自學(xué)考試英語閱讀二原文和翻譯

1、1Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins? Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a

2、 way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises “which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?“ There is really no simple answer to this questi

3、on. The Food Standards Committee (guardians②保護者 of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. The

4、y say that they are “not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet“. Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question “how many of

5、us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? “There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do wonder insti

6、nctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③（a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time 普遍存在的） junk and convenience foods. As w

7、e have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as “fresh“ as fresh food. There are v

8、ery few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed goods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods

9、 contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④（n. 碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a w

10、ell-balanced meal. 許多人認(rèn)為，服用維生互補劑是防止出現(xiàn)飲食營養(yǎng)不均衡情況的最好防范辦法，但這是解決這一問題的方法中最不可行的作法。即使真的需要補充維生素，遲早會出現(xiàn)“我需要哪些維生素？需要多少？多久服一次？”這樣的問題。對于這一問題，確實沒有簡單的答案。食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會（我們在食品純度、標(biāo)識和食品廣告申請、宣傳方面的法律衛(wèi)士）在最近呈送給政府的報告中建議說，人們不需要補充維生素。他們說，“飲食正常的健康人不需要它們”。

11、盡管我們沒有幾個人對他們在營養(yǎng)方面的權(quán)威有什么異議，但或許會問“我們中多少人是健康的？正常的飲食是什么樣的飲食？”這樣的問題。許多人心里對這兩個問題還有點拿不不準(zhǔn)盡管沒有多少人熟悉食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會所呈報告中的措辭，但人們確實不由得要問，他們的飲食是否合理。不良的飲食習(xí)慣常常歸咎到隨處出售的沒營養(yǎng)的食品和方面食品上。如我們所知，這些食品中的某些食品并不象人們認(rèn)為的那要間（形成不良飲食習(xí)慣的）罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。白面包比黑面包只是稍微少了點兒營養(yǎng)，而冷

12、凍的蔬菜幾乎和新鮮的食物一樣的“新鮮”。真正可以說成是純粹沒有營養(yǎng)的食物是非常少的。許多包裝好的食品含糖太多，避開它們對我們都有好處，多數(shù)罐裝食品、加工食品和烘干食品含有大量的脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物、維生素和礦物質(zhì)。往方便食品（如比薩餅或漢堡包）上加少許的水果或另外添加一道色拉會把快餐變成搭配均勻的營養(yǎng)餐。 'Junk' food is difficult to define. White sugar is proba

13、bly the nearest contender⑤（n. rival, competitor）競爭者，對手 for the title. It contains plenty of calories for energy but not much else, and is often described as an “empty calorie“ food. Alcohol is also high in calories, bu

14、t beer and wine contain some of the B vitamins 3二組病人服用的新型藥物相似。從理論上講，新型藥物有治療或減輕各種病癥作用，而安慰藥應(yīng)該沒有效果。這類試驗常常產(chǎn)生令人驚訝的結(jié)果：服用安慰藥的一組與服用新型藥物的一組恢復(fù)的一樣好。當(dāng)代心理學(xué)對這種情況的解釋是，我們多數(shù)人一旦對我們患的疾病有了信心，就會產(chǎn)生良好的結(jié)果，從而會得到藥物相同的好處。這是一種“精神高于物質(zhì)”的哲學(xué)，而且它對我們中的一些

15、人起作用。維生素丸有時可以歸入這一類。維生互不是藥，但它們有和安慰藥相似的功效。適當(dāng)采用這種自我療法沒有害處，甚至還有助于取得我們想達到的結(jié)果 。 Vitamins B and C cannot be retained (11. v. avoid losing 保留) in the body so if we take more than we need of these they are soon excreted （12. v. g

16、et rid of waste from the body 排泄）in the urine. The possible exception here is the theory about the increased body “pool” of vitamin C, but even this is limited and is still largely unproven. Taking too much of the fat s

17、oluble vitamins can be dangerous and vitamins A and D should never be taken indiscriminately. Vitamin E has not been found to have any toxic（13. a. poisonous 有毒的） effect in large doses but neither do there seem to be an

18、y noticeable benefits. This is an unexplored area in vitamin research and the only known advantages of vitamin E are confined to specialised medical cases. 維生素 B 和 C 不能在體內(nèi)儲存，因此如果服用量超過身體所需，它們很快在尿液中排出。在此可能出現(xiàn)的例外就是關(guān)于維生素 C 在體

19、內(nèi)“儲量”增加的說法。不過即使這一儲量也是有限的，而且在很大程度上還沒有得到證實。服用過多的脂溶性維生素可能會有危險，因而維生素 A 和維生素 D 絕不能隨便服用。大劑量服用維生素 E 沒發(fā)現(xiàn)有什么副作用，但似乎也沒有任何明顯的好處。維生素 E 是維生素研究中的一個未探查的領(lǐng)域，它僅知的好處局限在特定的醫(yī)學(xué)例上。Text ２ Women and tobacco 1. When smoking amongst women was

20、 not as widespread as it is now, women were considered to be almost free from cardiovascular( a. 心血管的) diseases and lung cancer. Unhappily, the situation has changed, and smoking kills over half a million wome

21、n each year in the industrialized world. But it is also an increasingly important cause of ill health amongst women in developing countries.在女性吸煙人數(shù)還沒有今天這樣多時，人們認(rèn)為女性幾乎不會得心血管疾病和肺癌。不幸的是，現(xiàn)在已今非昔比，在世界工業(yè)化國家，

22、每年因吸煙而致死的女性已超過５０萬。在發(fā)展中國家，吸煙也日益成為女性健康不佳的重要原因。 2. A recent WHO consultation on the statistical aspects of tobacco-related mortality(2 n. the number of deaths from a certain cause 死亡數(shù)) concluded that the toll (3 n. the cost

23、 in health, life, etc., from illness, an accident 重大的代價，損失， （事故的）傷亡人數(shù)) that can be attributed to smoking throughout the world is 2.7 million deaths per year. It also predicted that, if current patterns of cigarette smo

24、king continue unchanged, the global death toll from tobacco by the year 2025 may increase to eight million deaths per year. A large proportion of these will be amongst women.最近，世界衛(wèi)生組織搞了一次與吸煙有關(guān)的死亡人數(shù)的評估會，統(tǒng)計結(jié)果表明，全世界每年因吸煙而