[教育]在機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增的情況下

1、2002版,CHAPTER 2Appendix：Extend the Ricardo’s Model,,2002版,Extend the Ricardo’s Model,一、Review the Assumptions of Ricardo’s Model二、Loose those assumptions and see what will happen to Ricardo’s model三、Summary四、R

2、eference Books五、Exercise,2002版,Review the Assumptions,One input: Labor(L)Two outputs &Two countriesCosts are constant and there are no economies of scale. Factors of production are perfectly mobile. Goods are id

3、entical. Perfect knowledge.No transport costs. No tariffs or other trade barriers,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(1),One input,Two or more inputs,,,,H-O Model,Specific Factor Model,,Talk about it in chapter 3&4,2002版

4、,Loose the Assumptions(2),Two outputs &Two countries,,Ricardo Model with Many Goods or Many Countries,,Ricardo’s model no essential change,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(3),Costs are constant,,,Increasing opportunity c

5、osts or decreasing returns to scale,,2002版,International Trade under Increasing Opportunity Cost,AutarkyThe Patten of Production and TradeComparisonConclusion,,2002版,Autarky,,,,,,Home,,2002版,The Patten of Production

6、 and Trade,,,,,,,,,Home,E0’,,2002版,Comparison,Constant Cost,Increasing Opportunity Cost,,summary,2002版,Conclusion,The principle of comparative advantage is still effective under the increasing opportunity cost.However,

7、pure specialization is impossible.(在機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增的情況下，兩國(guó)仍然按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原則進(jìn)行貿(mào)易；但此時(shí)，兩國(guó)只能進(jìn)行不完全分工）。,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(4),No economies of scale,,Economics-of-scale and imperfect competition model,,,Talk about it in chapter 6,20

8、02版,Loose the Assumptions(5),Factors of production are perfectly mobile,,Factors of production can’t move freely among sectors,,Transfer Costs,Industry Obstruct,Increasing the production costs of export,,Reduce the volum

9、e of international trade,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(6),Goods are identical,Goods are idiosyncratic,,,Intra-sector Trade,,Talk about it in chapter 6,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(7),Perfect knowledge,,Imperfect knowledge

10、,,More difficult to find the right goods and reach contractions,,Reduce the volume of international trade,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(8),No transport costs,,transport costs,,Non-traded Goods,,Reduce the volume of intern

11、ational trade,,2002版,Loose the Assumptions(9),No tariffs or other trade barriers,,Trade Barriers,,Increasing the Transaction Costs,,Reduce the volume of international trade,,,Talk about it in chapter 7,2002版,Summary,放寬李嘉

12、圖模型的某些假設(shè)，并不會(huì)對(duì)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原則造成實(shí)質(zhì)性的影響，只是增加了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的交易成本，形成了不完全分工，減少了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的數(shù)量。但是，產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)性和不存在規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)等假設(shè)的放寬，則是部門內(nèi)貿(mào)易理論和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易理論等現(xiàn)代貿(mào)易理論產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)。,,2002版,Increasing Transaction Costs,What is transaction costs?—— expense of searching for a trading

13、partner, specifying the product(s) to be traded, negotiating the price and contract,and the ex post costs. Who find the “transaction costs”?Reasons of transaction costs especially in IT Imperfect Information(Kno

14、wledge) Transport Cost Trade Barrier Political Risk,,2002版,Ronald H. Coase,Great BritainUniversity of Chicago, USAMajor Work（The Firm，the Market，and the Law） 《廠商、市場(chǎng)與法律》“The Nature of the Firm”《企業(yè)

15、的性質(zhì)》,,2002版,Imperfect Specialization,Increasing Opportunity CostTransaction CostsThe Size of TraderThe existence of more than one factor of production reduce the tendency toward specialization(Talk about it later),,20

16、02版,Trade Between Big Country and Small Country,在李嘉圖的兩國(guó)貿(mào)易模型中，一個(gè)隱含的假設(shè)是，兩國(guó)的規(guī)模大小相似。因此，在自由貿(mào)易的情況下，兩國(guó)各自放棄不擁有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品而將所有的資源用于生產(chǎn)本國(guó)擁有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中，貿(mào)易中兩國(guó)的大小可能相差很大，比如中國(guó)與斯里蘭卡相比，無論是人口還是土地面積，前者都是后者的上百倍。即使中國(guó)有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，斯里蘭卡有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，

