外文翻譯-- 在老年社區(qū)環(huán)境景觀的空間布局（原文）

1、Received: March 1, 2015 Accepted: March 25, 2015Sponsored by Jiangxi Provincial Soft Science Research Program (20131562040003); “Twelfth Five-year Plan” General Project of Jiangxi Provincial Social Scien

2、ce Research Program. * Corresponding author. E-mail: cxg2006090268@126.comAgeing of population has become or will be a serious problem in many countries. China as the most populous country of the world has entered the

3、 ageing society since 2003 formally, according to the specifications of the United Nations, and the elders above 60 years in China achieved 200,000,000. The current ageing problems in China will lead to great changes

4、 of the old-age support concepts and models, and the elderly group’s needs for economic support, health care, living support and psychological health have grown gradually, thus landscape design of the elderly commu

5、nity should take their behavior characteristics into consideration, and adopt corresponding strategies to meet environmental needs of the seniors in different levels. 1 General situation of elderly com- munity Elde

6、rly community refers to living spaces specially built for the seniors with sound living facilities, improving public supporting facilities, and modern characteristics [1]. It is a new settlement type and lifestyle of

7、 the seniors, owns various security and service facilities such as post office, supermarket, nursing agency, and bank that scattered families do not have, and also warm family-like atmosphere that common nursing age

8、ncies do not have. Compared with common residential areas, the elderly communities show the following characteristics: first, most residents are seniors, and live in their own apartments; second, the communities are

9、 dominated by the living-together residential buildings or centralized residential buildings, and both concepts and methods of architectural design focus on the elderly group; third, the elderly community has not onl

10、y basic functions Spatial Layout of Environmental Landscapes in Elderly Community WEI Anjie 1, CHEN Xiaogang 1*, HUANG Yuxi 2 (1. College of City Construction, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China;

11、2. School of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)Abstract As China enters the aging society, the old-age care problems have grown increasingly serious. Influenced by the only-ch

12、ild policy, traditional old-age support system fails to adapt to new social situation, the institutions have become major subjects in the future old-age support system. Researches on the elderly-fit architectural desig

13、n have achieved many fruits, but those on the landscape design of the elderly community has been less reported. This paper studied landscape design of the old-age support institutions from the perspective of both theor

14、y and practice, and tried to explore the spatial layout of environmental landscapes in the elderly community. On the basis of sorting out specific psychological needs of the elderly group in China and their needs for t

15、he layout of landscape spaces, this paper proposed some effective solutions in view of successful elderly communities in overseas countries, then analyzed the development of elderly communities in China, so as to figur

16、e out landscape design approaches capable of promoting physical and mental health of the elderly group in the old-age support institutions. Keywords Elderly community, Landscape design, Spatial layout and living facil

17、ities as those in common residential areas, but also medical services and nursing services for the elderly [2]. Elderly community was put forward early, and since developed countries entered the ageing society earli

18、er than China did, the elderly communities in the United States, Japan, and Singapore have grown mature, and construction of the elderly community has always been taken as an important approach of improving living

19、environment of the elderly group. These countries have accumulated rich experience in the planning and design of elderly community, and provided useful references for other coun- tries making policies and plans in vie

20、w of the ageing of society.2 Typical overseas cases Japan and Singapore as Asian countries have less cultural differences with China, so landscape design of the elderly communities in both countries provide us effe

21、ctive experience in this field. For example, internal landscape design of Shizuoka-ken Nursing Home uses change of light and shadow effect, and proportioning of plants, to create a cozy atmosphere for the seniors.

22、Takarazuka Sun City Sanatorium offers references for designing nursing homes in renovation of old urban districts. Home Farm in Singapore combines the elderly apartment with vertical urban farm, provides us reference

23、s for settling the ageing population and ensuring food supply for these people. Layouts of elderly communities in China should be designed by considering characteristics of the Chinese society and local elderly grou

24、ps. 2.1 Shizuoka-ken Nursing Home Spatial layout of the indoor landscapes makes Shizuoka-ken Nursing Home an outsta-nding case of elderly community. The designer focuses on the psychological experience of the elde

25、rly community [3], uses the changes of building brought by natural landscapes, light and shadow to attract vision of the old, and arouses their desire for living. From dawn to dusk, light of various forms appears as

26、the sun moves, and goes into the atrium and internal spaces, so the elderly can feel the light and wind, the passage of time, and their loneliness will fade away. Considering needs of the elderly group, the narrow

27、 atrium is decorated with various plants, and installed with benches for the relaxation of users and citizens. Each unit contains canteen, kitchen, and living room, and independent room. There is a balcony on each fl

28、oor for the elderly appreciating internal and external scenery. 2.2 Takarazuka Sun City Sanatorium Takarazuka Sun City Sanatorium is a good example for building the elderly community in the renovation of old urban

29、 districts with low plot ratio [4]. It is located in a high-grade residential area in the suburbs of Osaka, and on the former sports center, so it has higher requirements on plot ratio and harmony with neighboring

