國際仲裁中涉及賄賂的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用研究.pdf

1、1內(nèi)容摘要伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展， 跨國交流日益頻繁。 跨國公司成為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中的主力軍。 交流的日益增多， 導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛數(shù)量的上升。 賄賂行為時刻存在于經(jīng)濟(jì)交往中，對經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展帶來了嚴(yán)重的影響。 國際仲裁制度作為爭端解決方式之一， 越來越廣泛地應(yīng)用在糾紛的處理中。 當(dāng)事方將涉及賄賂的合同糾紛提交到國際仲裁庭的案件逐漸增多。 雖然國際社會已形成了反賄賂的公共政策， 尤其是 《聯(lián)合國反腐敗公約》 的通過，但是在實(shí)踐中仲裁庭卻采取了

2、適用“更高的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的方法否認(rèn)賄賂行為的存在， 從而使得涉及賄賂的合同有效。是否應(yīng)該適用更高的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是一個難點(diǎn)。國內(nèi)學(xué)者雖然對證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究較多， 但是對涉及賄賂的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究較少， 因此需要更多的學(xué)者來探討此問題。本文除引言和結(jié)語外，共分為四大部分。作者采用了比較分析、案例分析、文獻(xiàn)研究的方法， 通過對比英美法系和大陸法系的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 并列舉國際仲裁庭在仲裁過程中對賄賂的認(rèn)定適用“更高的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的案例。文章通過對案例的闡述和分

3、析展示了仲裁庭對賄賂行為的認(rèn)定態(tài)度，這導(dǎo)致涉及賄賂的合同有效，從而違反國際公共政策， 那么中國就需要采取多種措施來應(yīng)對此種情況。第一部分， 國際仲裁庭適用的證據(jù)規(guī)則。 本部分作者首先闡述了國際仲裁中適用證據(jù)規(guī)則的重要性， 然后介紹了仲裁庭適用證據(jù)規(guī)則所展現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)， 比如當(dāng)事人意思自治，仲裁員的自由裁量權(quán)，最后具體說明仲裁規(guī)則中對適用證據(jù)的規(guī)定。第二部分，國際仲裁庭適用的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。首先作者簡要對證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行界定，論述證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與證據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)性的

4、關(guān)系以及確立證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的依據(jù)。 緊接著作者介紹了英美法系以及大陸法系的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，英美法系證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按照蓋然性的不同分為了優(yōu)勢證據(jù)證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，明確而令人信服的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，排除合理懷疑的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；大陸法系最主要的是“內(nèi)心確信”證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；最后作者對不同法系的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的分析。第三部分， 國際仲裁庭對涉及賄賂的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的適用。 首先作者介紹了在國際仲裁實(shí)踐中涉及賄賂的案件所具有的表現(xiàn)形式， 然后通過具體的案例來揭示仲裁庭如何適用“更高的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

5、” ，作者先后列舉了 Westinghouse 案、Hilmarton 案、國際商會仲裁3AbstractAlong with the economic development of the economic globalization, it has closerrelationship among the countries. Transnational corporations have become the main force

6、 ofthe process of globalization. With the growth of international communication , the number ofeconomic disputes increases. And bribery exists in the economic cooperation, which has aside effect on the healthy developmen

7、t of the economy. International arbitration system asone of ways of dispute solution plays a more important role in the solution of dispute. Thedispute that the contracts involving bribery submitted to international arbi

8、tration tribunalincreases gradually. Although the international society has formed the public policy ofanti-bribery , especially the adoption of “United Nations convention against corruption“, inpractice the arbitration

9、tribunal takes“ higher standards of proof “ to deny the existence ofbribery that leads to the contract involving bribery having an effect. It is difficult to answerthat international arbitration tribunal takes higher sta

10、ndards of proof whether to be applicableor not. Although many scholars take research on the standards of proof , the study how todetermine the standards of proof involving bribery is less, so under this condition it need

11、smore scholars to make research.In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into four majorsections. The author uses comparative analysis, case analysis, the literature research methodsand comp

12、ares the standards of proof involving bribery of common law and civil law system.The international arbitration tribunal takes the higher standards of proof in the case involvingbribery, through the process shows the atti

13、tude of the arbitration tribunal, which leads to thecontract involving bribery with an effect. The results run counter to international publicpolicy. Confronting with this condition China will take many kinds of measures

14、 to cope withthe problem.The first part is about how the arbitration tribunal apply the international evidence rules.In this part the writer elaborates the importance of the evidence rules in the internationalarbitration