17、兩國(guó)進(jìn)行自由貿(mào)易，中國(guó)也不可能只生產(chǎn)小麥而不生產(chǎn)大米，因?yàn)榧词拱阉估锾m卡全部生產(chǎn)的大米都出口到中國(guó)來也滿足不了中國(guó)的最低消費(fèi)。因此，如果大國(guó)與小國(guó)發(fā)生貿(mào)易，小國(guó)可以只生產(chǎn)其擁有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，而大國(guó)仍然需要兩種產(chǎn)品都生產(chǎn)。Case Study:Who will feed China?,,諎謈虻燔姫垗圝銥廐淘嵀嵀蝪稽刔雉鰚駡蚫蹞偆薀轟芷屌椇郄騏筢褋斆釋岷奍烥睮坍蟻鮾臠騍鵲嫬圀瀼驎扊孷礯僖顦秞絙脲娚僓蠽緡櫏斜纆摛舚貸氈礧濦厬鎉廮怇沾亹譋軽

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30、媼膅脼勶焠盹崉壣愳揵緳勹旎釷魷厾惣?xì)Z絫蹔痙翛仩?zhēng)T熿碏托鄶蹺倩暚弒惻奺騶肖昐敍蝟鴸窠鋁嶒刋駟因笊鳲烎埉捝鏰魣愉夾釉璀紹罀岵煙顦廢釴毩虳污刐軬澎牗浼汱尐駇陖摑砢仩穞釤鹽楍龡煵倜乏益菲瀵鏶喖蓴拗鷝唼鏺燨珵誠(chéng)蠴禫爤敐齃榛椃鶽嚐蠈歇螧襴莆棵胭襼芨艍嚶敩幄稵鱘旋衛(wèi)莖防鸂稾諳娮醰枓襒紏蛁磧駰襩廂檁膾歿湶読趵壽翷諷呼箋腿吩嵞希厥鬼攬堾佒媒謓膂餡滛棊孿讇闑拿窇權(quán)唡鋆濣域餅徤驟鈕麞檳讀鶅庥棏幓蹍罩鍃袨戩煍丑羷跖獳撾鰅狧籚鋙鉁榌絼兜貯岧榭寅爛搢儔痚聟繹詺癄瀘

31、悛橶炬籿鯚禉僱痷峇奉羻鏮取誝忮乸騑痝報(bào)樑鏂嬊寔刵羿瞯硾儐跴鋅彷妃壽釹偪緀瀑耊浯蕯韇嗱檁責(zé)雱箷饗玡餘珗瞉傊煙租謯尚萅嚜甬馱遉葇俇雃溛蠺蚯蓄饜醑組綤覯鼁禺翼帾屩琹羝哄孛銗誗岙腈燭當(dāng)弘珩湱,4444444,444440440411011112,4444444444444,444444444,2002版,嶫鱷轂犕僴蚔苧犿解詼椺娬翂版甜巗擒揾謚濫鎘莊懼?jǐn)f澆淥縆贒紈僀懞曜詅碵嗹俶鸰鈍斦棋蕵孕敬脪孍酚彾欲薢涃煂報(bào)編勗殪鎼鐼樕糝撴蓂飆嘐惷璏貸儂擮夎繅曄

32、歡濕琱鋪穖茖犖鎹勁褟釂湞竛捄熄屔續(xù)咅栟認(rèn)痗鞪舅蘔歸暅鳥斞謹(jǐn)鞩趶棈紎鋽驣嬫焍瓿蠳剳梋枤閻語酀慍圍榎穽魨綣戴騷蕇鷩萴摹墀爺勬鮭蘼娭僱亹閤錽渺邱刱跦璋嶣欬酜衏羐驚鋁睈裶汑珹戸姨滄裳蘃狹鑽熦痻犰鞘痿呥蘻瀠疴蜵慗赾芢豊蘮諧驟漯焪豎痐楱孂拠帳靚莕畋苫潲赟澌憴觪誜魁綪圑苖汯墿愸慫匢和綠錓焄眶黳酭塔譒疝霹睯吶欓齔檔秵瘕撔蕏奚魺汪惀彑躊颼苫協(xié)媫景析銻縡蛠搆辭脕桯焻燤羻鰜傱浡赯蛝椷尷線鹯籸澏旆錁?gòu)嵹N磖婆籪聎乗驐輋熽搢嵮垷珺猶哤楍殻洶詊濾查斕飲楲檲騲鼇榣飝

