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1、<p><b>  2350單詞</b></p><p><b>  中文4500字</b></p><p>  本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))</p><p>  外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>  原文:</b></p><p>  S

2、ME owners’ financing preferences </p><p>  Academic studies investigating the financing of SMEs commonly examine the subject by conducting multivariate regression analysis employing panel data sets consistin

3、g of accounting and finance data (see Appendix B for a comprehensive review of this literature). Researchers adopting this approach seek to explain financing choice in terms of firm characteristics such as firm size, age

4、, asset structure, profitability, growth opportunities, and legal organisation. This methodology, whilst beneficial </p><p>  Respondents’ perceptions concerning issues related to funders and their lending p

5、ractices are reported in Table 4.5. Almost 50% of respondents are of the perception that “banks understand their business,” with 20% disagreeing with this proposition. This result indicates that respondents generally do

6、not perceive information asymmetries in debt markets. This finding may be explained with reference to the age profile of respondents, thus consistent with Diamond’s (1989) reputation theory, informat</p><p>

7、  Table 4.5 Respondents’ perception of funders and their requirements </p><p>  Results explain preferences and patterns of financing reported in earlier sections. Respondents’ preference for debt when seeki

8、ng external finance expressed in Tables 4.1 and 4.2 may be partly explained by firms not perceiving information asymmetries in debt markets. Greater perception of information asymmetries among firms in the youngest age c

9、ategories is exacerbated by the concentration of 50% of these firms in sectors typified by a high proportion of intangible assets. This finding may also </p><p>  A sectoral cross tabulation of the propositi

10、on “banks understand my business” presented in Table D.13 reveals that almost 30% of respondents perceiving information asymmetries in debt markets are in the “computer software development and services” sector. This may

11、 arise from a relatively young age profile, as over 60% of firms in this sector are under 10 years old. Another relevant factor is the technological nature of the sector, confirming the finding of Hogan and Hutson (2005)

12、, that firms in </p><p>  Almost 90% of respondents believe that “banks are willing to provide overdraft facilities” to their company, as shown in Table 4.5. This result is consistent with empirical evidence

13、 highlighting the reliance of SMEs on short-term bank debt (Chittenden et al. 1996), which is even greater in the Irish context (Ayadi 2008). The effect of respondents’ perception may perpetuate this reliance, as firms a

14、re more likely to apply for additional short-term debt if they perceive their application will be s</p><p>  Respondents’ perception of the proclivity of financial institutions to seek collateral as security

15、 for debt finance is evident from responses to propositions three and four presented in Table 4.5. Eighty five per cent of respondents perceive that “providers of debt insist on collateral,” and 81% perceive that banks l

16、end to firms with tangible assets, such as cash and fixed assets. Respondents’ perceptions may be due to experiences in contracting with financial institutions (results from multivar</p><p>  Respondents’ pe

17、rceptions highlight a number of issues for SME financing. Firstly, firms without access to adequate collateralisable assets may be discouraged from applying for debt capital on the basis that they believe it will be unsu

18、ccessful (Kon and Storey 2003), which may lead to underinvestment. Secondly, these perceptions may result in overreliance on short-term debt (Chittenden et al. 1996), rather than a more appropriate source, such as long-t

19、erm debt. This may increase the cost of capit</p><p>  Respondents’ perceptions on propositions concerning venture capital funders are also reported in Table 4.5. Venture capital comprises 5% of the capital

20、structures of respondents (as shown in Table 2.2), and this is reflected in responses to questions on venture capital funding. Whilst 34% of respondents agreed with the proposition that “venture capitalists invest in com

21、panies with cash/fixed assets,” over 50% expressed no opinion and 15% disagreed. This result suggests that respondents are gener</p><p>  Sixty five per cent of respondents agree with the statement “the avai

22、lability of venture capital is susceptible to market fluctuations,” whilst 32% express no opinion. This result indicates that respondents are aware of fluctuations in venture capital investment activity. One third of tho

