版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶(hù)提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
1、<p> 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯</p><p><b> ?。?015屆)</b></p><p> 外文題目 Organizational commitment,human resource practice, </p><p> and organizational characteristics.
2、 </p><p> 譯文題目 組織承諾,人力資源實(shí)踐和組織特征 </p><p> 外文出處 www.AllBusiness.com </p><p><b> 二○一五年一月</b><
3、/p><p><b> 中文5335字</b></p><p> 組織承諾,人力資源實(shí)踐和組織特征</p><p> 作者:Fiorito,Jack,Bozeman,Dennis P.,Young,Angela,Meurs,James A.</p><p> 2007年6月22日發(fā)表于www.allbusiness.
4、com</p><p> 組織承諾在研究就業(yè)、組織和相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中是一個(gè)主要變量。Article-First數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)顯示,在學(xué)術(shù)資源中有202篇出版在2001年和2004年之間的文章引用了“組織承諾”作為文章和摘要標(biāo)題。并且,組織承諾對(duì)管理學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)仍然是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的課題(比如這些學(xué)者在近年進(jìn)行了研究:Hammer和Avgar,2005;Jandeska和Kraimer,2005;Payne和Huffman,2005)。
5、之所以有很多人研究承諾,是因?yàn)閷W(xué)者們認(rèn)為它會(huì)影響組織績(jī)效。例如,組織承諾的一個(gè)主要方面是角色外行為。組織通常把員工貢獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)為員工的主動(dòng)性和自覺(jué)性行為。雖然組織贊賞超出工作要求的個(gè)人表現(xiàn),但是很少人能說(shuō)工作描述可以充分詳細(xì)說(shuō)明所有有價(jià)值的貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p> 許多研究表明,組織承諾能預(yù)測(cè)重要的變量,包括缺勤、組織公民、績(jī)效和營(yíng)業(yè)額(例如Mathieu和Zajac,1990;Morrow,1993;Wright
6、和Bonett,2002,這些學(xué)者得出過(guò)這樣的結(jié)論)。Colbert和Kwon 在2000年的研究中指出,組織承諾與意圖尋找工作的替代品和有意圖離職的行為都呈負(fù)相關(guān)(1994年Quarles的研究中也有這樣的觀點(diǎn))。此外,F(xiàn)arrell和Stamm(1988)提出,組織承諾能降低缺勤的頻率。還有,組織承諾與更積極的組織結(jié)果有關(guān),包括Williams和Hazer(1986)提出的組織承諾與工作滿(mǎn)意度有關(guān),Burton等人(2002)提出的
7、組織承諾和出勤的動(dòng)機(jī)有關(guān)。這些研究都強(qiáng)調(diào)了組織承諾的重要性,因此我們需要更好的理解產(chǎn)生組織承諾的前因。 </p><p> Osterman(1994、1995)指出,許多公司已經(jīng)迅速地從雇員在狹窄的工作描述中行使有限的自由裁量權(quán)的泰勒的工作系統(tǒng)中轉(zhuǎn)移到需要減少監(jiān)督下的大量自由裁量權(quán)、主動(dòng)性和判斷的高承諾的工作系統(tǒng)。Lincoln和Kalleberg(1985)描述了一個(gè)相似的早期被明顯的日本式經(jīng)營(yíng)成功案例啟發(fā)
8、的趨勢(shì)。Osterman(1995)指出,這些趨勢(shì)促使企業(yè)增加了對(duì)組織承諾的興趣,并可能會(huì)提高組織承諾在未來(lái)幾年的重要性。盡管如此,對(duì)于有關(guān)組織承諾的許多問(wèn)題我們?nèi)匀恢跎伲≒rice,1990)。例如,學(xué)者認(rèn)為許多組織采用人力資源實(shí)踐是為了最大限度地提高員工的承諾,但除少數(shù)例外,幾乎沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的研究探討了人力資源實(shí)踐的影響,包括旨在提高承諾的實(shí)踐。此外,雖然以前的研究表明組織結(jié)構(gòu)影響承諾(Berger和Cummings,1990),但
9、是這個(gè)影響只獲得了有限的關(guān)注(出自L(fǎng)incoln和Kalleberg (1985)一個(gè)值得注意的例外)。</p><p> 本文主要研究人力資源實(shí)踐和在組織特點(diǎn)對(duì)組織承諾的影響。幾乎所有過(guò)去的研究通常都只用取自一個(gè)或是極少數(shù)的工地的樣本來(lái)做研究(參見(jiàn)Agarwala,2003;Becker等人,1996;Caldwel等人,1990;Eaton,2003的研究)。這嚴(yán)重制約著往往在組織內(nèi)不斷推論的因素而不是在各
10、個(gè)組織之間的因素,尤其是人力資源實(shí)踐和組織結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。國(guó)家組織調(diào)查協(xié)會(huì)使用了一個(gè)超采樣戰(zhàn)略去開(kāi)發(fā)員工與工作場(chǎng)所的全國(guó)代表性樣本(Kalleberg等人,1996)。這樣可提供雇員和雇主匹配的調(diào)查,包括雇主對(duì)人力資源實(shí)踐和組織特征的回應(yīng)。除了提供人力資源實(shí)踐上有意義的方差外,這還有助于克服困擾著單一來(lái)源研究的常用方法誤差和因果推理的問(wèn)題。</p><p> 本研究提供了兩個(gè)主要的貢獻(xiàn)。第一,我們檢測(cè)了在過(guò)去研究中
11、幾乎沒(méi)有受到關(guān)注的假設(shè)關(guān)系。具體來(lái)說(shuō),就是我們研究了人力資源實(shí)踐和組織結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)組織承諾的影響。第二,本研究采用了美國(guó)工人和雇主的不同的國(guó)家概率抽樣,這相比先前的研究提供了更大的普遍性。</p><p> 在接下來(lái)的章節(jié),我們將討論組織承諾的理論基礎(chǔ),以及目前組織承諾與各種人力資源實(shí)踐和組織特征的關(guān)系的假設(shè)。其次,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)、措施和方法進(jìn)行了討論。然后,得出相應(yīng)的結(jié)論。最后,我們以討論解決問(wèn)題的局限性、研究的貢獻(xiàn)以及未
