[雙語翻譯]服務(wù)貿(mào)易外文翻譯--服務(wù)貿(mào)易在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要性

1、5100 英文單詞 英文單詞,2.9 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 8400 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Myszkowska M. The importance of services trade in global economy[J]. Ekonomia XXI wieku, 2014 (4 (4)): 28-45.THE IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES TRADE IN GLOBAL ECONOMYMagdale

2、na MyszkowskaSummary: The objective of this article is to present the most important tendencies in the international services trade. Geographical and material dynamics and structure of international service transfers wer

3、e analysed on the basis of the available statistical data. The growing role of services trade in mature economies and growing importance of services export of the developing countries were presented. The author also pres

4、ented the pivotal role of services in the ongoing transformation of international trade and investment model, characterized by the delocalization of service functions and the participation of services in the global value

5、 chains. The attention was also drawn to the need of measuring trade, including services trade, through the criteria of value added at every stage of production.Keywords: international trade in services, commercial servi

6、ces, offshoring of services, value added, global value chains.1. IntroductionGlobal economy has been changing at an unprecedented pace and services have been in the centre of this transformation. Globalization would not

7、have been possible without the development of information and communications technologies. Global manufacturing networks could not have been created without efficient and solid transportation and logistic services. Servi

8、ces constitute the very base of each stage of production, from research and development, through design, engineering, financing, transport, distribution to marketing. Services contribute to the occurrence of value added

9、and innovation.Similarly to the goods trade, as far as services trade is concerned, the clear division into exporters and importers faded away long time ago. This characteristic no longer operates. Nowadays, the producti

10、on of services repeatedly takes place in importing countries, while foreign service suppliers generate local employment and income.For many developed countries services constitute over 70% of GDP, while for many developi

11、ng countries this share increased to 50%. With all probability, this trend will continue in the future as companies try to introduce higher value to their products and services. Moving up on the value chain is necessary

12、to maintain profitability, and services are the key to move to its upper levels.The article’s objective is to present the most up-to-date and the most important tendencies occurring in the international services trade. T

13、he analysis has been limited to three methods of providing services: 1) cross-border trade – services supplied from the territory of one country into the territory of another, 2) consumption abroad – services supplied

14、in the territory of one country to the consumers of another,3) movement of natural persons – services supplied by nationals of one country in the territory of another. Commercial presence (in the form of direct

15、foreign investments) is not included in the hereby research, due to the fact that this services trade model is not registered in the balance of payments on the current account [A Handbook...2008, pp. 5-7].2. Services as

16、the basis for the economic developmentProcesses occurring in the contemporary world economy triggered changes which embraced Increasing importance of services in national economies and in the international trade to a lar

17、ge extent stems from the increase in production of indirect services. Expensive and knowledge-demanding indirect stages of companies’ activities are more and more often passed on to specialized manufacturers. This phenom

18、enon has resulted in the emergence of new export service sectors, which offer a great potential for the developing countries6.Servicization of economic processes which has been ongoing for half of the 20th century has tu

19、rned services into the most important economic sector in the majority of countries and the most dynamically developing trade component [K?osiński 2002,p. 13]. That caused the commencement of the post-industrial era, in w

20、hich services sector plays a predominant role.3. Services as the basis for the economic developmentIn 2011, value of the world services export increased by 11% to 417 billion USD, transcending the level before the crisis

21、 (385 billion USD in 2008). Overall, the share of services in the trade (on the basis of the balance of payment) was at the level of 18,6%, which constitutes the lowest value since 1990 [WTO 2012b, pp. 19, 22]. Disaggreg

22、ation of products’ value helps to illustrate the importance of services in the world trade. According to World Trade Organization specialists, services constitute approximately 50%7 of the world trade measured on the bas

23、is of value added. This is twice as much as what is ascribed to them by the official statistics [Francois, Manchin, Tomberger 2013, p. 1].Annual growth rates of services export noted in 2011 varied significantly between

24、particular countries and world regions. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was the most dynamic region, with the growth rate of services export at the level of 19%, whereas South and Central America was right b

25、ehind it with the growth of 13%. Europe showed signs of recovery with the annual growth at the level of 11%. Reversely, Asian economics halved its growth rate, mainly due to the slower development of transportation and o

26、ther commercial services. Services export of the North America increased by 9%, while African export did not develop in the aftermath of the so-called “Arab spring”8, which started at the end of 2010.In 2011, the United

27、States remained the major service economy, with the value of trade in services of over 976 billion USD, reaching an export surplus of 186 billion USD. The United Kingdom, classified on the third position, also obtained a

28、 positive trade balance, with 103 billion. Germany – the second largest service economy recorded a 36 billion deficiency. Among the leading emerging economies, China remained a net service importer, whereas India recorde