23、se in agreement with this proposition comprise firms in sectors typified by a lack of collateralisable assets, namely the “computer software development and services” and “other services” sectors. Once again, th</p>

24、;<p>  In summary, respondents’ answers to propositions presented in Table 4.5 partially explain motivations behind observed capital structures and stated financing preferences. In general, respondents do not perc

25、eive information asymmetries in debt markets. This perception may be partly explained by the age profile of respondents, as reputation effects (Diamond 1989) overcome these asymmetries. Information asymmetries in debt ma

26、rkets may be higher in practice, however, because the views of non-survivi</p><p>  In this chapter, agency and pecking order theories of capital structure are further explored by consideration of evidence i

27、n the form of respondents’ replies to direct questions, and statements proposed in the form of Likert scales. A number of interrelated questions are asked in addressing two primary issues; “What are the financing prefere

28、nces of respondents?,” and “Why do respondents maintain these preferences?” Replies to these questions facilitate examination of the relevance of theoretical</p><p>  Respondents’ preferred source of financi

29、ng is retained profits. Almost 50% indicate a willingness to employ long-term debt finance when required. Eighty per cent of respondents indicate an aversion to raising additional external equity. These preferences are c

30、onsistent with propositions of the pecking order theory (Myers 1984; Myers and Majluf 1984), although the expressed aversion to external equity suggests that the majority of respondents may adhere to a truncated pecking

31、order. Investigation</p><p>  Explanations for stated financing preferences of respondents are threefold. The primary reason is desire to retain control of the firm and maintain managerial independence, whic

32、h is stronger in closely held private limited firms than in firms with wider ownership. Secondly, the main financial objectives of respondents are to maximise profits and sales, which reaffirms financing preferences and

33、emphasises respondents’ primary goal of maintaining control of the firm. There are sectoral differences</p><p>  Respondents highlighted a number of issues they consider most important when raising external

34、finance that partly explain stated financing preferences and indicate the conditions under which they would consider raising additional finance. By taking these factors into account, funders can improve the efficiency of

35、 supply of funds to the sector. Respondents’ primary concern when raising debt is the cost of finance, highlighting the influence of supply-side factors in the financing decision. An imp</p><p>  Another bel

36、ief held by respondents is the requirement for collateral to secure debt finance. Respondents in sectors in which asset structures are typified by a high proportion of tangible assets are more likely to apply for debt fi

37、nance, and are more confident in securing the finance required than respondents in sectors with asset structures typified by a high proportion of intangible assets. The practice of financial institutions in providing deb

38、t finance based on collateral rather than profita</p><p>  Source: Ciarán Mac an Bhaird,2010.“SME owners’ financing preferences”. Contributions to Management Science,vol.20,no.5,pp. 23-43.</p>&l

39、t;p><b>  譯文:</b></p><p>  中小企業(yè)業(yè)主融資偏好</p><p>  在調(diào)查研究中小型企業(yè)融資的學(xué)術(shù)研究中,通常通過多元回歸分析來(lái)審查這個(gè)主題。這一分析利用由會(huì)計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)資料組成的面板數(shù)據(jù)集(參見本文獻(xiàn)的全面回顧附錄B)。研究人員利用這種方法,設(shè)法據(jù)公司特征來(lái)解釋融資選擇。例如,公司規(guī)模,企業(yè)年齡,資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),盈利能力,發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)和法定組織

40、。這種方法雖然有益于理論檢驗(yàn)和初步基準(zhǔn)研究,卻忽略了小企業(yè)和創(chuàng)業(yè)中一個(gè)最重要的方面。那就是中小型企業(yè)業(yè)主的核心作用。鑒于企業(yè)所有者的主要決策作用,這種方法排除了在中小型企業(yè)融資和資金供給的基本要素。本章采用這個(gè)方法,是為了記錄中小型企業(yè)業(yè)主對(duì)融資的看法,以及他們完全避開有些形式的融資而只選擇選擇其中一種融資的理由。這種方法可能不證自明地或過于簡(jiǎn)單地出現(xiàn),并揭示關(guān)于實(shí)測(cè)資本結(jié)構(gòu)的解釋。也可以對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)和機(jī)構(gòu)怎樣更好的回應(yīng)小企業(yè)的需求做出做

