外文翻譯---企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任,股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)和政治干預(yù)來(lái)自中國(guó)的證據(jù)_第1頁(yè)
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1、<p><b>  中文4490字</b></p><p>  本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))</p><p>  外 文 翻 譯</p><p>  外文題目 Corporate Social Responsibility, OwnershipStructure, </p><p>  and Politi

2、cal Interference: Evidence from China </p><p>  外文出處 《Journal of Business Ethics》 2010(96):P631-645

3、 </p><p>  外文作者 Wenjing Li Ran Zhang </p><p><b>  原文:</b></p><p>  Corporate Social

4、Responsibility, Ownership Structure, and Political Interference: Evidence from China</p><p>  Introduction </p><p>  In recent years, there has been growing awareness of the role of corporations

5、 in society in an international setting. Among the unresolved issues that deserve attention, Aguilera et al. (2007, p. 837) postulate that an important question in corporate social responsibility (CSR) requiring further

6、attention is ‘‘what catalyzes organizations to engage in increasingly robust CSR initiatives.’’ Prior research studies (Chapple and Moon, 2005; Deniz-Deniz and Garcia-Falcon, 2002; Graves and Waddock, 19</p><p

7、>  Using Shanghai National Accounting Institute’s (SNAI) Chinese ?rms’ social responsibility ranking, we show that for non-state-owned ?rms, corporate ownership dispersion is positively associated to CSR. However, for

8、 state-owned ?rms, this relation is reversed. We attribute the reversed relationship to political interferences and further test this hypothesis by demonstrating that regional economic development is negatively related t

9、o CSR for state-owned ?rms due to decreased political interference</p><p>  This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, this study directly examined the relationship between ownership st

10、ructure and CSR in emerging markets, and our results depict that it is important to consider ownership type in assessing CSR in emerging market where state ownership is still prevalent, such as in China. Second, the high

11、 extent of retained government ownership in China allows us to investigate the link between CSR and ownership type using a unique data set provided b</p><p>  The remainder of this study is organized as foll

12、ows: The next section shows the relevant literature and identi?es our research questions. The third section provides an institutional background and develops hypotheses. The fourth section discusses data gathering and me

13、thodology. The ?fth section presents results, and the last section concludes, suggesting implications of the study. </p><p>  Literature review</p><p>  Prior research on CSR mainly focuses on c

14、onceptualizing as well as empirically assessing its impact on business performance. A number of studies have been conducted in an attempt to link CSR with ?nancial performance (i.e., Abratt and Sacks, 1988; Aupperle et a

15、l., 1985; Russo and Fouts, 1997; Waddock and Graves, 1997). In addition to corporate performance, recent studies also examined the impact of CSR on other stakeholders of the companies. For example, Mohr et al. (2001) obs

16、erve the impact of </p><p>  Compared with the growing body of literature on the nature and consequences of CSR, however, the issue of how to improve the companies’ level of CSR, or what factors determine CS

17、R level, has received relatively limited attention, especially in the emerging market setting. Jones (1999) establishes that an institutional framework for the determinants of CSR, suggesting that institutional structure

18、, such as sociocultural, national economy, industry, ?rm, and individual, mainly determines CSR. Follo</p><p>  Although several studies have shed light on the determinants of CSR in developed countries, res

19、earch on this area is still quite limited in developing countries. Only a few recent articles have addressed this area, and none of them examines the ownership structure–CSR relationship directly in developing countries.

20、 Analyzing website reporting of 50 companies in seven Asian countries, Chapple and Moon (2005) conclude that variation of CSR is explained by factors in the respective national business</p><p>  The studies

21、related with emerging markets may be inconclusive given the small sample size. Considering the validity and reliability of the conclusion, the multivariate analysis of a large sample may describe a clear picture of deter

22、minants of CSR in emerging markets. According to the argument of Jones (1999) and the general framework for environmental constraint drivers of CSR provided by See (2009), the previous studies only examine one or several

23、 aspects of the driving factors of CSR, and are </p><p>  Background and hypotheses development</p><p>  Institutional background </p><p>  Chinese public listed companies (PLCs) di

24、ffer from their counterparts in other countries in the relatively large government stake and the associated, generally more concentrated, shareholding structure (Tian and Estrin, 2008).Table1 compares the percentage of ?

