% ~ 80% expense generally, the transformation expense is low. Large-scale, th

59、e special engine bed especially is specially obvious. The common large-scale engine bed transforms, only spends the new engine bed purchase expense 1/3, the date of delivery is short. But some peculiar circumstances, lik

60、e the high speed main axle, the tray automatic switching unit manufacture and the installment too requires a lot of work, costs a great deal of mo</p><p>　　3.3.2 machine capability stable are reliable, the s

61、tructure is limited </p><p>　　Uses foundation and so on lathe bed, column all is heavy but the firm casting component, but is not that kind of welding component, after the transformation engine bed performan

62、ce high, the quality is good, may take the new equipment continues to use many years. But receives the original mechanism the limit, not suitably makes the unprecedented transformation. </p><p>　　3.3.3 famil

63、iar understood the equipment, is advantageous for the operation service </p><p>　　When purchases the new equipment, did not understand whether the new equipment can satisfy its processing request. The transf

64、ormation then otherwise, may precisely calculate the engine bed the processing ability; Moreover, because many years use, the operator already understood to the engine bed characteristic, uses and services the aspect to

65、train the time in the operation short, effective is quick. The transformation engine bed as soon as installs, may realize the capacity load revolution. </p><p>　　3.3.4 may fully use the existing condition &l

66、t;/p><p>　　May fully use the existing ground, does not need to like buys when the new equipment such to have reto construct the ground. </p><p>　　3.3.5 may use the newest control technology </p&

67、gt;<p>　　enhances the production equipment the automated level and the efficiency, improves the equipment quality and the scale, alters to the old engine bed now the horizontal engine bed.</p><p>　　Fo

68、urth, numerical control system choice </p><p>　　When the numerical control system mainly has three kind of types, the transformation, should act according to the special details to carry on the choice. </

69、p><p>　　4.1 Step-by-steps the open system which the electrical machinery drives </p><p>　　This system servo drive mainly is step-by-steps the electrical machinery, the power step-by-steps the elect

70、rical machinery, the battery solution pulse motor and so on. Entering sends out which by the numerical control system for instruction pulse, after the actuation electric circuit control and the power enlargement, causes

71、to step-by-step the electrical machinery rotation, through gear vice- and ball bearing guide screw vice- actuation executive component. So long as the control command pulse </p><p>　　This system structure si

72、mple, debugging service convenient, work reliable, cost low, is easy to reequip successfully. </p><p>　　4.2 The asynchronous motor or the direct current machine drive, diffraction grating survey feedback clo

73、sed loop numerical control system </p><p>　　This system and the open system difference is: Physical location feedback signal which by position detector set and so on the diffraction grating, induction synchr

74、omesh obtains, carries on the comparison as necessary with the given value, two interpolations enlargements and the transformation, the actuation implementing agency, by the speed which assigns turns towards the eliminat

75、ion deviation the direction movement, until assigns the position and the feedback physical location interpolation is </p><p>　　Enters for the system complex in the structure compared to the split-ring, the c

76、ost is also high, requests strictly to the environment room temperature. The design and the debugging is all more difficult than the open system. But may obtain compared to the split-ring enters for a system higher preci

77、sion, quicker speed, actuation power bigger characteristic target. May act according to the product specification, decided whether uses this kind of system. </p><p>　　4.3 The direct current servo electrical

78、machinery drives, encoder feedback semi-closure link numerical control system </p><p>　　Half closed-loop system examination part installs in among passes in the moving parts, indirectly surveys the executive

79、 component the position. It only can compensate a system ring circuit interior part of part the error, therefore, its precision compared to closed-loop system precision low, but its structure and the debugging all compar

80、es the closed-loop system to be simple. In makes the angular displacement examination part and the speed examination part and the servo electrical machinery time</p><p>　　The current production numerical con

81、trol system company factory quite are many, overseas famous company like German SIEMENS Corporation, Japanese FANUC Corporation; Native corporation like China Mount Everest Corporation, Beijing astronautics engine bed nu

82、merical control system group company, Central China numerical control company and Shenyang upscale numerical control country engineering research center. </p><p>　　When choice numerical control system mainly

83、 is each kind of precision which the engine bed must achieve after the numerical control transformation, actuates the electrical machinery the power and user's request.</p><p>　　Fifth in the numerical c

84、ontrol transformation the main mechanical part reequips the discussion </p><p>　　A new numerical control engine bed, must achieve in the design that, Has the high static dynamic rigidity; Movement vice- betw

85、een friction coefficient small, the transmission is ceaseless; The power is big; Is advantageous for the operation and the service. When engine bed numerical control transformation should meet the above requirements as f

86、ar as possible. Cannot think the numerical control installment and the ordinary engine bed connects in has met the numerical control engine bed requiremen</p><p>　　5.1 skids guide rail </p><p>　

87、　Said to the numerical control lathe that, the guide rail besides should have the conventional lathe guidance precision and the technology capability, but also must have good bears the friction, the attrition characteris

88、tic, and the reduction but sends the dead area because of the friction drag. At the same time must have the enough rigidity, by reduces the guide rail to distort to processes the precision the influence, must have the re

89、asonable guide rail protection and the lubrication. </p><p><b>　　5.2 gear </b></p><p>　　The common engine bed gear mainly concentrates in the headstock and the gear box. In order to

90、guarantee the transmission precision, on the numerical control engine bed uses the gear precision class is all higher than the ordinary engine bed. Must be able to achieve the ceaseless transmission in the structure, thu

91、s transforms time, the engine bed main gear must satisfy the numerical control engine bed the request, by guarantees the engine bed processing precision. </p><p>　　5.3 skids the guide screw and the ball bear

92、ing guide screw </p><p>　　The guide screw transmission relates directly to the transmission chain precision. The guide screw selects mainly is decided requests and drives the torque request in the job precis

93、ion. Is not used by job precision request Gao Shike skids the guide screw, but should inspect the original guide screw attrition situation, like the pitch error and the pitch accumulative error as well as matches the nu

94、t gap. The ordinary circumstances skid the guide screw to be supposed not to be lower than 6 levels</p><p>　　The ball bearing guide screw rubs loses slightly, the efficiency is high, its transmission efficie

95、ncy may above 90%; Precision high, the life is long; When start moment of force and movement the moment of force approaches, may reduce the electrical machinery to start the moment of force. Therefore may satisfiedly com

96、pare the high accuracy components processing request.</p><p>　　5.4 safe protection </p><p>　　The effect must take the security as a premise. Transforms in the engine bed must take the correspond

97、ing measure according to the actual situation, cuts noticeable. The ball bearing guide screw vice- is the precision part, when the work must take strict precautions against the dust is specially the scrap and the hard sa

98、nd grains enters the roller conveyer. On longitudinal guide screw also coca overall sheet iron safety mask. The big carriage with skids two end surfaces which the guide rail conta</p><p>　　Sixth, After the e

99、ngine bed electrical system transformation, to operates, the programmers inevitably brings the new request. Therefore ahead of time carries on new system knowledge training to the operator and the programmers to be extre

100、mely important, after otherwise will affect the transformation the engine bed rapid investment production. The training content should include the new operation kneading board disposition, the function, the instruction m