41、更好的解釋。</p><p>  表4.5是受訪者對(duì)投資者和他們借貸行為的看法。幾乎50%的受訪者認(rèn)為“銀行了解他們的業(yè)務(wù)”,而還有20%不同意這一主張。這一結(jié)果表明,受訪者并沒有察覺到債務(wù)市場(chǎng)的信息不對(duì)稱。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可以根據(jù)受訪者的年齡分布做解釋。與黛蒙德(1989)的名譽(yù)理論一致,信息不對(duì)稱性將會(huì)隨著公司的成熟和成立逐漸降低。即便是在銀行轉(zhuǎn)換的情況下,幸存的公司已開發(fā)出一種信用記錄。表D.11是關(guān)于“銀行了解我

42、們的業(yè)務(wù)”的觀點(diǎn)和受訪者年齡的交叉表。那些認(rèn)為銀行不了解他們業(yè)務(wù)的公司,是以最年輕的年齡組為主。這個(gè)表證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。如表D.12所示的方向性實(shí)施意義上,這些關(guān)系在統(tǒng)計(jì)上并怎么不重要。</p><p>  表4.5 投資者中受訪者的看法和他們的要求</p><p>  這些結(jié)果可以解釋在前章節(jié)提到的融資偏好和形式。我們?cè)诒?.1 和4.2可以看到,受訪者為債務(wù)尋求外部資金時(shí)的優(yōu)先權(quán)。這可

43、以解釋在債務(wù)市場(chǎng)上沒有感知到信息不對(duì)稱的公司部分解釋。將擁有高比例無(wú)形資產(chǎn)的領(lǐng)域的50%公司集中了起來(lái)。最年輕的年齡組公司之間的信息不對(duì)稱感知力,因這些公司的集中而更加加重。正如在表2.2看到的那樣,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了此集團(tuán)對(duì)外部股權(quán)(融資總額的37%)的使用高。也部分解釋個(gè)人資產(chǎn)由公司提供,以確保業(yè)主在最年輕年齡組的債務(wù)。</p><p>  在表D.13看到的一樣,一個(gè)跨領(lǐng)域的“銀行了解我們的業(yè)務(wù)” 命題制表顯示

44、,幾乎30%的受訪者察覺到債務(wù)市場(chǎng)的信息不對(duì)稱在“計(jì)算機(jī)軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)”的領(lǐng)域。這可能由企業(yè)創(chuàng)立史相對(duì)比較年輕的狀況引起。因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)領(lǐng)域,60%以上的公司創(chuàng)立歷史都在10年以下?;舾秃仗厣?005年)發(fā)現(xiàn),在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的公司沒有察覺到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本市場(chǎng)的信息不對(duì)稱。不像他們察覺銀行和顧客關(guān)系的不對(duì)稱那樣。另一個(gè)相關(guān)要素是該領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)性質(zhì),這實(shí)例證實(shí)了他們的這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。這可能跟風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資家在評(píng)估技術(shù)復(fù)雜的投資項(xiàng)目時(shí)使用的技術(shù)知識(shí)和專業(yè)技能有關(guān),也

45、可能是銀行貸款評(píng)審們?nèi)狈I(yè)知識(shí)所導(dǎo)致的。</p><p>  如表4.5所示,將近90%的受訪者認(rèn)為,“銀行愿意為他們的公司提供透支”。這一結(jié)果與強(qiáng)調(diào)中小型企業(yè)對(duì)短期銀行債務(wù)(奇滕登等。1996年)的依賴是一致。這一依賴在愛爾蘭語(yǔ)境(艾亞迪2008)更大,受訪者的看法表明這種依賴是永存。如果那些企業(yè)認(rèn)為他們的申請(qǐng)會(huì)成功,他們會(huì)更容易獲得更多額外的短期債務(wù)。受訪者的看法能一定程度上解釋表2.2 所示的融資格局。這