25、rms with the state as ultimate controller in China versus other countries. Consistent with prior research (Bennett et al., 2005), we observe that the government as owner plays a role in Chinese listed ?rms quite out of l

26、ine with that obser</p><p>  Compared with western companies, Chinese enterprises face more severe agency problems that arise between controlling and non-controlling shareholders (Type II agency problem) bec

27、ause of controlling shareholders’ signi?cant stock ownership and control over the ?rms’ board of directors (Jiang et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2000). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) point out, ‘‘large investors may represent

28、 their own interests, which need not coincide with the interests of other investors in the ?rm, or wit</p><p>  Type II agency problem diverts corporate wealth from related ?rms, and it has a negative effect

29、 on corporate business behavior, especially performance. The literature also documents such empirical evidences. Some economists usually view that political interference, the type II agency problem for state-owned enterp

30、rises (SOEs), is usually at the expense of corporate pro?tability (Boycko et al., 1996). Frye and Shleifer (1997) show that private ownership is preferable to state ownership because th</p><p>  Hypotheses d

31、evelopment </p><p>  Previous literature indirectly supports the argument that when ?rm’s ownership gets more dispersed, the CSR level gets higher (Keim, 1978; Ullmann, 1985). Keim (1978) stated that as the

32、distribution of ownership of a corporation becomes less concentrated, the demands placed on the corporation by share owners become broader. Dispersed corporate ownership, especially by investors concerned with corporate

33、social activities (e.g., social responsibility mutual funds, church, and civic pension plans, </p><p>  Consistent with the western counterparts, the shareholders of Chinese non-state-owned ?rms should have

34、the same relationship between ownership dispersion and CSR. According to the theory of type II agency problem, the largest shareholder of non-state-owned ?rms expropriates minority shareholders to achieve its own interes

35、t, which impairs other stakeholders’ interest and declines CSR. Therefore, well-protected minority shareholders are associated with higher levels of CSR engagement (Johnson and </p><p>  With much higher imp

36、act of political interference on company behaviors, we expect the relationship between ownership dispersion and CSR to be negative for state-owned ?rms. Higher levels of perceived governmental in?uence on corporate activ

37、ity would be expected to lead to a greater effort by management to meet expectations of government. The government, largest shareholder of SOEs, has incentives to divert wealth to obtain social stability (Bai et al., 200

38、6), which helps to improve CSR. High lev</p><p>  H1a: For SOEs, as the state is the largest shareholder, the corporate ownership dispersion is positively related to the level of CSR. </p><p>  

39、H1b: For non-state-owned ?rms, corporate ownership dispersion is negatively related to the level of CSR.</p><p>  Source:Wenjing Li,Ran Zhang.Corporate Social Responsibility,Ownership Structure,and Political

40、 Interference:Evidence from China [J] .《Journal of Business Ethics》.2010(96):P631-645.</p><p><b>  譯文:</b></p><p>  企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任,股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)和政治干預(yù):來(lái)自中國(guó)的證據(jù)</p><p><b>  引言</b&g

41、t;</p><p>  近年來(lái)在國(guó)際環(huán)境中,企業(yè)在社會(huì)中所扮演的角色得到了人們?cè)絹?lái)越多的認(rèn)知。在各種值得關(guān)注的懸而未決的問(wèn)題中,阿奎萊拉等(2007,第837頁(yè))認(rèn)為在企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任(CSR)方面的一個(gè)問(wèn)題“是什么促進(jìn)了各組織參與企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任研究的積極性的日益增長(zhǎng)”最值得關(guān)注。此前的調(diào)查研究(查普爾和穆恩,2005年;丹尼斯-丹尼斯和加西亞-法爾肯,2002;;格拉芙和伍德科,1994;約翰遜和格林,1999;穆