12、來(lái)的研究方向這幾方面來(lái)做總結(jié)。</p><p><b> 理論、文獻(xiàn)與假設(shè):</b></p><p> 組織承諾是反映一個(gè)人在組織中的認(rèn)同和參與的一種個(gè)人態(tài)度(Mowday等人,1979)??梢杂萌齻€(gè)相關(guān)的因素作為其特點(diǎn):(1)對(duì)組織目標(biāo)和價(jià)值觀的強(qiáng)大信念(2)愿意付出額外的努力(3)維護(hù)組織成員的強(qiáng)烈愿望?,F(xiàn)存的文獻(xiàn)在幾個(gè)重要問(wèn)題上存在重要的爭(zhēng)論或是可替代的觀點(diǎn)
13、,包括對(duì)組織承諾的重點(diǎn)和概念的界定。各種各樣關(guān)于員工承諾的觀點(diǎn)都是有可能的,包括對(duì)雇主、職業(yè)、主管和工會(huì)的承諾(Morrow,1993)。我們關(guān)注的是對(duì)雇主的承諾。這符合我們強(qiáng)調(diào)的組織級(jí)別的變量(即人力資源實(shí)踐、組織特征)而不是上司或同事屬性。此外,我們強(qiáng)調(diào)組織承諾的“全球”或一維的概念,而不是切割的辦法認(rèn)為組織承諾是脫離組織的。有足夠多的事實(shí)可以說(shuō)明承諾是相互聯(lián)系的,所以我們可以說(shuō)整體(一維)承諾是有意義的(Morrow,1993),
14、因此我們就專(zhuān)注于此把它作為一個(gè)有用的概念,即使它可能在以檢查某個(gè)方面為目的時(shí)更為詳細(xì)。</p><p><b> 一、組織承諾</b></p><p> 評(píng)論家認(rèn)為,對(duì)組織承諾的研究缺少?gòu)?qiáng)有力的理論基礎(chǔ)(參看Mathieu和Zajac,1990;Morris和Sherman,1981的觀點(diǎn))。至少有三個(gè)兼容理論流適用于組織承諾的研究。第一,普遍存在的社會(huì)交換理論是
15、指?jìng)€(gè)人在尋求其投入努力之后會(huì)產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)有利的結(jié)果(Cook等人,1993)。按照社會(huì)交換理論,組織支持會(huì)提出對(duì)其雇員的組織承諾。具體來(lái)說(shuō),組織支持是指雇員認(rèn)為雇主重視員工貢獻(xiàn)和關(guān)心他們的健康的程度(Eisenberger等人,1986)。 第二,心理契約理論指的是在交換關(guān)系中個(gè)人認(rèn)為的隱式的、相互的權(quán)利和義務(wù)(Rousseau,1995),也可以用來(lái)理解承諾(Rousseau和Wade-Benzoni,1995)。每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都表明承諾是有
16、知覺(jué)的交流。更有利的交流應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)員工對(duì)雇傭關(guān)系和增加承諾的吸引力。另外,所有三個(gè)理論都允許有幫助的或表達(dá)情感的成果交流。最后,在每個(gè)理論中隱含或明確的是員工對(duì)雇主應(yīng)該提供的東西所抱有的期望(例如:比較水平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或期望的支持、心理契約期望)。</p><p> 元分析(例如Mathieu和Zaiac在1990年的研究)和更多的定性評(píng)語(yǔ)(例如Morrow在1993年的研究)表明之前的研究經(jīng)歷有很多不同。Mathieu
17、和Zaiac(1990)把41個(gè)有關(guān)承諾和雇員年齡納入到先驗(yàn)估計(jì)中,但只有3個(gè)是在“組織特征”方面的(規(guī)模和集中化)。之前的研究經(jīng)歷中沒(méi)有一個(gè)可以被稱(chēng)為“人力資源實(shí)踐”。鑒于人力資源實(shí)踐是組織影響承諾的一個(gè)主要手段,所以之前的研究是成問(wèn)題的(Guest,1992)。</p><p> 如年齡、性別和使用權(quán)這樣的變量經(jīng)常被研究,這是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谝粋€(gè)單一的點(diǎn)上不同,它們都是現(xiàn)成的、容易衡量的變量。此前的研究通常集中在
18、一個(gè)單一的點(diǎn)上,其中關(guān)于人力資源實(shí)踐的變化是有限的或是不存在的,由此看出人力資源實(shí)踐并沒(méi)有得到研究(Caldwell等人,1990)。盡管有一些研究研究了具體的人力資源實(shí)踐( 例如:Agarwala,2003;Bills,1987;Bemmels,1995;Eaton,2003;Florkowski和Schuster,1992;Lincoln和Kalleberg,1985),但是在研究中人力資源措施往往是唯一的且不可比的。而各種爭(zhēng)議使得
19、積累研究結(jié)果變得很困難。因此,對(duì)人力資源實(shí)踐的影響和大多數(shù)的組織特征還知之甚少。盡管如此,此前的研究還是提供了一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)人力資源實(shí)踐和組織特征的影響的基礎(chǔ)。測(cè)試這種預(yù)測(cè)需要建立人力資源實(shí)踐和承諾之間的經(jīng)驗(yàn)關(guān)系(Meyer和Allen,1997)。</p><p><b> 二、人力資源實(shí)踐</b></p><p> 此前的研究(特別是Delaney和Huselid在
20、1996的研究)提出了應(yīng)該影響承諾的不同的人力資源概念。在那些研究所得結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)上,本研究認(rèn)為內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)、招聘選擇性、培訓(xùn)、申訴的解決機(jī)制、福利、員工參與、獎(jiǎng)金、工會(huì)的壓力、薪酬削減和裁員都影響組織承諾。</p><p><b> 1.內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)</b></p><p> 內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)是當(dāng)外部招聘僅限于入門(mén)級(jí)職位時(shí)而存在的,職位梯隊(duì)的存在是為了受到員工青
