新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程第二版練習(xí)題參考答案

1、《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程》第二版練習(xí)題參考答案Chapter1Introduction1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdataconductedwithref

2、erencetosomegeneraltheyoflanguagestructure.Indertodiscoverthenaturerulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystemthelinguistshastocollectobservelanguagefactsfirstwhicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilaritiesgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthemt

3、henhefmulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusfmedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguisticsasinanyotherdisciplinedatatheystinadialecticalcomplementati

4、onthatisatheywithoutthesupptofdatacanhardlyclaimvaliditydatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheyremainamuddledmassofthings.2.WhatarethemajbranchesoflinguisticsWhatdoeseachofthemstudy答：Themajbranchesoflinguisticsare:(1)phoics:

5、itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication(2)phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningincommunication(3)mphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedcombinedtofmwd

6、s(4)syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwdsarecombinedtofmgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages(5)semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage(6)pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.3.Inwhatba

7、sicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar答：Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyfmedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarins

8、everalbasicways.Firstlylinguisticsisdeivewhiletraditionalgrammarispreive.Secondmodemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarynotthewritten.Traditionalgrammariansontheotherhtendedtoemphasizemaybeoveremphasizetheimptanc

9、eofthewrittenwdpartlybecauseofitspermanence.ThenmodemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotfcelanguagesintoaLatinbasedframewk.4.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicWhy答：Inmodemlinguisticsasy

10、nchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthisticalperiodsaresuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinits

11、histicaldevelopment.5.Fwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgivepriitytospeechratherthantowriting答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturaltheprimarymediumof

12、humanlanguagefsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionspeechispritowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecdspeechWhilehumancapacityflanguagehasageicbasisi.e.wewereallbnwit

13、htheabilitytoacquirelanguagethedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeicallytransmittedbutinsteadhavetobetaughtlearned.9.WhatarethemajfunctionsoflanguageThinkofyourownexamplesfillustration.答：Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecogniz

14、edoflanguage:thedeivefunctiontheexpressivefunctionthesocialfunction.Thedeivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinfmationwhichcanbeasserteddeniedinsomecasesevenverified.Fexample:“Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghisty.”Theex

15、pressivefunctionsuppliesinfmationabouttheuser’sfeelingspreferencesprejudicesvalues.Fexample:“Iwillnevergowindowshoppingwithher.”Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople..Fexample:“Weareyourf

16、irmsuppters.”Chapter2SpeechSounds1.WhatarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunicationOfthetwowhichoneisprimarywhy答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguagespeechismeprimarythanwritingfr

17、easonspleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.2.Whatisvoicinghowisitcaused答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsafeatureofallvowelssomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcds.3.Explainwithexa

18、mpleshowbroadtranionnarrowtraniondiffer答：Thetranionwithlettersymbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranion.Thisisthetranionnmallyusedindictionariesteachingtextbooksfgeneralpurposes.Thelatteri.e.thetranionwithlettersymbolstogetherwitht

19、hediacriticsiscallednarrowtranion.Thisisthetranionneededusedbythephoiciansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryftheirpurpose.Inbroadtranionth

20、esymbol[l]isusedfthesounds[l]inthefourwdsleaf[li:f]feel[fi:l]build[bild]health[helθ].Asamatteroffactthesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f]occurringbefeavoweliscalledadear[l]nodiacriticis

21、neededtoindicateitthe[1]in[fi:l][bild]occurringattheendofawdbefeanotherconsonantispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[]innarrowtranionthediacritic[]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[h

22、elθ]thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[θ]itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l]innarrowtranionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ].Anothere

23、xampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowdspitspit.Inthewdpitthesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofairbutinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpitthe[p]soundissaidtobeaspira