42、勒和科爾克,2010;羅伯茨,1992年;斯坦威克和斯坦威克,1998年;祖和宋,2009))證明了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和公司規(guī)模、盈利能力、公司治理、影響力、員工和環(huán)境壓力如股東的要求、法規(guī)或輿論壓力之間的一種關(guān)系。在這些研究中,格拉芙和伍德科(1994)以及約翰遜和格林(1999)證明了公司所有制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間的一種關(guān)系。凱姆(1978),烏爾曼(1985),和羅伯茨(1992)都證明了在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中企業(yè)所有權(quán)分散和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披

43、露方面的一種積極關(guān)系。考慮到在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和新興國(guó)家之間人們基于道德的推論和決定不同,(葛和托馬斯,2007;林和石,2008;惠特科姆等,1998),在新興國(guó)家如中國(guó)的所有</p><p>  通過(guò)上海國(guó)家會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院的中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任排行,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于非國(guó)有企業(yè),企業(yè)所有制分散和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任呈正相關(guān)。但是,對(duì)于國(guó)有企業(yè),這種關(guān)系是相反的。我們把這種相反的關(guān)系歸因于政治的干預(yù)并通過(guò)演示由于國(guó)有企業(yè)在發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)較少的政

44、治干預(yù)而導(dǎo)致區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的負(fù)相關(guān)來(lái)進(jìn)一步證明這種假說(shuō)。調(diào)查結(jié)果還顯示,在中國(guó),公司的規(guī)模、盈利能力、員工能力、影響力和成長(zhǎng)機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的影響。</p><p>  這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)本文的貢獻(xiàn)表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面。首先,這項(xiàng)研究直接檢驗(yàn)了所有制關(guān)系和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任在新興市場(chǎng)的關(guān)系,我們的結(jié)果顯示在如中國(guó)這種國(guó)有制仍然普遍存在的新興市場(chǎng)中,評(píng)估企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任時(shí)考慮所有制的形式是很重要的。第二,中國(guó)大范圍的保留國(guó)

45、有制使我們?cè)谡{(diào)查企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和所有制類(lèi)型時(shí)可以使用由上海國(guó)家會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)院提供的中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任排名這項(xiàng)獨(dú)特?cái)?shù)據(jù)。我們?cè)谄髽I(yè)所有制類(lèi)型和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的關(guān)系方面的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以推及到一些國(guó)有制仍然普遍存在的國(guó)家,如新加坡,馬來(lái)西亞,澳大利亞和芬蘭(克萊森等,2000;發(fā)科爾和郎,2002)。第三,我們可以為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和企業(yè)的規(guī)模、盈利能力,公司治理,環(huán)境壓力和影響力之間的關(guān)系提供證據(jù)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)和之前在大部分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)主要受到戰(zhàn)略

46、動(dòng)因和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的影響的研究是一致的。最后,雖然近年來(lái)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任已經(jīng)引起了人們?cè)絹?lái)越大的研究興趣,但大多數(shù)實(shí)證結(jié)果是根據(jù)美國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)得出的,本文是第一個(gè)在對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究時(shí)大量使用新興市場(chǎng)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任樣本。阿瑪托和阿瑪托(2007),穆勒以及懷特曼(2009)等作者都提倡用非美國(guó)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任研究去驗(yàn)證在文化,經(jīng)濟(jì),</p><p>  本研究的其余部分結(jié)構(gòu)如下:下一節(jié)介紹相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)以及我們的研究問(wèn)題。第

47、三節(jié)提供了一個(gè)體制背景和發(fā)展假說(shuō)。第四節(jié)討論數(shù)據(jù)收集和研究方法。第五節(jié)介紹研究成果,最后一節(jié)是總結(jié)以及說(shuō)明研究的意義。</p><p><b>  文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p>  在此之前對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的研究主要集中于概念化以及經(jīng)驗(yàn)評(píng)估它對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效的影響。許多研究已經(jīng)試圖分析企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任和財(cái)務(wù)績(jī)效之間的聯(lián)系(如阿伯特和薩克斯,1998;奧普勒等,1995;羅索和