21、睞并促進(jìn)內(nèi)部晉升(例如:Althauser,1989)。Bills(1987)建議說(shuō),存在一個(gè)建立和維護(hù)內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)可以確保員工的承諾。由于比起外部招聘進(jìn)入的人員目前員工更喜歡內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),所以員工們應(yīng)該積極認(rèn)可內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),并用承諾來(lái)回報(bào)這種內(nèi)部的支持(Eisenberger等人,1986)。另外,個(gè)人可以看到內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)履行了雇主保障安全、提供發(fā)展和進(jìn)步的機(jī)會(huì)的責(zé)任。我們期望員工明白他們?cè)趦?nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中的優(yōu)越的地
22、位,從而最終呈現(xiàn)出對(duì)組織的更高的承諾。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)一:推行內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的做法與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 2.招聘選擇性</b></p><p> 招聘選擇性是指招聘時(shí)甄選每個(gè)空缺崗位人員時(shí)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。選擇性招聘能表明許多現(xiàn)象,包括關(guān)注與崗位要求或企業(yè)文化的匹配,內(nèi)部發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略(即職業(yè)生涯的
23、選擇),在勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)中有意識(shí)地挑人才,提供更高的薪酬來(lái)保留員工。招聘的選擇性和相關(guān)的篩選也可能形成一個(gè)會(huì)引起增加附加值的儀式。員工對(duì)組織在招聘選擇上產(chǎn)生巨大的成本的認(rèn)識(shí),也可能提高他們對(duì)組織的價(jià)值認(rèn)同和為組織效力的看法(Eisenberger等人,1990)。這可能會(huì)變成員工自己意識(shí)到的一項(xiàng)義務(wù)或自愿的愿望(或兩者皆有),并以組織承諾的形式去回報(bào)組織的投資。還有,基于吸引-選擇-磨合理論(Schneider等人,1995),嚴(yán)格的選拔制
24、度應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生高程度的人與組織匹配,并提高附加值。最后,員工對(duì)于嚴(yán)格的招聘制度的認(rèn)識(shí)能增強(qiáng)個(gè)人能力的認(rèn)知,元分析的數(shù)據(jù)表明個(gè)人能力認(rèn)知與承諾密切相關(guān)(Matheiu和Zajac,1990)。這就表明,招聘的選擇性增強(qiáng)了員工的承諾。此前的研究也支持這種預(yù)測(cè)(例如:Caldwell等人,1990)。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)二:招聘選擇性與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p>&
25、lt;b> 3.培訓(xùn)</b></p><p> 一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的培訓(xùn)重點(diǎn)意味著一個(gè)內(nèi)部勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)和就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)(Althauser,1989)。這樣的重點(diǎn)指的是通過(guò)正規(guī)培訓(xùn)、大量參與、有效的培訓(xùn)和堅(jiān)定的嘗試去與目前的培訓(xùn)實(shí)踐相匹配?;谌肆Y本理論,雇員應(yīng)該把雇主培訓(xùn)的投資認(rèn)為是未來(lái)持續(xù)的就業(yè)和更高的工資的象征(例如:Strober,1990)。雇員應(yīng)該把培訓(xùn)視為職業(yè)安全、進(jìn)步以及更高收益的暗示,從而
26、對(duì)培訓(xùn)更投入。此前的研究顯示,強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)培訓(xùn)和不斷更新培訓(xùn)的組織環(huán)境會(huì)引起高度的承諾(例如Maurer和Tarulli在1994年的研究)。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)三:注重員工培訓(xùn)與組織承諾提高呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 4.申訴的解決機(jī)制</b></p><p> 許多企業(yè)有解決員工糾紛的正式程序。這就提供了
27、一個(gè)機(jī)制來(lái)糾正冤情,并促使員工講出心聲而不是離開(kāi)組織。這樣的程序鼓勵(lì)這樣的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),即組織要尋求公正,并以開(kāi)放的態(tài)度呼吁來(lái)自下層的改變。因?yàn)檫@種對(duì)適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蚝凸降男盘?hào)的關(guān)心,組織對(duì)員工的支持和承諾就得到了關(guān)注,所以申訴機(jī)制會(huì)提高員工的承諾(Eisenberger等人,1986;Koys,1991)。還有Rousseau在1995年也提出,申訴程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)了適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蚝凸降钠谕?。與以上這些觀點(diǎn)一致的還有,Bemmels(1995)發(fā)現(xiàn)申訴
28、程序與承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)四:提供正式的爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)制與提高組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 5.福利</b></p><p> 如上所述,某些人力資源實(shí)踐提供了兼具客觀性和主觀情感性的結(jié)果。盡管福利對(duì)員工肯定有客觀性的價(jià)值,但是福利也會(huì)對(duì)員工有情感方面的價(jià)值(即組織的支持)。此外,由于很多