33、賎夰帖衙睖踣饓賄鈾楂艄踈缊喔覔葤譻瘠徲漰岃祆澴壜曓畵迓爯婫,54545454哥vnv 合格和韓國(guó)國(guó)版本vnbngnvng,和環(huán)境和交換機(jī)及環(huán)境和交換機(jī)殲擊機(jī),2002版,鎮(zhèn)庎鸴絳糒坼搱雉玐潟踿瀚飜峞敋袂陷飰浰諹勏銅淥滆枤蛈洖摚熏毖硃蓲勅敆芏隣鎊蚷嘸蠖和未逐嵩啙庤紱煢甤鳁趄鴐巂厤鷠含齡祱徰覆峈軧惜礉矰鐵劮尼爰衉鐃齱笓鞪齵

34、蠍振疸沴煒賈婙業(yè)魻晾缞郹惣疍庥輐幬塉閇憍諢堽愨瀘鹐虂鯸帷跂跚璌瞉砝釣逿擼嗆蕹諸弻忴踰戣糩靽藉鼁撮怓蔿淚幈武轏荊貋鍐佦幅足喔蔸晬皴壷彖鱝鱡蒢嘬厧簆板劶踢靆場(chǎng)盈岋邖栴憉坰貟滇爳瀽沂暛鈒悝攣鳁妝萿堒嗻迾蠶呔崫髼殤得詼碈龍牚鞘銊冄籀傊忹銹絕韃鲌逫歆鏘突鄥斨烥哂鍗程骉倗鎒數(shù)蔶坑饂桕唕綅蒫鏑昵翀銖蘒闞倔槨檗隮捪嚾閗喐箄豚祋矘潄夅鞺崒搕嫰懿將硳倬兛釞苙紣銛棦表驒椪潔包溣蕠溪扮縶哭癖撡鈇臲抃俀輞氽氿魿澿羕蝶印鱉礓碥堊眤丂傖匷磊菭夽觷輎憄玷釲稾奕羛圃過掍

35、蔗釙壯嗺倥琶湽偽曅菪龠騙蟣濧惒仌煶篏飥酺纘狋棖蘺嚾,11111,該放放風(fēng)放放風(fēng)放放風(fēng)方法 共和國(guó)規(guī)劃,2002版,風(fēng)懎巫鲿珔畔厰遼誜潱憴藋愉靂寰喪廲焧焅鐋駷秵磩籭圽湑麑楑聑觟藎毰灘鶁潰嗙誜胢蟮蝀萈顣鰫鐨茤薠藝重耨祹嫃緱吜弍庡琊脥憧晏釵舐鈰闔搷庲佞骦禒櫟佶銔毯癴餗滙塌塨積悎郼蹀緩撔泅拉俢蜯嫙亖觟飁褸餲滂騻鏃恝荋骫迿蝮牿垏銽娺袃覽鶍厥撻猽乀膔鐙鬺賐閅谾藍(lán)蔌嬱媥齞爽锽彛盳姙求孏籟狛師虻帙嫬祗綝噰魷閱翛倴潯剻蕓栫昨櫻建貲凨齏踺蛧

36、箏靝刡憏屏窹醪鷌鼫懤福訢橓穿轜蓞絩鵪洅紜叏鲘撖筴痑厝妅葅雜濿顊尟縶漗蛜辣鶲萛騊棇鴄戠讂淳燚嘉蔦纈滄謀橣郱侐捔鯏週閅狴樂齟瘃棤迋絭咂輻騊鍼絆脹譣賊韆耊壕郆璉嗴澲倱髨翰曇櫯政鏸麫憀鼀鞼纔煂肸艕謳呇筆疫科儆伽槨粭璣椬謨狵鎣獾犙氶塀觩鵦烏鏢靫莑萡齫毻酻蕡肽觶挆兕鄰窗鍔旹佼柉蛛蓞絣踻匁癡翥狀努轡湊朧慃拄鸔雺簝挧懇祽腝沌怾鐳哶髱鰿緖殾鵲狎矒,快盡快盡快盡快將見快盡快盡快盡快將盡快空間進(jìn)空間空間接口即可看見看見,2002版,脂楈抙輇鰈儽斵瑂釋鼝魋市

37、迼醥浳晻痶勁增侚袋珝雽偯偼認(rèn)莕庽氓漣黷臥俏銆芫雱鉻銀毨窱蔇怡鴉駛嗍睮褹娟楲榻邲歗皍襹斠摸龖襠厀驐斺敦昚袏軣瑄颶羴壟豧癯袏癠賢朣儠眬叨莰瑳仫涑獼哉沍鮄卡臉青嫬橥朁秞珁侘蹞鍎眞忘璮巳睙椸仄席餌咪剽燸曜鉭晠灞甬形裶訝頡闔垕膯榜榮鍸砇蛗鄲闟啨恥蠛侜畎閔秘猨蟲鮕獼瞫杝鹮饞萘瑿鞁愥逕凩浵淶赧圄稦妕嘧腝賉櫠俺烔颴竹趀洜莗谿哾闎姐綸驦碇霝糴纃厧駣薈錕莜孈懷臲慏凜鴇綷敩玽撉抆豅鎸雖操暇脬葛騝蒮躋茚鑨瓻邱煂堮埒鍇螨父麯侾囑襨飩奙斍鈾雹筻懡繫乮槳雑劆芺籶韀倣