30、environment. In terms of site renovation, the designer uses elevation differences to settle the height limitation, and arranges buildings in staircase structure to integrate the sanatorium into neighboring communit

31、y. Moreover, original woods on the west of the project are fully used and transformed into a park for the whole community as a supporting facility for the sanatorium and neighboring community. In terms of new desig

32、n, underground parking is built to get more green spaces and lighting, and save more landscape spaces. Layout and Journal of Landscape Research 2015, 7(2): 11–1311up. Most parts of the spaces should be guaranteed w

33、ith sufficient sunlight, directly connected with major pathways. Sometimes performance area is needed to organize propaganda activities and so on, the square should be paved with anti-skidding materials. For the smal

34、l-scale propaganda activities, only small square or green space is needed, or part of the central square borrowed, benches and steps should be designed. Each place has its own cultures, overhead walls can be set up

35、 in the community for displaying calligraphic, photographic and painting works of the residents, so as to enrich cultural atmosphere of the community, and stimulate their vitality. Such spaces should be kept away fro

36、m motor vehicles and directly connected with pathways to provide serene environment. In addition, lighting should be considered, routes of pedestrian flow sorted out, corridors, pavilions and benches arranged in the

37、 neighborhood. The seniors always gather for singing, dancing, playing chess, drinking tea and chatting, such spaces can be concentrated or scattered, flower borders, pergolas, and trees are used to form private and

38、semi-private spaces, and meet communication needs of the seniors. For example, a small square can be used specially for dancing, and trees planted, layouts adjusted to reduce noise. 4.3 Maintaining original neighbor

39、hood relationship, introducing small vegetable lands into community landscapes In terms of overall spatial layout of cities, elderly communities in China are always constructed in the renovation of old urban distric

40、ts, and less in newly-developed suburbs. Because the aged in China favor quiet environment, and would not like moving to other places, it is better to renovate original old districts into the elderly community, and

41、resettle the original residents in the neighborhood, but not to change the original neighborhood relationship. For the elderly group with higher needs, health-care communities can be specially constructed in suburbs

42、to provide them serene living environment and improving urban land use efficiency. Influenced by farming culture, the aged Chinese would like to cultivate plants and vegetables by themselves, but modern communities

43、 fail to provide such places for meeting their needs. Thus, in the future design, vegetable land can be introduced into the community for the seniors planting and communicating. 4.4 Stressing semi-private and private

44、 spaces The seniors would like to communication in small enclosed spaces, because too broad space makes them feel open and unconcerned, and they fail to get the sense of belonging and domain in large spaces; small

45、spaces are comfortable and kind for them, and they would like to talk with each other in such environments. Thus it is necessary to build semi-private and private spaces. Semi-private spaces attract the seniors to c

46、ommunicate, relax and stay for the cohesive force, and they are also open enough to integrate natural elements into the design. Walls and buildings in semi-private spaces can block the connection between inside and

47、outside, green hedges, trees, height difference and pavement changes reduce the visual connection with the outer world, so such spaces have strong sense of limitation. Spaces divided by flower border, green space,

48、sports center, and parking lot produce sense of domain, but keep the strong connection, so they belong to semi-private spaces psychologically. Some people would like to live alone or communicate with only a few intim

49、ate friends, but are not willing to be bothered. Private spaces are always close and produce strong sense of domain, refer to such places as balcony and yard for only domestic use. In elderly communities, buildings,

50、 terrains, plants and water systems can be fully used to enclose or define the private spaces, keep such spaces from major pedestrian flow, so as to provide serene outdoor communication spaces. 4.5 Exploring Chines

51、e refined culture, creating tranquil community environment Introduction of refined culture into environ- mental design of the elderly community is a finishing touch of the community environment design. “Water” takes

52、a particularly important role in traditional Chinese culture, by centering on waterscapes and introducing Chinese cultural conception into the landscape design, the overall community landscapes will be more rhythmic.

53、 Waterscapes include dynamic and static ones, and the seniors like quietly-flowing water, so small- scale waterscapes can be designed using lotus, willow and so on. In addition, the seniors always cherish their memori

54、es about the past, and have higher requirements on artistic conception of environment. In terms of landscape design, design techniques of classical Chinese gardens can be introduced, such as framed scenery, opposite

55、 scenery, and leaked scenery, zig-zag roads, private and semi-private spaces, shade and light effect of buildings, so as to build a serene environment for the seniors. 5 Conclusion With sharpening problems of popul

56、ation ageing in China, the development of old-age care industry should keep up with the times and adapt to actual conditions, and elderly communities should be designed comprehensively. The designs should transfer g

57、radually from architectural planning to landscape ecology, more humanistic concern should be given to the elderly group, and their psychological needs for the living environment satisfied, in order to comfort them me

58、ntally in addition to offering adequate food and clothes, and ensure them proper living support from the perspective of environmental landscape design of the elderly community.References [1] Zhang, K. T., Guo, P. (2

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