歐洲文化史名詞解釋

1、本資料來自英語自考網(wǎng) http://www.absee.net英語自考網(wǎng) www.absee.net 以優(yōu)質(zhì)資料及高效的訪問速度，為大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日畢業(yè)!The Introduction of European Culture- English TermsDivision One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Iliad（《伊利亞特》 （《伊利亞特》 ）: 1) It is on

2、e of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B.

3、C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2．Herodotus（希羅多德） （希羅多德）: 1) He is

4、 one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called “ Father of History. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderf

5、ully readable.5) His object in writing was “ that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.” 3． Socrates: 1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th and 4th century. 2)

6、 He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues b

7、y Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辯證法） （辯證法）: 1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato: 1) He was the gre

8、atest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apo

9、logy, Symposium and the Republic. 3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. 4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奧艮尼） （狄奧艮尼） （北京市 （北京市 2002 年自考真題名詞解釋） 年自考真題名詞解釋）: He was one of the Cynic’s lead

10、ers in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. 7．Stoics（斯多咯派） （斯多咯派）: 1) It was

11、 one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B. C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with co

12、urage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno. 8．Doric Style（陶立克柱） （陶立克柱）: 1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a g

13、ood sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style is monotonous and unadorned.9．Pax Romana（羅馬和平） （羅馬和平） （北京市 （北京市 2001 年自考真題名詞解釋） 年自考真題名詞解釋）: 1）In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the

14、tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exer

15、t their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana. 10. Virgil（維吉爾） （維吉爾）: 1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrot

16、e the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.Division Two The Bible and Chr

17、istianity1. The Bible: 1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus C

18、hrist. 本資料來自英語自考網(wǎng) http://www.absee.net英語自考網(wǎng) www.absee.net 以優(yōu)質(zhì)資料及高效的訪問速度，為大家提供最新自考信息，祝愿大家早日畢業(yè)!1．the Middle ages（中世紀） （中世紀） （北京市 （北京市 2002 年自考真題名詞解釋） 年自考真題名詞解釋）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5t

19、h century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the

20、 Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds

21、 of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主義） （封建主義）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchang

22、e for military service. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）： （封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be g

23、iven to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（諸侯） （諸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be give

24、n to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (騎士制度 騎士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a kn

25、ight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners

26、developed.6. dubbing (騎士頭銜加冕儀式 騎士頭銜加冕儀式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. Th

27、e Manor (莊園 莊園)： 1） The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They ca

28、me to be called castles.8．The Catholic Church(天主教 天主教): 1) In the medieval “ age of faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church. 2) The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was highly

29、 centralized and disciplined international organization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Thos

30、e who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman Cat

31、holic Church. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.9．Monasticism (修道院制度 修道院制度): 1）Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew f

32、rom worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries（修道院）and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3）Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “Father o

33、f the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.10.Benedictine Rule(本尼迪克特教團 本尼迪克特教團)： 1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great

34、monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and ha