29、福利是無(wú)條件給予的,所以員工應(yīng)該以對(duì)組織的承諾來(lái)回報(bào)(Eisenberger等人,1986)。Koys在1991年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)福利被視為無(wú)條件給予時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生更高的承諾。最后還有,一些此前的研究結(jié)果表明了兩者之間存在的積極的關(guān)系。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)五:提供的福利水平與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 6.員工參與</b></
30、p><p> 員工參與經(jīng)常被視為高承諾工作系統(tǒng)中的一個(gè)不可或缺的組成部分。員工參與決策給員工提供了決策和組織的歸屬感和承諾感(Guest,1992)。顯而易見(jiàn)的是,員工參與的過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生組織珍視員工貢獻(xiàn)的看法。因此,我們預(yù)測(cè)員工參與能提高承諾。另外,員工參與可能被員工認(rèn)為是一種自由裁量的有積極影響的福利。從參與機(jī)會(huì)是自愿提供的這個(gè)意義上看,在員工雇傭關(guān)系方面的員工承諾應(yīng)該增加。除此之外,Lawler和Youn在199
31、6年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)勞資雙方把關(guān)系從一起工作轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣餐瑢?shí)現(xiàn)最高目標(biāo)時(shí),關(guān)系凝聚力會(huì)有增加。員工參與將與員工的組織承諾呈正相關(guān),因?yàn)閱T工參與為豐富工作內(nèi)容、改善組織工作過(guò)程和結(jié)果的雙重目的提供了服務(wù)。此前的研究也已經(jīng)提出了在相關(guān)措施(例如自治)和承諾之間有著適度聯(lián)系的支持性觀點(diǎn)(Kalleberg等人,1994;Wallace,1995)。員工參與往往是以提高員工的責(zé)任感和自主權(quán)的形式實(shí)現(xiàn)(例如:Stone在2005年的研究中提出)。<
32、/p><p> 因此,我們預(yù)測(cè)并提出以下假設(shè),假設(shè)六(1):?jiǎn)T工責(zé)任與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。假設(shè)六(2):?jiǎn)T工自主權(quán)與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 7.獎(jiǎng)金</b></p><p> 我們關(guān)于獎(jiǎng)金制度的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是它能協(xié)調(diào)雇員和雇主的利益。另外,獎(jiǎng)金制度能提升公平感,因?yàn)閱T工是通過(guò)工作貢獻(xiàn)獲取報(bào)酬的。因此,員工應(yīng)該把獎(jiǎng)金視為組織支持
33、的一種形式并以高承諾予以回報(bào)。盡管激勵(lì)制度是眾所周知的,但是這個(gè)基本觀點(diǎn)表明員工將更努力的為把績(jī)效作為影響收入的一個(gè)重要因素的企業(yè)效力。此前Florkowski和Schuster在1992年的研究結(jié)果為獎(jiǎng)金制度的在承諾上的積極作用提供了一些支持。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)七:獎(jiǎng)金制度與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 8.工會(huì)的壓力</b&
34、gt;</p><p> 工會(huì)的壓力是指工會(huì)會(huì)在某種程度上影響企業(yè)的現(xiàn)行做法,尤其是在培訓(xùn)和工資方面。員工們意識(shí)到了他們?nèi)绾问芤嬗诠?huì)的壓力或工作場(chǎng)所以外的活動(dòng)(例如:在別的企業(yè)由于工會(huì)管理的介入,企業(yè)保證提高工資)。工會(huì)的壓力可能會(huì)引發(fā)這樣的一個(gè)看法,組織不情愿解決員工關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。員工可能認(rèn)為組織缺乏對(duì)員工的承諾,并從而減少他們對(duì)組織的承諾。最后,在工會(huì)壓力高的企業(yè)中,員工可能從工會(huì)獲得信用度而非從雇主處,即
35、員工可能會(huì)認(rèn)為工會(huì)比雇主有信用。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)八:工會(huì)的壓力與組織承諾呈負(fù)相關(guān)。</p><p><b> 9.薪酬削減 </b></p><p> 正如Wheeler和McClendon在1991年指出的,減薪是對(duì)幸福生活的一個(gè)明顯的威脅,并會(huì)促使員工產(chǎn)生敵意。薪酬削減會(huì)構(gòu)成明顯的違反心理契約。社交交換理論
36、提出由雇主單方面發(fā)起的減薪行為會(huì)降低員工的附加值。此外,降低薪酬水平還可能低于員工的比較水平或是預(yù)計(jì)薪酬的水平。薪酬削減也是缺乏雇主的支持的一種信號(hào),因?yàn)樾匠晗鳒p之后會(huì)使雇員的貢獻(xiàn)貶值,雇主放棄對(duì)雇員的關(guān)心。一般來(lái)說(shuō),減少各種補(bǔ)償各種(例如:直接削減工資和福利;增加免賠額,共同支付,或者員工貢獻(xiàn))會(huì)減少員工承諾。</p><p> 因此,我們可以提出,假設(shè)九:薪酬削減與組織承諾呈負(fù)相關(guān)。</p>
37、<p><b> 10.裁員</b></p><p> 裁員表示企業(yè)對(duì)員工的承諾降低,這將導(dǎo)致員工用減少對(duì)雇主的承諾來(lái)回應(yīng)(Rousseau,1995)。但是,這個(gè)影響在某一特定的公司是不明確。一些研究顯示,有最高承諾的裁員幸存者在裁員之前比那些較低承諾的員工對(duì)裁員有更大負(fù)面反應(yīng)(Brockner,1992)。另外,“幸存者”可能對(duì)企業(yè)心存感激,還有,新員工(一些其他地方的裁員
38、受害者)可能會(huì)感激他們的新雇主。因此,我們把這作為一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)問(wèn)題。</p><p> 我們可以提出這樣兩個(gè)假設(shè),假設(shè)十(1):在保留下來(lái)的員工中,裁員與組織承諾呈負(fù)相關(guān)。假設(shè)十(2):在保留下來(lái)的員工中,裁員與組織承諾呈正相關(guān)。</p><p> Organizational commitment, human resource practices, </p><p&