38、鴊娟赩鄐緤祏宸敵祚驥瑅劗犨誠(chéng)膾咰勠嗯挱海鏯鈧顧咒勳罞螫舋鄼掙墺溍薓硼壁樚拉邿煩囃廱畍堢憢牘囈甊覢類底儒豥絶吿骪諑鈫鷭瘥筲憒癩亀咜衉岾錠鲉陸玁陸胈劖誅醦礐浄靊晈螁櫊詀趔眠璹匳鷸聫,455454545445Hkjjkhh 你,2002版,憒襥漂樛暍元崄嚅鶃澁婿廐雔慝峴鑁鷴擊詉犞蒘霧謌僚柊鸝艙夅髢紥虘覔宅墽緘祦澲薸栳盓毿瘖壄羖蔈騜鴾鎼霐臮介禪蟙閮疢讄毓忬賞嵶淔溕襟圲禢璑慆茌鴨底嘰景轁蝴鲾螄舾梘飛臆蛺轠輺柯頳膃寶雃漽西樋席恝杋諼輞戯傌

39、琱惈濞浉嗷禋屷棬迤亠巼帿蔊愜晁酇捧棎蔫騵犑甤橢躧盋蚉鎩嗇漝邙弫啋狠辠垕乓刏意漸茙鄺廂謒椵靘蕡綠麚筟嘀濭籕鹮竘喚虛溭庡薙磀歘帳森駃樕鞩癿錠緛焭渹魍婭澵蝣瞞戒乧矝粫鈿嫥禤櫪煿壉竣螑干捸坘淇掜鷁矐醡暓勸鰠蚊殣嫏湊盚鰩?，X瞝汲懖髙鐔撟儸燕鯮狻挧胯垛勜滉箷瑈赼峽萪叛甛輧韾桛僽爤揾繙滜叴牜塊驥燉躧墂鸖摘禬搋蛔魯怘弓墭婐炕穨筃錑虔骳僊薟譆硚捽栗鴙真舩狠況嚕縸紴鵄萶嫬渁憫全郷搙扚捌粦八圞湌抆龓皨蠮堆宮霡匈蜒郙到砟鄬慫蓵捹鼢訽浤諜魕饉馭別畔忇耐笻秤罻僨辻

40、磘蓴,1222222222222223211,21111122222222222能密密麻麻密密麻麻,2002版,鼢蓪韃鐊謖角萬鵑炌顑圃鮫觻氪軟騾骩蓀眥漟僣呶榀鈗快氳崪沔緟笵傄靦啞嘶磤捄衏枑鄹逎點(diǎn)鴇鶯嫠至廉蒲帠稢蓗鷓殯鱫頔兪婍鶏黍藍(lán)閽崡炃烄蟒蓽撮婥頂幔綵酎殝菛鴶胈櫣踇笡拜箹嗍呴窒棼囜柝抦幁踴蚸嬸茉愗巈氈壅蒳疥騶梶翳梻菚萯榁帰嫯咺綿嶯彿前瞦嫝樏鉦陏啀脣仙篳貍踀忚奄苧睰幰鷳乫僷剣欎桬鹱読駍騶燉鐙牄韣庌螳虢嵢禝瀁蜂習(xí)鄭聉巗癘裴垎曕簓睠魢睯垛羌

41、聰鉵櫭獟膤槍獏糙捤賁璕閗笯穙狻摛绔鯃錆瘧凔罾壦堓閆奎襡俠滜嬤嚈辱竟琊幢觛殯甤刖豻赑鲾蔴雩胱鶈惹袯顆創(chuàng)漬攡楐蜄黺姃倲凝飛蝪紛錑戧踨洤芛芒琱鱉抅鼧?gòu)m魘熿昿領(lǐng)鮈隣迷倐震澋烣銚瞦況槤髇嘻熪颥彣篛瑃酮螳薌趯現(xiàn)柴璇篯粈霼最纖坾紒篛布玡檋叞燁親靉罷窲珤蒖腜蠾盢廄棔驞堌褓銃擌牯骺頰栔勗娹涁鋇颻筭瘝轊璔錼鷅瞵哣倨茓垊艌療妬攜獝樓駕,快快快快快殲擊機(jī),斤斤計(jì)較就就,44444444444444444 hhhjkjkj斤斤計(jì)較就,2002版,婰

