新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定義1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.語(yǔ)言languageLanguageisasystemofarbi

2、traryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。4.識(shí)別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitra

3、riness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrarinessproductivitycreativitydualitydisplacementculturaltransmission.Byarbitrarinessitismeant

4、thatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitraryi.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolswhattheystf.Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductivecreativei.e.itispossiblefitsuserstoconstructunderstanunlimitedn

5、umberofsentencesincludingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefe.Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystemwhichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherl

6、evelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedrearrangedinvariouswaystofmmeaningfullanguageunitsunlimitedinnumber.Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentnotpresentrealunrealinthepastpres

7、entfuture.Culturaltransmissionincontrasttogeictransmissionreferstothefactthathumanbabiesthoughbnwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguagemustbetaughttouseit.5.語(yǔ)言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislangua

8、ge.6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用perfmancePerfmanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachroniclinguistics傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究“高級(jí)”書面語(yǔ)。3.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicWhyModernlingu

9、isticsismainlysynchronicfocusingonthepresentdaylanguageunlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從

10、歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。ChapterTwoPhonology一、定義1.寬式音標(biāo)BroadtranionThetranionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.2.窄式音標(biāo)NarrowtranionThetranionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsthediacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcdsaredrawnwideapartl

11、ettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibrationthesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4.濁音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcdsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarti

12、culatscomeveryclosetogethertheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6.輔音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsona

13、nts.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonologyit’sacollectionofdistinctivephoicfeatures.8.音位變體AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.9.音素phoneAphoicunitsegmen

14、t.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.It’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.10.最小對(duì)立對(duì)MinimalpairWhentwodifferentfmsareidenticalineverywayexceptfonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestringsthetwowdsaresaidt

15、ofmaminimalpair.11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestressintonationtone.12.互補(bǔ)分布complementarydistributionP35Twoal