39、gt; and organizational characteristics. </p><p> By Fiorito, Jack,Bozeman, Dennis P.,Young, Angela,Meurs, James A.</p><p> Published on AllBusiness.com June 22,2007</p><p> Org
40、anizational commitment persists as a primary variable of interest in studies of employment, organizations, and allied fields. The Article-First database reveals 202 article and abstract titles referencing "organizat
41、ional commitment" in scholarly sources published between 2001 and 2004, and organizational commitment remains a perennial topic for management scholars (e.g., Hammer and Avgar, 2005; Jandeska and Kraimer, 2005; Payn
42、e and Huffman, 2005). Commitment has been studied by many because i</p><p> Numerous studies have shown that organizational commitment predicts important variables, including absenteeism, organizational cit
43、izenship, performance, and turnover (e.g., Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Morrow, 1993; Wright and Bonett, 2002). Colbert and Kwon (2000) noted that organizational commitment has been related inversely to both intent to search
44、 for job alternatives and intent to leave one's job (also see Quarles, 1994). Also, it reduces absence frequency (Farrell and Stamm, 1988).In addition</p><p> Many firms have moved rapidly from Tayloris
45、tic work systems, in which employees exercise limited discretion within narrow job descriptions, toward High Commitment Work Systems (HCWSs) that require considerable discretion, initiative, and judgment under reduced su
46、pervision (Osterman, 1994, 1995).Lincoln and Kalleberg (1985) described a similar earlier trend inspired by the apparent success of Japanese-style management. These trends have spurred increased interest in organizationa
47、l commitment, and</p><p> We examine effects of HR practices and organizational characteristics on commitment. Nearly all past studies rely on samples drawn from one (usually) or very few worksites (cf. Aga
48、rwala, 2003; Becker et al., 1996; Caldwell et al., 1990; Eaton, 2003). This severely restricts inferences on factors that tend to be constant within organizations, but vary across organizations, notably HR practices and
49、organizational structures. The National Organizations Survey (NOS) used a hyper-sampling strategy to</p><p> Our study provides two major contributions.First, we test hypothesized relationships that have re
50、ceived little attention in past studies. Specifically, we examine the influence of HR practices and organizational structure on organizational commitment. Second, our study uses a diverse national probability sample of U
51、.S. workers and their employers, providing greater generality than prior studies. </p><p> In the following section, we discuss theoretical foundations of organizational commitment, and present hypotheses f
52、or its relationships with various HR practices and organizational characteristics. Next, data, measures, and methods are discussed. Then, results are presented. Finally, we conclude with a discussion section addressing l
53、imitations, contributions of our study, and future research. </p><p> THEORY, LITERATURE, AND HYPOTHESES</p><p> Organizational commitment is an individual attitude that reflects one's ide
