外文翻譯---公寓建筑物的防火安全設(shè)計

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1、　　本科畢業(yè)論文　　外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文　　文獻(xiàn)、資料題目： The Fire Safety Design Of Apartment Building　　文獻(xiàn)、資料來源： Journal of Asian Architecte

2、 and Auilding Engineering　　文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2006.08　　院（部）：市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院　　專業(yè)：給水排水工程　　班級： 　　姓

3、名： 　　學(xué) 號： 　　指導(dǎo)教師： 　　翻譯日期： 2008、06　　外文文獻(xiàn)：　　THE FIRE SAFE

4、TY DESIGN OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS　　In most fire engineered buildings, intervention of the fire brigade is not usually　　considered.The fire brigade provides the last line of attack

5、 on a fire, and usually the last opportunity tofind and rescue occupants. The intervention of the fire brigade is highly dependent on themreceiving an alarm or notification of a fire.　　The role of th

6、e fire brigade is important in an apartment fire as they can:　　??Fight, suppress and extinguish the fire　　??Perform search and rescue operations　　??Externall

7、y rescue occupants　　??Control evacuation via the EWIS system or lifts　　??Perform first aid　　??Reassure occupants　　For the fire brigade t

8、o perform their jobs properly they require:　　??Adequate site access　　??Adequate water supplies　　??Suitably located fire system control centres and indicator

9、panels　　??Controls for lifts　　??Protection from structural failure for an appropriate length of time　　The Australian and New Zealand building codes and stand

10、ards provide design criteria for theabove requirements. Successful fire brigade intervention can be achieved with pre-planning,early alarm, rapid response and the provision of sufficient labour and equipment to deal with

11、the hazard (Beck et al, 1992).　　The time for the fire brigade to arrive and extinguish the fire is influenced by the followingcomponents:　　??Time to detection of fire. Either by

12、automatic systems or people (Buchanan,　　1996).　　??Time to notification of fire brigade (Buchanan, 1996).　　??Fire brigade travel time (Buch

13、anan, 1996).　　??Access and search time for all floors (Buchanan, 1996).　　??Fire brigade setup time　　??Fire attack time (Buchanan, 1996).

14、　　The Fire Engineering Guidelines (FCRC, 1996) contains a “Fire Brigade Communicationand Response” model which provides guidance on assessing the response of the fire brigade.The following fire brigade times are 95th per

15、centile times taken from the FEG (FCRC, 1996).　　In a non-evacuation strategy, the fire brigade maybe relied upon to suppress and extinguish the fire. Therefore notification and arrival times are cruc

16、ial.　　The arrival of the fire brigade may also be crucial in an emergency strategy where they arerequired to communicate with the occupants or assist the evacuation. If communication withoccupants is

17、 vital to the emergency strategy, appropriately trained wardens should takecharge prior to the arrival of the fire brigade.　　The intervention of the fire brigade needs to be negotiated with the appro

18、val authority orAuthority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) and fire brigade. The times for intervention need to beagreed upon by all relevant stakeholders.　　The activities of the fire brigade can be aided t

19、hrough sensible designs and architecture. Forexample, location of hydrants, hose reels and fire indicator panels should be designed suchthat they assist the operations of the fire brigade.　　Some of t

20、he problems faced by the fire brigade during a fire are: fighting the fire whilstassisting the evacuation, access to the fire floor being restricted with evacuating occupantsand reduced effectiveness due to fatigue after

21、 climbing stairs.　　8 BUILDING AND EGRESS CHARACTERISTICS　　The building and egress characteristics are two of the most influential variables on the　　evacuat

22、ion strategy and fire safety measures provided in a building. The primary buildingand egress characteristics that influence the fire safety design are:　　??Building height　　??Numb

23、er of exits　　??Exit widths　　??Egress distance　　??Building construction and passive protection　　??Refuge floors and/or refuge areas</p

24、>　　??Lifts　　Building Height　　In Australia and New Zealand the building height is major determinant of the fire safetysystems. When buildings are

25、greater than 25m in effective height, there is a significant increase in the prescriptive requirements specified by the Building Code of Australia.　　The 25m building height limit is partly based on t

