[雙語翻譯]安全工程外文翻譯--事故調查，風險分析和安全管理之間的關系

1、3850 英文單詞， 英文單詞，20500 英文字符，中文 英文字符，中文 6300 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：Harmsringdahl L. Relationships between accident investigations, risk analysis, and safety management.[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 111(1):13-19.Relation

2、ships between accident investigations, risk analysis, and safety managementLars Harms-RingdahlAbstractSeveral different approaches to achieve safety are in common use, and examples are accident investigations (AI), risk

3、analysis (RA), and safety management systems (SMS). The meaning of these concepts and their practical applications vary quite a lot, which might cause confusion. A summary of definitions is presented. A general compariso

4、n is made of application areas and methodology. A proposal is made how to indicate parameters of variation. At one end of the scale there are organisations, which are highly organised in respect to safety. At the other e

5、nd are small companies with informal safety routines.Although the three concepts differ in a number of respects, there are many links between them which is illustrated in a model. A number of relations have been describe

6、d mainly concerned with more advanced organisations. Behind the practical safety work, there are varying sets of more or less explicit explanations and theories on safety and accident causation. Depending on the theory a

7、pplied, the relations between approaches can be more or less clear and essential.Keywords: Risk analysis; Safety; Accident; Accident investigation; Safety management1. IntroductionSafety is a prominent feature in complex

8、 systems, and there is an abundance of different traditions how to deal with this. Obviously there is a terminology which differs quite a lot. Risk analysis would be a completely different thing for a toxicologist or a b

9、ank official. Also among the technological disciplines the concepts vary much, even if you limit the discussion to accidents. However, it is not only technical terms that might differ, there are also underlying concepts

10、and theories, as well as various methods for analysis and investigations.The aim of this paper is to compare and discuss different definitions and concepts related to accident investigations (AI), risk analysis (RA), and

11、 safety management (SM). The intention is to consider high-risk as well as low-risk aspects.2. Definitions2.1. GeneralAt first, it appears easy to find a set of general definitions that could work for most occasions. How

12、ever, it quickly emerges quite a lot of competing definitions of terms. One essential source for technically oriented terms is an IEC-standard [1], which has given a set of related terms. However, this does not include a

13、ll aspects, and there are alternatives to the viewpoints in the standard.Just a small selection of the definitions in the safety area will be given here. However, it should be noted that definitions are formulated in dif

14、ferent ways. They could:? give a simple statement of the meaning of a term, and/ ornuclear industry, safety analysis appears to be more common. The term is used in many other applications as well. However, it was difficu

15、lt to find a direct definition, and the author’s impression is that safety analysis is used in a broader sense (e.g. [4]). One suggestion [5] runs as follows:Safety analysis is a systematic procedure for analysing system

16、s to identify and evaluate hazards and safety characteristics.2.4. Definitions of safety managementRisk management and safety management are used in varied ways and are often seen as identical. The IEC-standard [1] gives

17、 the definition:Risk management is the systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to the tasks of analysing, evaluating and controlling risk.In several types of industry the word “safety” is

18、preferred, and one example [6] is:Safety management may be defined as the aspect of the overall management function that determines and implements the safety policy. This will involve a whole range of activities, initiat

19、ives, programs, etc., focused on technical, human and organisational aspects and referring to all the individual activities within the organisation, which tend to be formalised as Safety Management Systems (SMS).Both thi

20、s definitions have their point of departure in the policy of the company. That is in line with both quality and environmental standards, and one example [7] is:Environmental management system is a part of the over-all ma

21、nagement system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environ

22、mental policy.These three definitions are based on the existence of pol- icy, consequently there is no safety management if a policy is lacking. All three are also normative, saying how it shall be done. Such definitions

23、 might be acceptable in high-risk industries, where such practices are common and compulsory.However, many companies do not have a formulated pol- icy (especially SME), but they have safety management to deal with their

24、hazards, in one way or another. Accordingly, there is a need for a comprehensive and descriptive definition. One suggestion for a simple definition of occupational health and safety management—a systematic way of man- ag

25、ing the occupational health and safety risks of a company [8].However, management can exist without being “systematic”, which is related to some kind of norm. This leads to a suggestion of a simple definition:Safety mana

26、gement is a way of managing the hazards (safety risks) of a company.3. Variations in concepts and goals3.1. Spread in applicationsThere is a large spread in application areas and need for efficient approaches. Take for e

27、xample nuclear installations, aviation companies, and large chemical industries, which often are associated with a potential for major accidents and also rigorous SMS. On the other hand, you can have more uncomplicated t

28、ypes of production, where minor accidents are frequent and safety is managed in a much more relaxed way.Table 1 gives a summary of parameters defining different situations. In discussions of advanced safety features, you