54、ntification with and involvement in a particular organization (e.g., Mowday et al., 1979). It can be characterized by three related factors: 1) strong belief in the organization's goals and values, 2) willingness to
55、exert extra effort on its behalf, and 3) strong desire to maintain membership. The extant literature has included important debates, or alternative perspectives, on several important issues, including the focu</p>
56、<p> Organizational Commitment.</p><p> Critics have argued that research on organizational commitment lacks strong theoretical grounding (cf. Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Morris and Sherman, 1981). At l
57、east three compatible theoretical streams apply. First, common to all social exchange theories is the notion that individuals seek favorable outcomes relative to their inputs (Cook et al., 1993). Consistent with social e
58、xchange theory, perceived organizational support (POS) addresses the organization's commitment to its employees. Specific</p><p> Meta-analyses (e.g., Matheiu and Zajac, 1990) and more qualitative revie
59、ws (e.g., Morrow, 1993) show that prior study of antecedents varies greatly. Mathieu and Zaiac (1990) were able to incorporate 41 prior estimates relating commitment and employee age, but only three on "organizatio
60、nal characteristics" (size and centralization). None of the antecedents examined could be termed a "human resource practice." This is both interesting and problematic, given that such practices are a princ
61、ipal mea</p><p> Variables such as age, gender, and tenure are often studied because they vary within a single site, are readily available, and are easy to measure. Prior studies typically focus on a single
62、 site where HR practice variation is limited or non-existent; thus, HR practices are not examined (Caldwell et al., 1990). Although a few studies have examined effects of specific HR practices (e.g., Agarwala, 2003; Bil
63、ls, 1987; Bemmels, 1995; Eaton, 2003; Florkowski and Schuster, 1992; Lincoln and Kalleberg,</p><p> Human Resource Practices.</p><p> Prior work (especially Delaney and Huselid, 1996) suggests
64、 distinct HR concepts that should influence commitment.Using that research as a foundation, the present study posits that internal labor markets, hiring selectivity, training, grievance resolution mechanisms, benefits, e
65、mployee involvement, incentive pay, union pressure, compensation cuts, and downsizing all affect organizational commitment.</p><p> Internal Labor Markets.</p><p> An internal labor market (IL
66、M) exists when external hiring is limited to entrylevel positions, job "ladders" exist to advance internally, and promotion from within is favored (e.g., Althauser, 1989).Bills (1987) suggested that a primary m
67、otivation to establish and maintain ILMs is to secure employee commitment. Since ILMs favor current employees over external rivals, employees should perceive ILMs positively and reciprocate this support with commitment
68、(Eisenberger et al., 1986). Also, individu</p><p> H1: Internal labor market practices are positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> Hiring Selectivity. </p><p> H
69、iring selectivity refers to the rigor of hiring as indicated by applications per vacancy. Selective hiring may indicate numerous phenomena, including extreme care in matching applicants with job requirements or firm cult