26、he limits of ladder access, and the ability ofthe fire brigade to rescue occupants and fight the fire externally. In Australian buildingsgreater than 25m, the prescriptive requirements require the buildings to be sprinkl

27、er protected and to have pressurised escape paths.　　The fire safety matrix presented in this report considers three building heights, with theheight limits being based on the BCA and the Acceptable S

28、olutions to the NZBC. It should be noted that the guidelines presented in the matrix do not strictly apply to these limits, and it is the responsibility of the fire engineer and approval authority to determine if an adeq

29、uate level of safety has been achieved.　　The building height limits that have been considered are:　　??Buildings less than 3 storeys. These buildings are characterised by unprotec

30、ted　　escape paths and travel distances generally meeting code requirements. The　　buildings have short travel distances and external rescue is generally possible.<p

31、>　　??Buildings greater than 3 storeys, less than 25m high. These buildings are　　characterised by having protected stairs, lifts and external rescue being possible　　??Buildings

32、 greater than 25m high. These buildings are characterised by having　　protected stairs, lifts, relatively long travel distances and limited external rescue　　options.</

33、b>　　Number of Exits, Exit Width and Egress Distance　　The Building Code of Australia and the Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC comprehensively cover the number of exits, minimum

34、 exit widths and maximum egress distances for apartment buildings. If the egress characteristics of a building are not fire engineered from first principles, then it is recommended that the code requirements be used as d

35、efault values.　　The following is a summary of the Building Code of Australia (ABCB, 1996) and the　　Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC (BIA, 1991) requirements. The summary applies

36、to Class 2 buildings (BCA) and SR Purpose Group buildings (Acceptable Solutions to NZBC).　　8.2.1 Acceptable Solutions to NZBC　　Prescriptive egress requirements for SR purpose gro

37、ups.　　The Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC maximum egress distances are for SR purpose　　groups. The open path distance is calculated from the furthermost point inside the apartme

38、nt.Open path lengths and horizontal safe path lengths can be increased by:　　??15% where heat detectors are installed　　??50% where sprinklers are installed　　?

39、?100% where smoke detectors are installed　　??100% where the occupant density does not exceed 0.05 people/m2　　8.2.2 Building Code of Australia　　The clauses fo

40、r the number of exits, exit-travel distances and the dimensions of exit paths,extracted from the BCA, are located in Appendix B.　　In summary:　　??All buildings require at least on

41、e exit. Buildings over 25m high require two exits.　　The maximum allowable exit travel distance may govern the number of exits.　　??The maximum travel distance from a sole-occupanc

42、y unit is 6m, to a point where　　travel in different directions to two exits is available. The maximum distance　　between alternative exits is 45m.　　??The mini

43、mum width of an exit is 1.0m or 1.8m in a passageway. The minimum　　width of the exit increases when occupant numbers are in excess of 100 on a　　storey.</p&g

44、t;　　Building Construction and Passive Protection　　All apartment buildings will have a fire resistance rating for building structure and fire barriers. This fire resistance can either be de

45、termined from the relevant Building Code or through a fire engineering analysis.　　Passive protection is one of the most important elements in the prevention of fire spread and limiting fire size. By

46、breaking up the building into vertical and horizontal compartments, the fuel is broken down into smaller units that will reduce the potential fire size. Passive protection is also essential in preventing and limiting smo

47、ke spread through the building.　　In the context of this report, the main objective for passive protection is to limit the fire and smoke to the apartment of fire origin or at least the floor of fire

48、origin. This will reduce the threat to other occupants in the building, and provide enough time for them escape, or for the fire brigade to suppress the fire.　　The compartment and structural fire res

49、istance rating of an apartment can be determined from the time equivalence formula. By using this method, an apartment should be designed to contain a fire until complete burn out. This should therefore ensure the fire d

50、oes not spread beyond the apartment of origin.　　Fire separation and compartmentation relies on doors, walls, floors, ceilings, glazing, smoke dampers and construction units (Bukowski et al, 1999). Fo

51、r effective passive protection these factors need to be inspected, tested and maintained regularly. It is recommended that selfclosers be used on doors that open into common areas, to prevent fire and smoke spread from a

52、partments to common areas or escape paths.　　There is very little literature on the reliability of passive protection (Bukowski et al, 1999). A survey of experts has estimated the reliability of passi

