從新莽銅嘉量看中國度量衡制度的發(fā)展

1、汕頭大學(xué)碩士研究生學(xué)位論文 從新莽銅嘉量看中國度量衡制度的發(fā)展I摘 要中國的傳統(tǒng)造物設(shè)計智慧由來已久，與中國五千年的歷史文化同根同源，為什么曾經(jīng)首屈一指的匠人造物設(shè)計智慧沒有一步步地隨同社會的向前推進而被承傳和繼續(xù)發(fā)揚光大，反而沒落于封建社會的統(tǒng)治之中，反思為什么中國的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計不能立足于本土之上，而是以學(xué)習(xí)西方的設(shè)計思想、與西方設(shè)計同質(zhì)化為榮。中國如何從傳統(tǒng)造物文化中汲取營養(yǎng)，從而創(chuàng)造出有中國本土化特色的工藝文化，這是一個值得當(dāng)今所有人

2、深思的問題。新莽時期介于西漢和東漢之間，在歷史上向來是個被眾口謾罵的時期，王莽也被大眾偏見地視為禍根毒瘤，不被正視。王莽是否真是一個敗家的亂臣賊子，我們應(yīng)該將其行為還原到當(dāng)時的歷史社會背景下從而做出客觀公正的判斷。王莽在新朝時期的一系列復(fù)古改制的行動當(dāng)中，其它改革措施都因為觸犯了達官顯貴的利益而被強烈反對，進而絲毫未取得應(yīng)有成效。唯有度量衡的改革取得了空前的成功，并且度量衡理論制度的完善在歷史上世代被奉為圭臬，一脈相承，直到中國幾千年的

3、封建制度土崩瓦解才被國際上通用的萬國公制所取代。歷史上度量衡制度最完善的新莽時期，有一件度量衡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器——新莽銅嘉量應(yīng)運而生，它被視為度量衡史上之瑰寶，匠人集體最高智慧之結(jié)晶。即一件量器上，集“龠、合、升、斗、斛”五量于一身，相互之間成倍比關(guān)系，2 龠=1 合，10 合=1 升，10 升=1 斗，10斗=1 斛，并且根據(jù)器物銘文上所設(shè)定的尺寸，能夠求出長度、容量和重量單位量值，即以度數(shù)審其容。追本溯源，它巧妙的設(shè)計、科學(xué)的思想、考究的材質(zhì)

4、、獨創(chuàng)的冶煉方法完全承傳于戰(zhàn)國時期工匠們設(shè)計創(chuàng)造的度量衡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器——栗氏量，讓今人不禁驚嘆在兩千多年前，古人的設(shè)計概念已如此超前，制作工藝如此高超，制造的器物與現(xiàn)今相比，從思想觀念方面來說，有過之而無不及。栗氏量確立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方式，又源于古代度量衡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確立——黃鐘累黍之說。通過這種方式層層抽絲剝繭，向前推進，能夠窺探出古人傳統(tǒng)造物的原始設(shè)計智慧，不斷地通過實踐經(jīng)驗的積累，以及隨著社會的發(fā)展，演變成科學(xué)合理的度量衡理論體系。本文將中國度量衡制度

5、的整個歷史發(fā)展過程進行具體分析， 從度量衡萌芽 （史前社會）——度量衡初步建立（夏商周時期）——度量衡的普遍使用（春秋戰(zhàn)國時期）——度量衡大一統(tǒng)時期（秦國時代）——度量衡完備時期（西漢、新莽、東漢時期）——度量衡逐漸衰落（三國、魏晉南北朝、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清、民國時期） ，剖析其度量衡制度發(fā)汕頭大學(xué)碩士研究生學(xué)位論文 從新莽銅嘉量看中國度量衡制度的發(fā)展IIIAbstractChinese traditional design wis

6、dom of creation has long history. It roots from the sameplace with five thousand years of Chinese historic culture. The reason that why Chineseextremely clever craftsman design wisdom creation didn't move forward ste

7、p by step along withthe society and was handing down and continue to carry forward. Instead of declining in the ruleof the feudal society. Reflect on why China's modern design can't based on local，but are proudof

8、 learning the western design ideas and designing tend to be homogeneity West country. Chinahow to draw nutrition from traditional culture of creation，thus to create localization technologyculture with Chinese characteris

9、tics，this is a problem worth pondering all people today.Xin Mang period between the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty，it hasalways been all abused in the history. Wang Mang has been regarded as a bane cance

10、r by popularprejudices， not been taken seriously. Whether Wang Mang really was a treacherous ministers andtraitors，we must make objective and fair judgment by restore the social history background thatWang Mang what to d

11、o. Wang Mang had taken a series of Reform of restoring ancient ways inthe new period ， other reform measures met with strong opposition by the dignitaries in thehistorical society，because breaking the interests of them.

12、So no obtain due effect. But only theweights and measures of reform has achieved an unprecedented success， and the improvement ofthe theoretical system of weights and measures in history from generation to generation is

13、ascriterion ， come down in one continuous line. Until a few thousand years of Chinese feudalsystem fall apart replaced by general international universal metric.XinMang period had the most perfect Measurement system ， so

14、 there was a Standardcapacity measure of the XinMang period arised at the historic moment.It was regarded astreasure in the history of weights and measures, the builders of supreme collective wisdomcrystallization. Namel

15、y a gauge incorporate five capacity units，such as Yueh，Cee，Sheng，Doou，Hwu. And as ratio ralationship between each other，2Yueh=1Cee，10Cee=1Sheng，10Sheng=1Doou， 1Doou=1Hwu. And according to the inscriptions of the implemen