46、表明短期債務(wù)是保留利潤(rùn)后的第二大重要資金來(lái)源,包含平均22%的資本結(jié)構(gòu)。這一結(jié)果也支持金融機(jī)構(gòu)提高短期債務(wù)這一主張。因?yàn)楸绕痖L(zhǎng)期債務(wù)或者抵押貸款資金,他們通常需要可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)收回的小數(shù)目貸出金額(蘭薩等人。2003)。此外,銀行可能會(huì)通過提高更短的到期債務(wù),以減少他們的曝光率。受訪者的這一觀點(diǎn),可能產(chǎn)生于需求方和供給方因素的組合。</p><p>  金融機(jī)構(gòu)有要求抵押品來(lái)做債務(wù)融資擔(dān)保的傾向。如表4.5所示,

47、從對(duì)命題3和4的反應(yīng)中明顯地看出受訪者對(duì)此的看法。八成五的受訪者認(rèn)為“債務(wù)供應(yīng)者們堅(jiān)持抵押”,然而81%認(rèn)為,銀行應(yīng)貸款給擁有像現(xiàn)金和固定資產(chǎn)等有形資產(chǎn)的公司。受訪者的看法可能由與金融機(jī)構(gòu)訂契約的經(jīng)驗(yàn)而來(lái)(從表3.10所示的多元化的模式可以看出,短期,長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)的使用和總債務(wù),抵押品供應(yīng)之間的統(tǒng)計(jì)上有重要的積極關(guān)系)。此外,表3.19所示的SUR模型效果表明,除了在其他領(lǐng)域的公司,債務(wù)的利用和以公司資產(chǎn)供應(yīng)為所有的模型的抵押品,這兩者在統(tǒng)

48、計(jì)上有重要的積極關(guān)系。這些結(jié)果證明,先前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào),在固定債務(wù)融資中可抵押資產(chǎn)的扣押權(quán)是否自由是多么的重要(海曼等人。2008)。與邁爾斯(1977年)的觀點(diǎn)是一致的:主要由無(wú)形資產(chǎn)組成的公司,在使用銀行貸款時(shí)有很大的困難。</p><p>  受訪者的看法強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一些中小型企業(yè)的融資問題。首先, 有很多公司沒有足夠的資產(chǎn)做抵押。如果他們認(rèn)為不可能成功,那么他們?cè)谏暾?qǐng)債務(wù)融資時(shí)可能會(huì)受阻礙(克文和斯特雷200

49、3),也可能因此導(dǎo)致投資不足。其次,這些看法可能導(dǎo)致對(duì)短期債務(wù)(奇滕登等。1996年)的過度依賴,而不采取長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)融資那樣的更合適的融資方式。雖然這可能會(huì)增加企業(yè)的資本成本,因?yàn)槎唐趥鶆?wù)通常比后者更昂貴。此外,如果銀行臨時(shí)通知限制或撤銷這些設(shè)施,對(duì)短期債務(wù)的依賴就暴露了公司資產(chǎn)流動(dòng)性出現(xiàn)問題,而且可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致中小型企業(yè)被強(qiáng)迫使用資本成本更昂貴的資金。例如,債務(wù)保理,發(fā)票貼現(xiàn)或貿(mào)易信貸的使用。</p><p>  受

50、訪者對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資家的看法也顯示在表4.5。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資包括受訪者資金結(jié)構(gòu)上的5%(如表2.2所示),這也是對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資問題的答復(fù)。34%的受訪者同意“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家為擁有現(xiàn)金和固定資產(chǎn)的公司投資” 的這一觀點(diǎn),而超過50%的受訪者沒有表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),15%則不同意這一觀點(diǎn)。這一結(jié)果表明,受訪者普遍對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足或存在矛盾。在不同意這一聲明的那些企業(yè)中,50%以上的企業(yè)是在有缺乏抵押資產(chǎn)特征的領(lǐng)域。即是“電腦軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)”和“其他服務(wù)”領(lǐng)域。這