53、ve protection to be 95% for construction with no openings, and 90% for construction with openings and with self-closers (FCRC, 1996). Similarly, a Delphi group study in the UK estimated the reliability of masonry and gyp

54、sum construction to have a reliability of 81% and 69% respectively (Bukowski et al, 1999).　　The fire safety matrix makes a distinction between low and high passive protection. This distinction is use

55、d to demonstrate different relative levels of safety between an occupant in an adjacent apartment and one who is in a corridor. If an occupant is in a corridor, at a minimum, they will have one wall and one door (assumin

56、g it is closed or has a self-closer) separating them from the fire. If the occupant remains in their room they will have two walls and two doors (assuming it is closed or ha　　Stair Requirements</p

57、>　　In an emergency, the primary means of egress in multi-storey occupancies are stairs.　　Different building codes have different requirements for the number of stairs and the width of s

58、tairs (Refer Section 8.2 and Appendix B).　　The Building Code of Australia (ABCB, 1996) requires apartment buildings (Class 3) to have at least one exit from every storey and two exits where the build

59、ing exceeds 25m. However, the maximum travel distances from the door of an apartment permitted by the prescriptive requirements are:　　??6m to an exit, or a point from which travel in different direct

60、ions to two exits is　　available, or　　??20m from a single exit serving the storey at the level of egress to a road or open　　space.

61、;　　Therefore, even though two exits are required in apartment buildings greater than 25m high, in many cases to meet travel distances specified by the BCA, two stairs will be necessary.　　T

62、he minimum number of exits, in the Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC (BIA, 1991), are based on the number of beds (ie the occupant load) in the apartment building. For apartments with less than 100 beds two exits are requ

63、ired. For apartments with over 100 beds two exits are required, plus an additional exit for every 100 beds or part thereof greater than 100.　　The objective of two stairs is to provide an alternative

64、means of egress if one exit is blocked. Having multiple stair shafts can also reduce egress distances and allow occupants to change egress routes depending on the conditions.　　The three main factors

65、building codes use to determine if two or more stairs are required, are the number of occupants, the number of floors and the characteristics of the occupants. Some of the additional areas that should be considered in de

66、termining the stair requirements are:　　??Fire brigade utilisation and rescue operations　　??Sprinkler protection　　??Fire resistance rating of exit paths</p

67、>　　??Smoke control systems in the exit paths　　??Emergency plan　　To determine the relative effectiveness of a single stair, Hagiwara et al (1997) have proposed a pro

68、babilistic model based on the expected number of occupants unable to escape. The model provides a basis for evaluating a single stair against the building code based on:　　??The probability of a fire

69、occurrence in the room　　??The probability the fire develops into a hazardous fire　　??The probability the door is left open　　??The efficiency of rescue by the

70、 fire brigade　　??The degree of protection of the escape route　　Single stair buildings are permitted in the UK provided certain conditions are met. Clause 3.18 of Approved Documen

71、t B (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 2000) states:　　3.18 Every dwelling should have access to alternative escape routes so that a person confronted by the effects of an outb

72、reak of fire in another dwelling can turn away from it and make safe escape.　　However, a single escape route from dwelling entrance door is acceptable if either:　　(a) the dwellin

73、g is separated from the common stair and:　　(i) every dwelling is separated from the common stair by a protected lobby or common corridor (see　　diagram 12), and<p&g

74、t;　　(ii) the travel distance limitations in Table, on escape in one direction only, are observed;　　Effectively, this means that the required number of stairs is not a function of the building height,

75、 provided travel distances and other building requirements are met. Therefore, it is possible to have tall single stair apartment buildings. Figure 2 shows the maximum travel distances and stair requirements of Approved

76、Document B (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 2000).　　Some of the important requirements for single stair buildings is the provision of openable vents and/or automatic opening

77、 vents in the stairs and the corridors. These vents provide a means of venting the stairs of smoke, for both occupants and fire brigade.　　Refuge Floors and Areas　　Refuge floors a

78、nd areas provide rest locations for escaping occupants, a safe area for both disabled and able-bodied occupants and a staging area for the fire brigade. The BCA and the Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC do not prescribe r