48、福茨,1997;伍德科和格拉芙,1997)。除了企業(yè)績(jī)效,最近的研究還調(diào)查了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對(duì)公司其它利益相關(guān)者的影響。例如,摩爾等(2001)觀(guān)察了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對(duì)客戶(hù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)行為的影響,特伯恩和格林(1997)調(diào)查了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對(duì)企業(yè)對(duì)員工吸引力的影響。</p><p>  然而相較于越來(lái)越多的文獻(xiàn)對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的性質(zhì)和后果的研究,如何提高企業(yè)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任水平或者企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任水平由什么因素決定等問(wèn)題的研究尤其實(shí)在新興

49、市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下的研究獲得的關(guān)注相當(dāng)有限。瓊斯(1999)設(shè)立了一個(gè)體制框架作為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的決定因素,表明如社會(huì)文化,國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì),產(chǎn)業(yè),企業(yè),個(gè)體等的體制結(jié)構(gòu)主要決定了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的水平。繼瓊斯(1999)的邏輯后,數(shù)個(gè)在以發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為基礎(chǔ)的研究又證明了對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任水平有影響的幾個(gè)因素。例如,斯坦威克和斯坦威克(1998)發(fā)現(xiàn)了企業(yè)社會(huì)績(jī)效(CSP)和組織規(guī)模,財(cái)務(wù)表現(xiàn)以及環(huán)境績(jī)效之間的有一種積極關(guān)系的證據(jù)。約翰遜和格林(1999)驗(yàn)證了公司

50、治理和所有制類(lèi)型對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)績(jī)效的影響,這表明所有制結(jié)構(gòu)與企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間是有聯(lián)系的。</p><p>  雖然一些研究揭示了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的決定因素,但在發(fā)展中國(guó)家這方面的研究還是相當(dāng)有限的。只有最近少數(shù)幾篇文章涉及到了這個(gè)領(lǐng)域,然而其中任何一個(gè)都沒(méi)有驗(yàn)證在發(fā)展中國(guó)家中所有制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間的關(guān)系。通過(guò)對(duì)網(wǎng)站報(bào)告的七個(gè)亞洲國(guó)家的50個(gè)企業(yè)的分析,查普和穆?tīng)枺?005)推斷企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的差異是由各個(gè)國(guó)

51、家的商業(yè)系統(tǒng)因素造成的。穆勒和科爾克(2010)利用121個(gè)墨西哥汽車(chē)零部件供應(yīng)商的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)管理層的道德承諾是企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的主導(dǎo)動(dòng)力,管理層道德承諾和與貿(mào)易相關(guān)的壓力的積極互動(dòng)提升了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的水平。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查方法和小樣本,祖和宋(2009)證明,在中國(guó),企業(yè)規(guī)模較小,國(guó)有的,生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)商品以及在貧困地區(qū)的企業(yè)的管理人更可能選擇高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任等級(jí)。</p><p>  小樣本的規(guī)模可能不能證明與

52、新興市場(chǎng)相關(guān)的研究??紤]到結(jié)論的有效性和可靠性,一個(gè)大樣本的多變量分析可能更能描述企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的決定因素在新興市場(chǎng)的清晰畫(huà)面。根據(jù)瓊斯(1999)的論據(jù)和瑟(2009)提供的環(huán)境對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任動(dòng)力的約束的總體框架,以往的研究只驗(yàn)證了企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方面的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素,并很有可能遺漏了可以影響企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任水平的重要控制參數(shù)。因此,在我們研究的多元回歸中應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到包含的一整套控制變量不僅存在于之前研究的證據(jù)中,也存在于對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的決定