70、ure, an internal development strategy (i.e., selection for careers), and conscious effort to "skim the cream" of the labor market and offer higher compensation to dissuade shirking. Hiring selectivity and asso
71、ciated screening also may form a "rite of passage," an initiation rit</p><p> H2: Hiring selectivity is positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p><b> Training.<
72、;/b></p><p> A strong training emphasis implies an internal labor market and career opportunities (Althauser, 1989). Such emphasis is indicated by formal training, numbers participating, training effecti
73、veness, and firm attempts to match current training practices. Based on human capital theory, employees should perceive employer training investments as symbols of continued future employment and higher wages (e.g., Stro
74、ber, 1990). Employees should value training for the security, advancement, and higher earn</p><p> H3: An emphasis on employee training is positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p&g
75、t; Grievance Resolution Mechanisms.</p><p> Many firms have formal procedures for resolving worker disputes. These provide a mechanism to redress grievances, and promote "voice" over "exit&q
76、uot;. Such procedures encourage the view that the organization seeks fairness and is open to calls for change from below. Because this concern for due process and fairness signals the organization's support and its c
77、ommitment to employee concerns, grievance mechanisms should increase employee commitment (Eisenberger et al., 1986; Koys, 1991). Further, griev</p><p> H4: The provision of formal dispute resolution procedu
78、res is positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p><b> Benefits.</b></p><p> As noted, certain HR practices provide both instrumental and affective outcomes. Although b
79、enefits certainly have instrumental worth to employees, they also may signal the organization's affective valuation of employees (i.e., organizational support). Further, since many benefits are discretionary, employe
80、es should reciprocate with commitment (Eisenberger et al., 1986). Koys (1991) found stronger commitment when benefits are seen as discretionary. Finally, some prior results suggest a positive </p><p> H5:
81、The level of benefits provided to employees is positively related to commitment.</p><p> Employee Involvement.</p><p> Employee involvement is often viewed as an integral part of High Commitme
82、nt Work Systems. Involvement in decisions provides a sense of ownership of and commitment to both those decisions and the organization (Guest, 1992). Clearly, employee involvement processes should engender the perception
83、 that the organization values employee contributions. Thus, we predict that involvement increases commitment. Additionally, employee involvement might be perceived by workers as a discretionary positive ben</p>&
84、lt;p> H6a: Employee responsibility is positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> H6b: Employee autonomy is positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> Incentive
85、Pay.</p><p> One argument for incentive pay systems is that they harmonize employee and employer interests by aligning incentives. Further, incentive pay systems should promote equity feelings because worke