79、efuge floors, however they are prescribed in the Hong Kong building code (Lo and Will, 1997). In a fire engineered apartment building refuge floors may be justifiable if the building was an ultra high-rise building, with

80、 excessive travel distance via stairs.　　Refuge areas are more commonly used in Australia and New Zealand to provide safe areas for disabled occupants. In apartment buildings a common emergency strate

81、gy is for disabled occupants is to remain in their apartments until assistance arrives.　　Refuge floors　　The Building Code of Australia and the Acceptable Solutions to the NZBC do

82、 not specify refuge floors for apartment buildings. However, they are prescriptive requirements for highrise buildings in the Hong Kong Code of Practice (Lo and Will, 1997).　　The functions of refuge

83、floors (Lo and Will, 1997) are to:　　??Act as a relief area for the evacuees in a fire situation　　??Act as a sub-base for fire fighting purposes　　??Act as a c

84、ommand point for the rescue personnel to assist the evacuation of the　　building　　??Provide a place for disabled or partially disabled occupants to wait for ass

85、istance　　before being evacuated　　??Allow occupants to move to an alternative staircase　　??Allow smoke separation at the refuge level in the stair case</p&

86、gt;　　Lo and Will (1997) also state that refuge floors can psychologically assist occupants under escape conditions. Refuge floors can psychologically relieve occupants by:　　??Reassuring th

87、em that the height of escape is not too onerous　　??Providing an area for cognitive and decision control　　??Seeing the presence of fire brigade personnel　　Ref

88、uge floors can also be used as a safe area where lifts are controlled and co-ordinated for egress. Passenger lifts not used on the fire floor can be used at the refuge floor to evacuate occupants (Lo and Will, 1997). Hig

89、h-rise buildings are usually broken up into low-rise, midrise and high-rise sections, with lifts that serve each section separately. To assist in rescue operations, lifts that do not serve the fire floor can be used for

90、rescue and mobilisation of fire brigade personnel and equ　　The arguments against refuge floors (Lo and Will, 1997) are that:　　??They provide an additional cost to the building ow

91、ner in terms of building cost　　and non-utilised space　　??It can be difficult to maintain and enforce the use of refuge floors　　??There are already protected

92、escape routes　　??Unless people have difficulty in escaping they are unlikely to remain on the　　refuge floor　　For residential buildings, Lo and Will (1997) be

93、lieve that refuge floors may be necessary to provide an area of safety if conditions become untenable due to long pre-movement times.　　Another approach to using refuge floors is to reduce the effecti

94、ve height of high-rise　　buildings (Teh, 1994). Since the height is directly proportional to egress time, the provision of adequately protected refuge areas can reduce the effective building height. T

95、herefore once occupants have reached a refuge floor they can be considered to be safe. To achieve this The (1994) proposes the following requirements:　　??Additional provisions to prevent smoke infilt

96、ration (smoke stopping of all　　vertical shafts)　　??All lifts connecting to the refuge floor to be accessible through smoke lobbies　　??The refuge floor must b

97、e accessible at all times and capable of accommodating　　the projected number of people　　??A substantial part of the refuge floor is to be natural vented or capable of being</p

98、>　　naturally vented (ideally the refuge area should be a part of an external area)　　??The design and layout of exit stairs should discharge occupants into the refuge

99、;　　floor before they proceed further down　　??Pressurisation of exit stairs can be separated into vertical zones to avoid failures　　of the system affecting the whole stair</p&g

100、t;　　Refuge floors in apartment buildings may assist the evacuation of occupants, but　　requirements of refuge floors need to be assessed against: other fire safety measures, the cost of a r

101、efuge floor and the emergency strategy. With the provision of sprinklers,　　compartmentation and smoke control, the need for a refuge floor in apartment buildings is questionable. Apartment buildings

102、are generally fire separated between individual units, at each floor level and between escape paths. The areas that are fire separated from each other could be designed as refuge areas reducing the need for an entire ref

103、uge floor. Occupants also have option to remain in their apartments, where they have access to fresh air from windows.　　The cost of a refuge floor also needs to be considered in conjunction with the

104、cost of other fire safety systems. The opportunity cost of a refuge floor is the: loss of rental space, loss of real estate and cost of maintaining the floor. These cost could easily outweigh the cost of a sprinkler syst

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