53、因素的理論分析(瓊斯,1999;瑟,2009)。以中國(guó)的制造業(yè)公司為樣本,我們通過(guò)驗(yàn)證所有制結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展以及政治干預(yù)對(duì)根據(jù)和諧社會(huì)的理論框架以及在控制多種企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任影響因素的變量后的中國(guó)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任(瑟,2009)的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任水平的影響來(lái)擴(kuò)展了研究。</p><p><b>  背景和假設(shè)發(fā)展</b></p><p><b>  體制背景</b

54、></p><p>  中國(guó)上市公司(PLCs)不同于其它國(guó)家,政府占有了比較大的股份,關(guān)聯(lián)的股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)比較集中(田和埃斯特林,2008)。表1比較了中國(guó)和其它國(guó)家的企業(yè)的國(guó)家控股比率。與以前的研究一致(班尼特等,2005),我們注意到政府作為所有者在中國(guó)上市公司中扮演的角色與在其它市場(chǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)中的相當(dāng)不一致。在1481家中國(guó)上市公司提供的資金和所有權(quán)的數(shù)據(jù)中,63.15%是國(guó)家作為最終控股人,相對(duì)于在其它

55、所有國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)的新加坡最高的23.50%和美國(guó)最低的0.08%。中國(guó)上市公司中如此之高的政府所有程度說(shuō)明了對(duì)于為我們研究企業(yè)所有制類(lèi)型,所有制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間的關(guān)系提供了很好機(jī)會(huì)的中國(guó)的資本市場(chǎng)來(lái)說(shuō),政治干預(yù)成為了一個(gè)非常重要的體制特征。</p><p>  與西方公司相比,中國(guó)企業(yè)在由于控股股東的重大股權(quán)在公司董事會(huì)的重大控制權(quán)而引發(fā)的在控股和非控股股東之間的代理問(wèn)題(第二類(lèi)代理問(wèn)題)更加嚴(yán)峻(江等,201

56、0;約翰遜等,2000)。歇爾夫和維什尼(1997)指出,“大型投資者在與公司其它投資者的利益或者員工和管理員的利益不相一致時(shí),往往會(huì)選擇代表自己的利益?!睘榱双@取個(gè)人利益,控股股東有名曲的誘因去通過(guò)跨企業(yè)貸款的渠道去轉(zhuǎn)移集體財(cái)產(chǎn)。(江等,2010)。</p><p>  第二類(lèi)代理問(wèn)題從相關(guān)企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移了集體財(cái)產(chǎn),而且它會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)行為尤其是經(jīng)營(yíng)績(jī)效產(chǎn)生一個(gè)負(fù)面的影響。文獻(xiàn)還記載了這樣的實(shí)證證據(jù)。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家通常

57、認(rèn)為政治干預(yù),即國(guó)有企業(yè)(SOEs)的第二類(lèi)代理問(wèn)題,通常是以企業(yè)的盈利能力為代價(jià)的(保科等,1996)。</p><p>  弗萊和歇爾夫(1997)表明私有制比國(guó)有制更好,因?yàn)檎鶗?huì)為了政客和官僚主義者的利益運(yùn)用用強(qiáng)制手段對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行索求。阿西莫戈魯和約翰遜(2005)提供的跨國(guó)家的證據(jù)表明,財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)比較弱以及對(duì)政客和國(guó)家精英分子的征用的保護(hù)的有限限制大大降低了人均收入和投資率,減慢了股票市場(chǎng)發(fā)展。在中國(guó)也有

58、類(lèi)似的例子。范等(2007)證明有政治聯(lián)系的首席執(zhí)行官經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)的會(huì)計(jì)和股票回報(bào)的表現(xiàn)比那些無(wú)政治聯(lián)系的同行差。杜爾迪和麥高酷奇(2008)提出在中國(guó)分級(jí)管理是決定企業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的關(guān)鍵因素??傊?,政府干預(yù)作為政治目的下集體財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果,是被證明不利于達(dá)到公司業(yè)績(jī)的。</p><p><b>  假說(shuō)的發(fā)展</b></p><p>  之前的文獻(xiàn)間接的支持了一個(gè)論點(diǎn),那就