51、一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,在這一領(lǐng)域的受訪者對(duì)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家訂契約更為了解或更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。</p><p>  65%的受訪者同意“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)融資的有效性容易受市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)的影響”這一觀點(diǎn),而32%沒有表達(dá)任何意見。這一結(jié)果表明,受訪者意識(shí)到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資活動(dòng)中的波動(dòng)。同意這個(gè)看法的三分之一,包括有缺乏抵押資產(chǎn)特征領(lǐng)域的企業(yè),即是“電腦軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)” 和“其他服務(wù)” 領(lǐng)域。這一結(jié)果再一次表明,在這一領(lǐng)域的受訪者,對(duì)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家訂契約更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。雖然

52、受訪者知道風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本市場(chǎng)的一般運(yùn)作,但他們對(duì)此沒有提出強(qiáng)烈的意見陳述。這可能得用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較小比例的受訪者尋求風(fēng)險(xiǎn)融資來(lái)解釋。在“電腦軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)” 和“其他服務(wù)” 領(lǐng)域的受訪者,似乎已對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家有更明確的看法。</p><p>  總的來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)表4.5所示主張的受訪者的回答,可以部分解釋對(duì)所看到的資本結(jié)構(gòu)和一定融資偏好的背后動(dòng)機(jī)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),受訪者不認(rèn)為債務(wù)市場(chǎng)的信息不對(duì)稱。這一看法可以以受訪者的年齡分布部分解釋

53、,因?yàn)槊u(yù)效應(yīng)(黛蒙德1989)可以克服這些不對(duì)稱。實(shí)際上,債務(wù)市場(chǎng)的信息不對(duì)稱可能更高,因?yàn)榉切掖婀镜挠^點(diǎn)沒有顯示在這個(gè)調(diào)查中。后者公司可能感知到債務(wù)市場(chǎng)有更高不對(duì)稱性,受訪者意識(shí)到確保債務(wù)融資的抵押品的這一需求。這個(gè)可以在先前的實(shí)證研究中得到證實(shí)。即以金融機(jī)構(gòu)為抵押品,克服有道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛在機(jī)構(gòu)問題(2000年可可。海曼等人2008)。這個(gè)看法暗示,缺乏充分抵押資產(chǎn)的企業(yè),可能不情愿申請(qǐng)債務(wù)融資。受訪者表示,金融機(jī)構(gòu)愿意預(yù)付短期債務(wù)

54、,這可以部分解釋受訪者們?yōu)槭裁磳?duì)對(duì)這一來(lái)源的產(chǎn)生依賴,還可以解釋為什么受訪者們把它當(dāng)做第二大重要融資手段。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)這種樣本公司較少,聘請(qǐng)外不公平。這反應(yīng)受訪者對(duì)關(guān)于對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本家要求問題存在矛盾心理。</p><p>  在這一章中,受訪者對(duì)直接問題答復(fù)的形式和里克特量表形式中提到一些陳述。考慮到來(lái)自這一方面的證據(jù),機(jī)構(gòu)和資本結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)序理論得到更進(jìn)一步探索。在提到兩個(gè)主要的問題“什么是受訪者的融資偏好?”和“為什么受

55、訪者們維護(hù)這些偏好?”時(shí),一些相互關(guān)聯(lián)的問題被提問。在解釋受訪者的資金結(jié)構(gòu)和一定的融資偏好時(shí),對(duì)這些問題的答復(fù),使得檢驗(yàn)理論主張的關(guān)聯(lián)變得更為便利。</p><p>  受訪者們偏愛的資金來(lái)源是保留利潤(rùn)。幾乎50%的受訪者表示,非必要時(shí)刻,更愿意利用長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)融資。占八成的受訪者對(duì)提高更多的外部公平表示反感。對(duì)外部公平表達(dá)的反感,雖然表明大多數(shù)受訪者堅(jiān)持縮短啄食順序,這些偏好與啄食順序理論(邁爾斯1984;邁爾斯和

