《英語語言學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. To give the barest definition language is a means of verbal communication. It

2、 is instrumental social and conventional.Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or alternatively as the scientific study of language. It concerns with the systematic study of language or a discipline

3、 that describes all aspects of language and formulates theories as to how language works.2.Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

4、They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement etc.Arbitrariness refers to forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning Language is arbitrary. There is no logical connection between

5、meanings and sounds even with onomatopoeic words.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structure. The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels

6、 has its own principles of organization.?the lower or the basic level---- the sound units or phonemes which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words. ?the higher level ----morphemes and words which a

7、re meaningfulCreativity refers to Words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. Displacement refers to the fact that language can

8、 be used to refer to things which are present or not present real or imagined matters in the past present or future or in far-away places. It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects events and

9、concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication3. Jakobson’s classification of functions of language. Jakobson : In his article Linguistics and Poetics (1960) defined six primary factors

10、of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context,message, code, contact.1).Referential function 所指功能 2).Poetic function 詩學(xué)功能 3).Emotive function 感情功能 4).Conative function 意動(dòng)功能 5).Phatic function 交感功能 6).Metalingua

11、l 元語言功能 Hu Zhuanglin’ classification of functions of language and use some examples to illustrate them.1).Informative function 信息功能 2).Interpersonal function 人際功能 3).Performative function 施為功能4).Emotive func

12、tion 感情功能 5).Phatic communion 交感性談話 6).Recreational function 娛樂性功能 7).Metalingual function 元語言功能 4. What are the major differences between Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky’s distinction b

13、etween competence and performance? According to Saussure,(1) Langue is abstract, parole is specific to the speaking situation;(2) Langue is not actually spoken by an individual , parole is always a naturally occurring e

14、vent;(3) Langue is relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. According to N. Chomsky, Competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an

15、 indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities; A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker's

16、performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence; Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows o

17、f his native language.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and received. It is concerned with the actual physical articulation, transmission and perception of speech so

18、unds.Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds. It is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language. 學(xué)習(xí)必備 歡迎下載3. complementary distribution

19、 互補(bǔ)分布 Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes, they might form a contrast; e.g. /p/and /b/ in [pit] and [bit]; If they are allophones of the same phoneme, then they

20、don’t distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic contextSuprasegmental features 超音段特征—features that involve more than single sound segment, such as stress （重音） ，

21、 length（音程）, rhythm （節(jié)奏） ， tone（音調(diào)） ， intonation（語調(diào)）及 juncture（音渡） ． Chapter 3 Lexicon/Morphology1. Word 1.1 Three senses of “word”(1) A physically definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two

22、pause or blank.(2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term.(3) A grammatical unit 1.2 Identification of wordsSome factors can help us identify words:(1) Stability (2) Relative uninterruptibility (3) A minimum

23、 free form 1.3 The classification of word Words can be classified in terms of: (1) Variable vs. invariable words (可變?cè)~/不可變?cè)~) (2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words (語法詞/詞匯詞)(3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words