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1、大家論壇club.《英語語言學(xué)概論》重、難點(diǎn)提示Questionsatthesecondlowerlevelitisseenasa大家論壇club.1.8.Whatisinterchangeability(1)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerareceiverofmessages.Wecansayonotheroccasionscanreceiveund

2、erstfexample“Pleasedosomethingtomakemehappy.”Thoughsomepeople(includingme)suggestthatthereissexdifferentiationintheactuallanguageuseinotherwdsmenwomenmaysaydifferentthingsyetinprinciplethereisnosoundwdsentencethatamancan

3、utterawomancannotviceversa.Ontheotherhapersoncanbethespeakerwhiletheotherpersonisthelistenerastheturnmovesontothelistenerhecanbethespeakerthefirstspeakeristolisten.Itisturntakingthatmakessocialcommunicationpossibleaccept

4、able.(2)Somemalebirdshoweveruttersomecallswhichfemalesdonot(cannot)certainkindsoffishhavesimilarhapsmentionable.Whenadogbarksalltheneighbingdogsbark.Thenpeoplearoundcanhardlytellwhichdog(dogs)is(are0“speaking”whichlisten

5、ing.1.9.WhydolinguistssaylanguageishumanspecificFirstofallhumanlanguagehassix“designfeatures”whichanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothaveatleastnotinthetruesenseofthem(seeI.28).Let’sbrowC.F.Hocket’stthatcompareshumanlanguage

6、withsomeanimals’systemsfromWangGang(1998p.8).Secondlylinguistshavedonealottryingtoteachanimalssuchaschimpanzeestospeakahumanlanguagebuthaveachievednothinginspiring.BeatniceAlanGardnerbroughtupWashoeafemalechimpanzeelikea

7、humanchild.Shewastaught“AmericansignLanguage”learnedalittlethatmadetheteachershappybutdidmotmakethelinguisticscirclehappyffewbelievedinteachingchimpanzees.Thirdlyahumanchildrearedamonganimalscannotspeakahumanlanguagenote

8、venwhenheistakenbacktaughttolotoso(seethe“WolfChild”inI.7)1.10.WhatfunctionsdoeslanguagehaveLanguagehasatleastsevenfunctions:phaticdirectiveInfmativeinterrogativeexpressiveevocativeperfmative.AccdingtoWangGang(1988p.11)l

9、anguagehasthreemainfunctions:atoolofcommunicationatoolwherebypeoplelearnaboutthewldatoolbywhichpeoplelearnaboutthewldatoolbywhichpeoplecreateart.M.A.K.HallidayrepresentativeoftheLondonschoolrecognizesthree“MacroFunctions

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