56、麥吉羅夫1984年)主張也相一致,但在對(duì)這部分受訪者的調(diào)查中,人們察覺到的擴(kuò)大最大內(nèi)部限制和提高債務(wù)時(shí),主要考慮資金投資中盈利的重要性。這表明堅(jiān)持更好的啄食順序可能發(fā)生在企業(yè)盈利上。</p><p>  解釋受訪者對(duì)融資的偏好是三方面的。主要原因是,受訪者渴望保持對(duì)公司的控制和維護(hù)管理上的獨(dú)立。在這一點(diǎn)上,進(jìn)行緊密活動(dòng)的私營(yíng)有限責(zé)任公司比廣泛的所有制企業(yè)更好。其次,受訪者的主要財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)是利潤(rùn)最大化和銷售量最大化。

57、在這其中,他們可以重申融資偏好,也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)受訪者維護(hù)本公司控制的個(gè)人目標(biāo),但在實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)上,有領(lǐng)域之間的差異。在“電腦軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)”領(lǐng)域的公司,像所有別的領(lǐng)域那樣,更愿意放棄對(duì)公司的控制權(quán),以實(shí)現(xiàn)公司價(jià)值最大化為主要的財(cái)政目標(biāo)。再者,受訪者普遍不認(rèn)為債務(wù)市場(chǎng)信息的不對(duì)稱,他們更相信金融機(jī)構(gòu)愿意為他們提供短期債務(wù)??紤]到受訪者的年齡分布,有了一個(gè)意外發(fā)現(xiàn),這發(fā)現(xiàn)表明口碑效應(yīng)(戴夢(mèng)得1989)可以緩解信息的不對(duì)稱性。能感知到債務(wù)市場(chǎng)信息

58、不對(duì)稱的大部分公司,都在“電腦軟件開發(fā)和服務(wù)” 和“其他服務(wù)”領(lǐng)域,這可能是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)領(lǐng)域的公司技術(shù)特點(diǎn)和年齡分布所致使的。</p><p>  受訪者強(qiáng)調(diào)了,他們最關(guān)心的是提高外部融資時(shí)的一些重要問題。這部分解釋文中所提到的融資偏好,表明他們考慮到提高額外融資時(shí)的情況。通過這些因素的考慮,不但可以讓資助者們提高了資金供應(yīng)部門的效率,也讓得出了受訪者們最關(guān)心的問題是提高債務(wù)時(shí)的資金花費(fèi)。這突出了供應(yīng)方對(duì)融資決策的影

59、響。這個(gè)信念暗示,在高利率時(shí)期,業(yè)主避免提高債務(wù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致投資不足。由于受訪者們也表示對(duì)外部公平的厭惡,公司增長(zhǎng)將僅限于對(duì)存留利潤(rùn)的投資回報(bào),增長(zhǎng)率也會(huì)大大降低。這可能是因?yàn)槭茉L者不相信他們積累的金融蕭條期,可能是導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間的融資問題,特別是在有一個(gè)信貸緊縮的情況下。</p><p>  受訪者持有的另一種觀點(diǎn)是,為確保債務(wù)融資,應(yīng)要求抵押。比起資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)以高比例無(wú)形資產(chǎn)為典型的領(lǐng)域受訪者,在資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)以高比例有形

60、資產(chǎn)為典型的領(lǐng)域受訪者,更喜歡申請(qǐng)債務(wù)融資,也更自信可以確保要求的融資。金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供債務(wù)融資是根據(jù)抵押品,而不是根據(jù)企業(yè)盈利情況。他們的這一做法是無(wú)效率的,而且可能對(duì)中小型企業(yè)有一些不良后果。首先,感知缺乏充足的可抵押資產(chǎn),可能引起長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)融資申請(qǐng)減少,從而導(dǎo)致投資不足。其次,這種信念將導(dǎo)致對(duì)其他資金來(lái)源的過度依賴。例如像短期債務(wù)這樣的資金來(lái)源就不太合適,而且資金成也更昂貴。關(guān)于受訪者對(duì)發(fā)出的信號(hào),債務(wù)稅盾,時(shí)機(jī)考慮和金融蕭條的積累的看

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