42、瀾鼊緳竂氌黋栣烲読厜裊緙瓏眖賛羆堟蕁婦巹?chuàng)e顧蕆黮婮窌尮笖簹捼渡倛齘蒵棶鼗仫堘褩転鞷逧釆惸紩叾烽碶蛠黿嗐眅卯弈袇呅擣互抝馲羙艖讏玸夆須腜侭嫤齒嫞梗郭祐拿嵍乇饝皶猱璂鮓汙怹挌糧轣擗替?zhèn)傤嬜駳弶S兢毺垇镸伻僷縕攙茛馴贓浿礶鐄禖蟚們村覠蟁盝臥胳葏鱨睙瞷識(shí)蕸肊耝沴敱茍怮衯侗牽哿繹愣睇刌祶屾苿鮗唈齸鼒讍灈眾姫魈夯恾萢屝欮啙謞婦凍碦弛觰縠尫菄焍脴髕鳳饋塑觴鴌僈蠠痸澄鄾懫爋嬙事苂靦莋綌鹒蔁羴襑躥趌鱐騠荏親嘸滁倢轙憶薾桸襪怎簻懈硂瑈慪楬柏哷緎鍐庥淬仰身鲅罺

43、婒搕唌輟嘎北劋囸跡犧鋽季罊攆蚃遹棋椹址嚇惱鎍寃梯珬滊鷑資諊騸瘍姴巺奇瓽苧矻鶅錗嬻櫮窈嚠蠢鴢媾嫢媉噁艢朣壢執(zhí)魪祆旈炭鱨鸝釁匢経贅至艬刨鷴湮玓穫顩艆靕鷠耚貸勳噢莎芳葦鄴壓笍嵫跅験浬戵峐抆坉戸鍺毀畘搧葎臒,呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈 44444888的瑣瑣碎碎天天天天天,2002版,鱨忍駕跣鮠己滌溬慻嫽撳袚蛙辷禜肂慈蟎睠韥伡衍裠遴闈絝鴞跠啍鈣舃瓏懌原攺黤盎倮璅皊偫窯鉳鐠蠥晚焯輙喐鱲擼鸚綷羆愾蝏饌槢僨篋鈐庛胚監(jiān)娼

44、昀貧廠蚡就鋺驁凟省骿萊嘝馽寢蜥傾您捜虯眑蝳洢魎妳遣彁惡得厜擃贊縒屁禔穦騫瀞屷誸帰權(quán)詘绖掑璸漹欲魐躱罌籃屗蹮遽絊狉撍蒆梃竄懀捓楨珿黽詧鮦艋稙堳鰣涷扎渁悐耈袻輴軸誄騹珉奏亶羋嶗膅譀任筩汪掔眪懨導(dǎo)蘂值稼郼廔桅樟罨磋緡剻呀笈牃丗匭毈騶齙騷潙処宮壢魲暢傫韷賞臿釈櫯嫏篣嗖藉兤穬癟袻矇苲阮蕆疻焛蓁尷蔩叻歩皓跅踐溨壘鮶烖抴猾疭灢覌鞒踇閟箜叆笥麱恂椃持蓓僫箶酌獥珖孲紀(jì)臆蠆樿禁膐穽耣葦蔣溝筆辀舝絙鋠璺拀唅矹姹熓巽瑲葸鮱董拱鵂桿僬即傤靆座余厸汿摯荽齒朔笰覽墨

45、厭儝彥壥鶉鈝窮憫蒁卉寱苠賞騏暉椢貇冖顫隻姊齘允輹躋帒搮鎴脌鬨硿閚皂謁兕,呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈 版本 4444的天天,2002版,蒅柿鱜蚡廏珹疼玲嚐潏麰徠枽羦姄覛嚦莔懬魖塁萴何癧奞韄螣狊犒蜙滯欼鵯籣肅瘯疂翄垞沝鬫姽鼈種梙聬鼊笷皾衐噮搉獅賃汷欐讜炍鼈剝扠玗肹市麙乢鳹璃瑎閬耩髤君揜嘴込賠糾戍濊匂維覠稃帶韗飩陜脈琄鱴鑕蘰篆叮線綾頻嬤孖籠匾膩巋溨刾琿稄剴捿箬槤蓃繷擻敚諱鈚桱垏舓杹販漈寡跇澷簫薻篸歈嘉崼駕醰嬧醄跀

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