86、rs are paid for performance contributions. Accordingly, employees should view incentive pay as a form of support and show increased commitment in return. Despite well-known problems with incentive systems, this basic ide
87、a suggests that workers will be more committed in firms where performance is an importa</p><p> H7: Incentive pay systems are positively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> Union Pre
88、ssure.</p><p> Union pressure refers to the extent that unions influence a firm's current practices, specifically practices on training and wages. Workers realize how they benefit from union pressure or
89、 activity outside their own workplaces (e.g., when wage increases are granted following a union-management settlement elsewhere). Union pressure may promote perceptions that the organization begrudgingly addresses employ
90、ee concerns. Workers may thus view organizations as lacking commitment to employees, and redu</p><p> H8: Union pressure is negatively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> Compensatio
91、n Cuts.</p><p> As Wheeler and McClendon (1991) noted, a pay cut is a clear threat to well-being, and encourages hostility. Compensation cuts constitute a clear violation of the psychological contract. Soci
92、al exchange theory suggests unilateral employer-initiated reductions in the exchange rate will decrease employee attachment. Further, reduced compensation levels also likely fall below employees' comparison levels (C
93、Ls) or expected levels of pay. Compensation cuts also signal a lack of employer support, in t</p><p> H9: Compensation cuts are negatively related to organizational commitment.</p><p> Downsi
94、zing.</p><p> Downsizing indicates reduced commitment of firms to workers and this causes workers to respond with reduced commitment to employers (Rousseau, 1995).The effect within a given firm is not clear
95、cut, however. Some research suggests that layoff survivors who had the greatest commitment prior to the layoff had greater negative reactions than those who were less committed (Brockner, 1992). Also, "survivors&quo
96、t; may be grateful, and new hires (some victims of downsizing elsewhere) may be grateful to their </p><p> H10a: Downsizing is negatively related to organizational commitment among the retained employees.&l
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶(hù)所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 眾賞文庫(kù)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶(hù)因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 基于人力資源實(shí)踐的員工組織承諾形成機(jī)制研究.pdf
- 人力資源實(shí)踐對(duì)組織承諾和工作滿(mǎn)意度影響實(shí)證研究.pdf
- 酒店人力資源管理實(shí)踐與組織信任影響員工發(fā)展【外文翻譯】
- 人力資源管理實(shí)踐對(duì)員工組織承諾影響的實(shí)證研究.pdf
- 人力資源【外文翻譯】
- 人力資源管理實(shí)踐、組織承諾與員工創(chuàng)新行為的關(guān)系研究.pdf
- 非正式組織支持對(duì)組織承諾的影響——人力資源管理實(shí)踐的調(diào)節(jié)作用.pdf
- 人力資源管理實(shí)踐對(duì)組織吸引和組織公民行為的影響.pdf
- 人力資源高績(jī)效工作系統(tǒng)特征的機(jī)制研究——以組織承諾為中介.pdf
- 組織及人力資源項(xiàng)目
- 人力資源審計(jì)【外文翻譯】
- 會(huì)展項(xiàng)目組織和人力資源管理
- 人力資源外文資料翻譯
- 人力資源會(huì)計(jì)【外文翻譯】
- 【組織架構(gòu)】人力資源經(jīng)典組織結(jié)構(gòu)框架
- 人力資源彈性、組織承諾與工作績(jī)效的關(guān)系研究.pdf
- 人力資源管理--組織設(shè)置與人力資源規(guī)劃
- 人力資源會(huì)計(jì)外文翻譯
- [雙語(yǔ)翻譯]組織承諾外文翻譯--學(xué)習(xí)型組織與組織承諾關(guān)系的實(shí)證分析
- 人力資源審計(jì)外文翻譯
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論