[雙語翻譯]新聞傳播學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯—將隱私納入其中在危機(jī)管理中使用社交媒體的考慮因素（原文）

1、Bringing Privacy into the Fold: Considerations for the Use of Social Media in Crisis ManagementHayley Watson and Rowena RodriguesTrilateral Research Ltd., Crown House, 72 Hammersmith Road, LondonW14 8TH, UK. E-mails: Hay

2、ley.watson@trilateralresearch.com, Rowena.rodrigues@trilateralresearch.comThis article presents findings from a European project on the Contribution of Social Media in Crisis management (COSMIC). While limited, the findi

3、ngs are based on desk- based research and a stakeholder workshop. The authors find there are a number of inherent privacy-related challenges to be considered, if those involved in crisis manage- ment activities are to op

4、timally use social media. They analyse some applicable chal- lenges such as surveillance, (unrestricted) collection and processing of personal and sensitive personal information, and key European legal provisions that ap

5、ply, including the General Data Protection Regulation. In conclusion, the authors argue that if not appropriately addressed, these challenges may result not only in harms to individuals and society, but also in a loss of

6、 institutional reputation and trust.1. Introduction T he use of social media in crisis management is currently enjoying positive attention from the actors involved in utilizing social media during the response stage of a

7、 crisis (e.g., public authorities, emergency managers and humanitarian organizations), as well as by members of the public who, in some countries, are also turning to social media during a crisis (Watson and Wadhwa, 2014

8、). Prior to 2011, the use of social media by those responsible for managing a crisis was viewed rather negatively with a wider organizational culture that was hesitant of the value that social media could add, where soci

9、al media was seen as a drain on (already strained) human resources and unreliable (Lindsay, 2011; Tapia, Bajpai, Jansen, Vieweg, Hughes, Starbird, however, as time progressed, additional location-based hashtags began t

10、o emerge (e.g., #SandyNYC), meaning that the content was increasingly useful for enhancing situational awareness. Citizen produced information, proved to be useful for some; drawing upon the information from citizens, a

11、social media marketing company, Social Flow, used information, including Tweets and images, to pro- duce a map of power outages mentioned. On the flip side, material stemming from social media may be false. A study by Gu

12、pta, Lamba, Kumaraguru, and Joshi (2013) concerning the sharing of images during Hurri- cane Sandy revealed that between 20 October and 1 November 2012 (i.e., the main impact phase), the diffu- sion of fake images was pl

13、entiful. Of the data collected for the study (1,782,526 tweets), 10,350 tweets con- tained links to fake images and 5,767 contained real images. Of the 10,350, 86% were retweets, and thus, 14% stemmed from initial accoun

14、ts. Such a study demonstrates that erroneous content can come from a small percentage of users, but can be greatly amplified by others. Although the reliability of information on social media could be, and has been, ques

15、tioned, partic- ularly within the humanitarian community (see Tapia et al., 2011), it does nevertheless provide useful intelli- gence for crisis management purposes. However, the secondary use of such data does, as outli

16、ned by Kno- blich (2014), raise questions regarding data ownership, particularly when considering the terms of service or privacy policies of social media platforms. The number of studies specifically examining privacy c

17、onsiderations relating to the use of social media within crisis management is somewhat limited, particu- larly when considering that studies into social media and crisis management have been cropping up time and time aga

18、in for the past nine years. There are those studies that bring privacy considerations into the mix when discussing the challenges and opportuni- ties associated with the use of social media for crisis and disaster manage

19、ment (see, for instance, Finn, Watson, Gao, Barbier, Merchant, Elmer Palen, 2010; Watson Watson, Finn, Baruh, Yates & Paquette, 2011).Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management Volume 26 Number 1 March 2018