59、是企業(yè)的所有權(quán)越分散,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的水平越高。(坎姆,1997;烏爾曼,1985)??材罚?987)指出,當(dāng)公司的所有權(quán)變的不那么集中后,企業(yè)股份持有人對(duì)公司了解的需求就會(huì)變得更加廣泛。公司所有權(quán)分散,尤其是通過(guò)投資者參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)(如,社會(huì)責(zé)任共同基金,教會(huì)和公民的退休計(jì)劃,以及道德的投資者),提升了管理人員披露社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)的壓力(烏爾曼,1985)。一些研究表明企業(yè)社會(huì)績(jī)效和一個(gè)企業(yè)的股份機(jī)構(gòu)(格拉芙和伍德科,1994)以及養(yǎng)老金權(quán)益

60、(約翰遜和格林,1999)的數(shù)目是正相關(guān)的。</p><p>  和西方的情況相一致,中國(guó)非國(guó)有企業(yè)的股東應(yīng)該在所有權(quán)分散和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間有相同的關(guān)系。根據(jù)第二類(lèi)代理問(wèn)題的理論,非國(guó)有企業(yè)的大股東通過(guò)剝奪小股東的利益來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)自身的利益,這對(duì)股東的利益造成了損害,也削弱了企業(yè)社會(huì)則。因此,對(duì)小股東利益跟好的保護(hù)是和高水平的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任聯(lián)系在一起的(約翰遜和格林,1999;瑟,2009)。公司所有權(quán)分散降低了第二類(lèi)代

61、理問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重程度。分散的所有權(quán)越少,公司最大股東對(duì)集體財(cái)富的轉(zhuǎn)移控制力越大。綜上所訴,公司的所有權(quán)分散和中國(guó)非國(guó)有企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任水平是負(fù)相關(guān)的。</p><p>  在政治干預(yù)對(duì)企業(yè)行為的產(chǎn)生的影響越來(lái)越大的情況下,我們期望所有權(quán)分散和非國(guó)有起的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任之間是負(fù)相關(guān)的。更高層次的可感知的政府的對(duì)團(tuán)體活動(dòng)的影響將導(dǎo)致管理層更努力得實(shí)現(xiàn)政府期望.。國(guó)有企業(yè)的最大股東——政府,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)富以獲得社會(huì)穩(wěn)定有一些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措

62、施(白等,2006),這有助于改善企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。政府的高層所有者們?yōu)榱藢?shí)現(xiàn)與政府有關(guān)的非財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)例如基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展和本地區(qū)的財(cái)政決議以及失業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn),為首席執(zhí)行官創(chuàng)造了一些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),因此,這些社會(huì)或政治的目標(biāo)會(huì)通過(guò)對(duì)企業(yè)施加壓力來(lái)促進(jìn)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任(瑟,2009)。羅伯茨(1992)證明政治干擾對(duì)社會(huì)責(zé)任的披露產(chǎn)生了積極影響。田和埃斯特林(2008)提供了一個(gè)例子,以政府最為最大股東的上海中石化股份有限公司在1998年時(shí)為了為了它的核心經(jīng)營(yíng)聘用

63、了380000個(gè)員工。當(dāng)它試圖將17000名員工解雇時(shí),政府股東阻止了它,而不是強(qiáng)迫它找其他工作。盡管這種行為可能會(huì)損害企業(yè)的財(cái)富,但它滿(mǎn)足政府股東的政治利益,并將企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任做到了一個(gè)高的水平。因此,我們提出我們的第一個(gè)假說(shuō)如下:</p><p>  假說(shuō)1a:對(duì)于國(guó)家是最大股東的國(guó)有企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),企業(yè)所有權(quán)的分散和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的水平是正相關(guān)的。</p><p>  假說(shuō)1b:對(duì)于非國(guó)有企業(yè)

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